Pharmacist - Knowledge (XXG)

715:(PEBC) (Quebec being the exception), practical experience through an apprenticeship/internship program, and fluency in French or English. International pharmacy graduates can begin their journey of becoming licensed to practice in Canada by enrolling with the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA) Pharmacists' Gateway Canada. The vast majority (~70%) of Canada's licensed pharmacists work in community pharmacies, another 15% work in hospital, and the remainder work in other settings such as industry, government, or universities. Pharmacists' scope of practice varies widely among the 13 provinces and territories and continues to evolve with time. As a result of pharmacists' expanding scope and knowledge application, there has been a purposeful effort to transition the professional programs in Canadian pharmacy schools to offer doctors of pharmacy over baccalaureate curriculums to ensure graduates have the most up to date level of training to match the increasing practice requirements. 1042:, pharmacy practice is regulated by the national Pharmacy Board, which is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. By international standards, the density of pharmacists is very low, with a mean of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved regions having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007–2009 data, the largest group of pharmacists was employed in the public sector (44%). Those working in private retail pharmacies were 23%, and the rest were mostly working for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with faith-based or non-governmental facilities. The salaries of pharmacists varied significantly depending on the place of work. Those who worked in the academia were the highest paid followed by those who worked in the multilateral non-governmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith based organizations paid much less. The 864:(mgr farm). Not only pharmacists, but also pharmaceutical technicians are allowed to dispense prescription medicines, except for narcotics, psychotropics and very potent medicines. Pharmacists approve prescriptions fulfilled by pharmaceutical technicians subsequently. Pharmaceutical technicians have to complete 2 years of post-secondary occupational school and 2 years of pharmacy training afterwards. Pharmacists are eligible to prescribe medicines in exceptional circumstances. All Polish pharmacies are obliged to produce compound medicines. Most pharmacists in Poland are pharmacy managers and are responsible for pharmacy marketing in addition to traditional activities. To become a pharmacy manager in Poland, a pharmacist is expected to have at least 5 years of professional experience. All pharmacists in Poland have to maintain an adequate knowledge level by participating in various university- and industry-based courses and arrangements or by undergoing postgraduate specialization. 1534: 1768:

university for 5 years, successful students receive a bachelor's degree in pharmacy. Or they are university pharmacists (university pharmacist to discriminate between college pharmacist or vocational pharmacist in some countries of the world these trainee pharmacists are called pharmacist assistants). An alternative method of obtaining a bachelor's degree is as follows. School pupils study at a college of pharmacy or a vocational school of pharmacy. After attending the school or college they go to work in a pharmacy, and with two years of practice they could take an exam to enter university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. This exam is easier than the national one. Passing the exam they continue studying to gain 3-year bachelor's degrees or 4-year bachelor's degrees. This degree is considered equivalent to a 5-year bachelor's degree.

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examination on behalf of the Pharmacy Board of Australia towards eligibility for registration. The Pharmacy Board of Australia conducts an oral examination at the end of the intern year as the last hurdle prior to registration. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia provides continuing education programs for pharmacists. The number of full-time equivalent pharmacists working in Australia over the past decade has remained stable. Pharmacy practice is described by the practice standards and guidelines including those from the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia.

1022:. To major in pharmaceutical studies takes at least five years. Students spend their last year as interns in a pharmacy combined with courses at the university, with focus on the validation of prescriptions and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical formulations. Since all public health professions are regulated by the government it is also necessary to acquire a federal diploma in order to work in a pharmacy. It is not unusual for pharmaceutical studies majors to work in other fields such as the pharmaceutical industry or in hospitals. Pharmacists work alongside 321:, aging but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counseling skills of the pharmacist. One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and management of each to improve outcomes. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased 51: 461: 880:, and states that minimum educational requirements are five years of university studies in a pharmacy program, of which six months must be a pharmacy internship. To be admitted to pharmacy studies, students must complete a minimum of three years of gymnasium, similar to high school (school for about 15–20-year-old students) program in natural science after elementary school (6–16-year-olds). Only three universities in the whole of Sweden offer a pharmacy education, 1297:

guidelines. Once a school has enrolled students, but has not yet had a graduating class, they may be granted Candidate status. The expectations of a Candidate program are that they continue to mature in accordance with stated plans. The graduates of a Candidate program are the same as those of fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is granted to a program once they have demonstrated they comply with the standards set forth by ACPE.

973:. The West African Post Graduate College of Pharmacy runs post-registration courses on advanced-level practice in various fields of pharmacy. It is a college jointly funded by a number of Countries in the West Africa sub-region. There are thousands of Nigerian-trained pharmacists registered and practicing in countries such as the US, the UK, Canada etc., due to the relatively poor public sector salaries in Nigeria. 4489: 1315: 1063:

After completion of the required pre-registration period, the graduate can then apply to the Pharmacy Board to become a registered pharmacist. After working 1 calendar year as a registered pharmacist, the individual can become a registered, responsible pharmacist. Being a registered, responsible pharmacist allows the individual to license a pharmacy and be a pharmacist-in-charge.

449: 4134: 1488:). Previously the United States had a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. For BS Pharmacy graduates currently licensed in US, there are 10 Universities offering non-traditional doctorate degree programs via part-time, weekend or on-line programs. These are programs fully accredited by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education ( 969:

Pharmacology, medicinal chemistry etc. Pharmacy Graduates are required to undergo 1 year of Tutelage under the supervision of an already Registered Pharmacist(a preceptor) in a recognized and designated Institution before they can become Registered Pharmacists. The Profession is Regulated by a Government Statutory body called the

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To qualify for an advanced practice pharmacist license in California, the applicant must be in good standing with the State Board of pharmacy, have an active pharmacist license, and fulfill two of three requirements, including certification in their area clinical practice. The license must be renewed

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California pharmacists can apply for Advanced Practice Pharmacist (APh) licenses from the California State Board of Pharmacy. Senate Bill 493, written by Senator Ed Hernandez, established a section on the Advanced Practice Pharmacist and outlines the definition, scope of practice, qualifications, and

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As of 1997, 46 universities of pharmacy in Japan graduated about 8000 students annually. Contemporary practice of clinical pharmacists in Japan (as evaluated in September 2000) focuses on dispensing of drugs, consultation with patients, supplying drug information, advising on prescription changes and

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The Australian Pharmacy Council is the independent accreditation agency for Australian pharmacists. The accreditation standards for Australian pharmacy degrees include compulsory clinical placements. with an emphasis on encouraging rural experiences to develop a rural workforce. It conducts a written

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School students must take a national exam to enter a university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. About 5–7% of students can pass the exam. There are 3 aspects to the exam. These are on math, chemistry, and physics or biology. After being trained at the

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and the GPhC's "Standards of Conduct, Ethics and Performance" document as reference sources). The student must achieve an overall mark of 70%, which must include at least 70% in the calculations section of the open-book paper. From June 2016, the assessment will involve two papers, as before but the

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of Pakistan and the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan revised the syllabus and changed the 4-year B.Pharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Program to a 5-year Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program. In 2011 the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan approved the

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Residency is an option for post-graduates that is typically 1–2 years in length. A residency gives licensed pharmacists decades of clinical experience in an extremely condensed timeframe of only a few short years. In order for new graduates to remain competitive, employers generally favor residency

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Completion of a 52-week preregistration training period. This is a period of paid or unpaid employment, in an approved hospital or community pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist tutor. During this time the student must collect evidence of having met certain competency standards set by the

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Training to become a registered pharmacist in Nigeria involves a five-year course after six years of secondary/high school or four years after eight years of secondary/high school (i.e. after 2 years of Advanced-level studies in accredited Universities). The degree awarded by most pharmacy schools

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The current Pharm.D. degree curriculum is considerably different from that of the prior BS in pharmacy. It now includes extensive didactic clinical preparation, a full year of hands-on practice experience in a wider array of healthcare settings, and a greater emphasis on clinical pharmacy practice

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pursuing accreditation must first apply and be granted Pre-candidate status. These schools have met all the requirements for accreditation, but have not yet enrolled any students. This status indicates that the school of pharmacy has developed its program in accordance with the ACPE standards and

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In 2014 the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that there were 297,100 American pharmacist jobs. By 2024 that number is projected to grow by 3%. The majority (65%) of those pharmacists work in retail settings, mostly as salaried employees but some as self-employed owners. About 22%

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in St. Augustine offers a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy as the sole practicing degree of pharmacy. Graduates undertake a 6-month internship, known as pre-registration, under the supervision of a registered pharmacist, at a pharmacy of their choosing, whether community or institutional.

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There is a shortage of pharmacists at present leaving many jobs unfilled. Despite many pharmacists leaving the profession, pharmacists remain optimistic about their profession. Contract and casual work is becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these

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Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to check and distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and

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The Australian Pharmacy Council is developing accreditation standards for pharmacists to prescribe and for pharmacists to work in aged care. The aged care accreditation standards are being developed in preparation for pharmacists working in residential aged care settings to ensure that they are

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The customary review cycle for established accredited programs is six years, whereas for programs achieving their initial accreditation this cycle is two years. These are comprehensive on-site evaluations of the programs. Additional evaluations may be conducted at the discretion of ACPE in the

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has started the Pharm.D programme with other pharmacy schools planning to start soon. The Pharmacy Degree in Nigeria is unclassified i.e. awarded without first class, second class upper, etc., however graduates could be awarded Pass with Distinctions in specific fields such as Pharmaceutics,

1289:(one appointment). To obtain licensure in the United States, applicants for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) must graduate from an ACPE accredited school of pharmacy. ACPE publishes standards that schools of pharmacy must comply with to gain accreditation. 1265:(ACPE) has operated since 1932 as the accrediting body for schools of pharmacy in the United States. The mission of ACPE is "To assure and advance excellence in education for the profession of pharmacy". ACPE is recognized for the accreditation of professional degree programs by the 495:

or related institution, and/or satisfy other national/local credentialing requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete pre-professional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by about four years of professional academic studies to obtain a degree in pharmacy (such as

860:-year Master of Pharmacy Programme at medical university and obtain the right to practice as a pharmacist in Poland from District Pharmaceutical Council. The Programme includes 6 months of pharmacy training. The Polish name for the Master of Pharmacy Degree (M.Pharm.) is 500:). In the European Union, pharmacists are required to hold a Masters of Pharmacy, which allows them to practice in any other E.U. country, pending professional examinations and language tests in the country in which they want to practice. Pharmacists are educated in 660:(EML), the use of Standard Treatment Guidelines, drug information, clinical pharmacy, and medicine supply management. There are currently no laws requiring pharmacists to be registered, but all pharmacies must have a license to conduct business. According to a 833:

After the third state examination a person must become licensed as an RPh ("registered pharmacist") for a licence to practice pharmacy. Today, many pharmacists work as employees in public pharmacies. They will be paid according to the labour agreement of

1133:". Once qualified, a pharmacist independent prescriber can prescribe any licensed medicine for any medical condition within their competence. This includes controlled drugs except schedule 1 and prescribing certain drugs for the treatment of addiction ( 1125:

in 1979 reported that there were nearly 3,000 pharmacists employed in the hospital and community health service in the UK at that time. They were enthusiastic about the idea that pharmacists might develop their role of giving advice to the public.

876:, the national board of health and welfare regulates the practice of all legislated health care professionals, and is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. The education to become a licensed pharmacist is regulated by the 279:") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, formulary management, military, and government. 3367: 904:, who have completed studies equal to a Bachelor of Science in pharmacy, i.e., three years of university. Prescriptionists also have dispensing rights in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. The majority of the staff in a pharmacy are 556:, and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum may cover diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient). 2052:

Skrabal, MZ; Kahaleh, AA; Nemire, RE; Boxer, H; Broshes, Z; Harris, M; Cardello, E (September–October 2006). "Preceptors' perspectives on benefits of precepting student pharmacists to students, preceptors, and the profession".

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degree at a GPhC accredited university. Pharmacists holding degrees in pharmacy from overseas institutions are able to fulfill this stage by undertaking the Overseas Pharmacist Assessment Programme (OSPAP), which is a one-year

2523:

Jackson, John K; Liang, Jenifer; Page, Amy T (17 March 2021). "Analysis of the demographics and characteristics of the Australian pharmacist workforce 2013–2018: decreasing supply points to the need for a workforce strategy".

4138: 1512:. Arkansas, California, and Virginia have their own exams instead of the MPJE; in those states, pharmacists must pass the Arkansas Jurisprudence Exam, the California Jurisprudence Exam, or the Virginia Pharmacy Law Exam. 1516:

trained applicants for clinical positions. The profession is moving toward resident-trained pharmacists who wish to provide direct patient care clinical services. In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (

1221:

use of a calculator will now be allowed. However, reference sources will no longer be allowed in the assessment. Instead, relevant extracts of the British National Formulary will be provided within the assessment paper.

942:— were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor. 3230:

The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health-Care System – Preparing the Future Pharmacist: Curricular Development, Report of a Third WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, Vancouver, Canada, 27–29 August

271:, where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines. In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal 2669:

Mill, Deanna; Seubert, Liza; Lee, Kenneth; Page, Amy; Johnson, Jacinta; Salter, Sandra; Clifford, Rhonda; Murace, Emma; Fullerton, Fraser; Halliday, Matthew D.; Res, Altinka; D'Lima, Danielle (1 February 2023).

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or "pharmacy technicians" with a three -semester education at a vocational college. Pharmacy technicians do not have dispensing rights in Sweden but are allowed to advise on and sell over-the-counter medicines.

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is four years of graduate school (accelerated Pharmacy Schools go January to January and are only 3 years), which include at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive a Doctorate of Pharmacy

1524:

program may also elect to do a fellowship that is geared toward research. Fellowships can varying in length but last 1–3 years depending on the program and usually require 1 year of residency at minimum.

664:(WHO) report from 2010, there are 0.53 licensed pharmacists and 7.82 licensed pharmacies per 10,000 people in Armenia. Pharmacists are able to substitute for generic equivalents at point of dispensing. 1196:

The following criteria must be met for qualification as a pharmacist in the United Kingdom (the Northern Irish body and the GPhC operate separately but have broadly similar registration requirements):

2234:

Weant, Kyle A.; Armitstead, John A.; Ladha, Alim M.; Sasaki-Adams, Deanna; Hadar, Eldad J.; Ewend, Matthew G. (November 2009). "Cost effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist on a neurosurgical team".

1687:(PEP) to patients without a physician's prescription. In order to be eligible to dispense, a pharmacists must first "complete a training program approved by the" California State Board of Pharmacy. 735:

in a pharmacy which is open to the public or in a hospital, under the supervision of that hospital's pharmaceutical department". The training of pharmacist must include at least: "Plant and animal

2882:"Who would be a pharmacist? A national representative cross-sectional survey of pharmacists and students to explore personality traits and associations with job satisfaction and career outlook" 964:

is a Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree (B.Pharm.) However, in the near future, all schools will offer a 6-year first Degree course leading to the award of a Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy Degree). The

3375: 3157:

Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications, Official Journal of the European Union, 30.9.2005

1533: 3332: 336:

Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in

3873:"Business and Professions Code - BPC: DIVISION 2. HEALING ARTS [500 - 4999.129] ( Division 2 enacted by Stats. 1937, Ch. 399.), CHAPTER 9. Pharmacy [4000 - 4427.8]" 3824: 1384:

program. Due to the large admittance requirements and highly competitive nature of the field, most pharmacy students complete a bachelor's degree before entry to pharmacy school.

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Besides taking classes, additional requirements before graduating may include a certain number of hours for community service, e.g., working in hospitals, clinics, and retail.

209:

Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential

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A doctorate of pharmacy (except non-traditional, i.e. transferring a license from another country) is the only degree accepted by the National Associate of Boards of Pharmacy

333:

state management, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors; strong pharmacist–patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care.

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between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice

2717:

Mill, Deanna; Page, Amy Theresa; Johnson, Jacinta; Lloyd, Renae; Salter, Sandra; Lee, Kenneth; Seubert, Liza; Clifford, Rhonda Marise; D'Lima, Danielle (26 June 2023).

2146: 1948: 1043: 2776:

Mill, Deanna; Johnson, Jacinta L; Corre, Lauren; Lee, Kenneth; D’Lima, Danielle; Clifford, Rhonda; Seubert, Liza; Salter, Sandra M; Page, Amy Theresa (15 July 2023).

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noted that the median pharmacist salary was $ 128,710. The top 25 percent of pharmacist earners made $ 147,690 that year, while the lowest 25 percent made $ 112,690.

2827:"Factors influencing pharmacist interest and preparedness to work as on-site aged care pharmacists: insights from qualitative analysis of free-text survey responses" 2443:

Kirschbaum, Mark; Khalil, Hanan; Talyor, Selina; Page, Amy T. (2016). "Pharmacy students' rural career intentions: Perspectives on rural background and placements".

1122: 1058:, pharmacy practice is regulated by the Pharmacy Board of Trinidad and Tobago, which is responsible for the registration of pharmacists in the twin islands. The 4011: 1541:

American pharmacists can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards.

1190: 2326:

Snoswell, Centaine L.; Hollingworth, Samantha A. (27 July 2016). "Knowledge and attitudes of final year pharmacy students toward opioid substitution therapy".

731:, where Section 7 Article 44(2) mandates at least five years of training including "four years of full-time theoretical and practical training" and "six-month 1517: 1489: 1274: 1262: 2612:"Use of professional practice guidance resources in pharmacy: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of pharmacists, intern pharmacists, and pharmacy students" 1216:

A pass mark in the GPhC registration assessment (formally an exam). This includes a closed-book paper and an open-book/mental calculations paper (using the

302:; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have 1709:

every 2 years, and the APh applying for renewal must complete 10 hours of continuing education in at least one area relevant to their clinical practice.

1282: 1270: 1178: 673: 559:

Upon graduation, pharmacists are licensed, either nationally or regionally, to dispense medication of various types in the areas they have trained for.

1648:

As of 2016, all 50 states and the District of Columbia permit pharmacists to provide vaccination services, but specific protocols vary between states.

1006:

In Switzerland, the federal office of public health regulates pharmacy practice. Four Swiss universities offer a major in pharmaceutical studies, the

1253:) to enter into pharmacy practice. In addition, pharmacists are subject to state-level jurisprudence exams in order to practice from state to state. 4472: 4229: 3049: 2672:"Understanding influences on the use of professional practice guidelines by pharmacists: A qualitative application of the COM-B model of behaviour" 951:

amending prescriptions. These practices have been linked to decreases in the average number of drugs in prescriptions, drug costs and incidence of

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symptom assessment leading to medication provision and lifestyle advice for community-based health concerns (e.g. head colds, or smoking cessation)

491:

vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain a university degree at a

3074: 2195:"Impact of pharmacist care in the management of cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials" 1273:(CHEA). Since 1975, ACPE has also been the accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The ACPE board of directors are appointed by the 1209:. On completion of the OSPAP, the candidate would proceed with the other stages of the registration process in the same manner as a UK student. 990: 191: 1367:

Acceptance into a doctorate of pharmacy program depends upon completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable bachelor's degree.

985:, the Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a graduate-level professional doctorate degree. Twenty-one universities are registered with the 3582:

Accreditation standards and key elements for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree ("Standards 2016")

1266: 657: 2610:

Mill, Deanna; Johnson, Jacinta L.; Lee, Kenneth; Salter, Sandra M.; d'Lima, Danielle; Seubert, Liza; Clifford, Rhonda; Page, Amy T. (2021).

1492:) but only available to current BS Pharmacy graduates with a license to practice pharmacy. Some institutions still offer 6 year accelerated 1101:

and other health-related goods. Pharmacists can undertake additional training to allow them to prescribe medicines for specific conditions.

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salary scale for medical doctors was considerably higher than that of pharmacists despite having a difference of only one year of training.

922:

In ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the

1627: 687:

pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. The number of pharmacists has stayed stable over a number of years.

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pertaining to pharmacotherapy optimization. Legal requirements in the US to becoming a pharmacist include: graduating from an accredited

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Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree, GUIDELINES 2.0

3872: 2561:"Do pharmacy practice standards effectively describe behaviour? Reviewing practice standards using a behavioural specificity framework" 4169: 3718: 3344: 2559:

Mill, Deanna; Page, Amy; Johnson, Jacinta; Lee, Kenneth; Salter, Sandra M.; Seubert, Liza; Clifford, Rhonda; d'Lima, Danielle (2022).

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The passage of Assembly Bill 1535 (2014) authorizes pharmacists in California to furnish naloxone without a physician's prescription.

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and complete 90 credit hours of university coursework in the sciences, mathematics, composition, and humanities before entry into the

712: 1504:

program, conducting a specified number of internship hours under a licensed pharmacist (i.e. 1800 hours in some states), passing the

4093: 2177: 1943: 1354: 1130: 4033: 2369: 1026:, an apprenticeship that takes three years to complete. Pharmacists can further specialize in various fields; this is organized by 393:

education and counseling for patients and other health care providers on optimal use of medicines (e.g., proper use, avoidance of

4518: 4447: 2470:

Page, Amy T.; Hamilton, Sandy J.; Hall, Maeva; Fitzgerald, Kathryn; Warner, Wayne; Nattabi, Barbara; Thompson, Sandra C. (2016).

1278: 696: 311: 3456: 1701:

Participate in the evaluation and management of diseases and health conditions in collaboration with other health care providers

4467: 3100: 2416:

Kirschbaum, Mark; Khalil, Hanan; Page, Amy Theresa (2016). "Clinical placements by Australian university schools of pharmacy".

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Clinical pharmacists go on rounds with doctors in order to provide direct patient care and comprehensive medication management.

1336: 1162: 970: 2150: 2394: 3025: 2028: 1963: 1546: 1286: 1059: 965: 370:

providing patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common ailments and disease states

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Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology or long-term care. Specialties include:

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Estimated timeline: 4 years undergraduate + 4 years doctorate + 1–2 years residency + 1–3 years fellowship = 8–13 years

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in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a

3957: 3927: 3898: 896:. At pharmacies in Sweden, pharmacists work together with another class of legislated health care professionals called 4442: 4019: 2472:"Gaining a 'proper sense' of what happens out there: An 'Academic Bush Camp' to promote rural placements for students" 1845: 1332: 384: 347:

assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ascertaining clinical medication management needs

2778:"Use of a reference text by pharmacists, intern pharmacists and pharmacy students: a national cross-sectional survey" 3306: 829:

Community Pharmacy / Hospital Pharmacy / Industry: Practical training (12 months; 6 months in a Community Pharmacy).

3452: 1217: 1325: 3478: 2924: 1684: 1129:

The new professional role for pharmacist as prescriber has been recognized in the UK since May 2006, called the "

788: 661: 2117: 4437: 4278: 4142: 2825:

Cross, Amanda J; Hawthorne, Deborah; Lee, Kenneth; O'Donnell, Lisa Kouladjian; Page, Amy T (23 February 2023).

1968: 1680: 885: 756: 708: 521: 1868: 703:. Specific requirements for practice vary across provinces, but generally include a bachelor's (BSc Pharm) or 3075:"Updated Scope of Practice Charts for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians in Canadian Jurisdictions | NAPRA" 819:

In Germany, the education and training is divided into three sections, each ending with a state examination:

4528: 4419: 3198: 1920: 1110: 195: 3850: 1249:(Pharm.D.) degree before they are eligible to sit for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination ( 4162: 3740: 1903: 1567: 1015: 995: 307: 4394: 4379: 1973: 1819: 1618: 1098: 1072: 625: 583: 497: 388: 276: 2999: 2088: 2826: 2671: 4513: 4462: 4399: 4293: 4202: 1613: 1417: 1206: 1094: 1011: 934:

Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the

752: 728: 605: 488: 474: 303: 295: 233: 132: 3423: 1193:, which remained as a professional body after handing over the regulatory role to the GPhC in 2010. 1093:. A dispensing chemist usually operates from a pharmacy or chemist's shop, and is allowed to fulfil 50: 4409: 4341: 4324: 4303: 4224: 4197: 1993: 1988: 1958: 1953: 1859: 1777: 1721:

survey, pharmacists were paid the following average annual salaries, depending on their positions:

1225: 1154: 1055: 1007: 952: 939: 804: 772: 744: 374: 337: 162: 1027: 4404: 4367: 4336: 3554: 2862: 2699: 2651: 2502: 2351: 2259: 1998: 1881: 1679:

With the passage of Senate Bill 159 in 2019, pharmacists in California are authorized to furnish

1579: 1457: 1246: 1201: 1118: 1082: 881: 704: 630: 482: 478: 326: 241: 237: 174: 128: 124: 889: 4059: 711:

offering a pharmacy program, successful completion of a national board examination through the

460: 198:

who is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of

4523: 4492: 4457: 4384: 4362: 4298: 4214: 4155: 4089: 3632: 3340: 3274: 2903: 2854: 2846: 2807: 2799: 2758: 2740: 2691: 2643: 2592: 2541: 2494: 2343: 2308: 2300: 2251: 2216: 2173: 2070: 1805: 1452: 1447: 1114: 994:

awarding of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, a five-year programme at the Department of Pharmacy,

935: 748: 597: 570: 529: 513: 272: 99: 28: 232:

Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a

4452: 4427: 4389: 4266: 4254: 4250: 3658: 3606: 3264: 3251:

Yuki, Ito; Tetsuo, Ando; Toshiharu, Arakawa; Toshitaka, Nabeshima; Takaharu, Itatsu (2005).

3207: 2893: 2838: 2789: 2748: 2730: 2683: 2633: 2623: 2582: 2572: 2533: 2486: 2452: 2425: 2335: 2290: 2243: 2206: 2090:

Classifying health workers: Mapping occupations to the international standard classification

2062: 1885: 1876: 1783: 1585: 1376:) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take a Pharmacy College Admissions Test 1182: 533: 322: 210: 206:

provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations.

3580: 4372: 4346: 4259: 3397: 1839: 1608: 1552: 1427: 1368: 1293: 1239: 1078: 784: 652:

The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health oversee pharmacy school accreditation in

492: 423: 330: 318: 222: 95: 3225: 2880:

Kamath, Srinivas; Soo, Bianca; Mill, Deanna; Johnson, Jacinta; Page, Amy Theresa (2023).

1855: 1704:

Initiate, adjust, or discontinue therapy pursuant to the regulations outlined in the bill

927: 344:

clinical medication management, including reviewing and monitoring of medication regimens

2753: 2718: 4432: 4331: 3203: 2638: 2611: 2587: 2560: 2247: 2166: 2066: 1978: 1894: 1815: 1158: 877: 724: 419:

working with federal, state, or local regulatory agencies to develop safe drug policies

394: 306:

to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a

3771: 3026:"A Situational Analysis of Human Resource Issues in the Pharmacy Profession in Canada" 2029:"A Situational Analysis of Human Resource Issues in the Pharmacy Profession in Canada" 4507: 4288: 4283: 2866: 2703: 2655: 2506: 2263: 1796: 1787: 1186: 923: 796: 537: 505: 407: 359: 355: 3986: 3448: 3293:

Assessment of the Pharmaceutical Human Resources in Tanzania and Strategic Framework

2355: 2193:

Santschi, V; Chiolero, A; Burnand, B; Colosimo, AL; Paradis, G (12 September 2011).

4245: 2211: 2194: 1889: 1823: 1442: 1402: 1242:, pharmaceutical wholesalers, practices of physicians, and the Federal Government. 931: 780: 776: 760: 525: 517: 501: 203: 166: 79: 3831:. June 2017 Immunization Supplement. Pharmacy & Healthcare Communications, LLC 3486:, Chicago, Illinois: Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, 23 January 2011 3191: 3101:"CPhA Position Statement: Doctor of Pharmacy Degree as an Entry-Level to Practice" 2842: 2687: 1752:, Median annual wages of wage and salary pharmacists in May 2015 were $ 121,500. 1484:

to be eligible to "sit" for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (

4192: 2735: 2390: 1916: 1833: 1829: 1314: 800: 578: 299: 225:. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, 91: 35: 3032: 2628: 2577: 2456: 2429: 2035: 1672:

Administer vaccinations pursuant to the latest CDC standards for anyone ages 3+

4271: 4209: 3556:

Policies and Procedures for ACPE Accreditation of Professional Degree Programs

3176: 1933: 1863: 1631: 1573: 1558: 1462: 1437: 1412: 1397: 1142: 1019: 792: 768: 732: 635: 553: 549: 541: 218: 199: 20: 3278: 2850: 2803: 2744: 2695: 2347: 2304: 2719:"Behaviours that contribute to pharmacist professionalism: a scoping review" 2295: 2278: 2003: 1898: 1791: 1602: 1590: 1422: 509: 226: 158: 3156: 2974: 2907: 2898: 2881: 2858: 2811: 2794: 2777: 2762: 2647: 2596: 2545: 2537: 2498: 2312: 2255: 2220: 2074: 3269: 3252: 4219: 4178: 3928:"Bill Information - SB-159 HIV: preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis" 3684: 1983: 1911: 1596: 1467: 1170: 1039: 982: 808: 340:

patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:

288: 266: 248: 146: 3797: 3529: 3504: 1938: 1907: 1872: 1809: 1432: 1407: 1392: 1339: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1166: 1134: 764: 740: 736: 653: 545: 448: 351: 214: 170: 24: 4112: 4012:"2010 Pharmacy Compensation Survey - Spring Edition, National Results" 2949: 2490: 2339: 4116: 3798:"Pharmacists and Immunization: Vaccination Resources for Pharmacists" 3374:. Department of Health and Social Care. 22 March 2010. Archived from 3295:, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 2010 2149:. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 2006. Archived from 2125: 1849: 1663:

Furnish smoking cessation aids (such as nicotine replacement therapy)

1521: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1485: 1381: 1373: 1250: 1138: 873: 700: 938:(1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists — and even 699:(CPhA) is the national professional organization for pharmacists in 3879:. California State Legislature, State of California. 1 January 2014 3226:"Theme 1. The Ideal Profile of the Pharmacist: Reaction from Japan" 3711:"Solid Organ Transplantation Pharmacy Recognized as New Specialty" 1800: 1666:

Furnish oral self-administered contraception (birth control pills)

1174: 835: 275:, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as " 3987:"Advanced Practice Pharmacist Application Instructions (17M-100)" 1630:

certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied

1085:), the professional title known as "pharmacist" is also known as 428:

member of inter-professional care team for critical care patients

2279:"Inpatient smoking cessation – turn to your clinical pharmacist" 1509: 1481: 1377: 759:, including analysis of medicinal products, General and applied 4151: 3748: 3129: 2164:

Cipolle, Robert J.; Strand, Linda M.; Morley, Peter C. (2004).

1656:

All licensed California pharmacists can perform the following:

4040:. Pharmacy & Healthcare Communications, LLC. 13 April 2015 3333:"Chapter 8: Pharmaceutical, Ophthalmic and Chiropody Services" 1308: 3588:, Chicago: Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, 2015 3562:, Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, January 2020 4147: 3257:

Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences

487:

The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing, and

3899:"Bill Text - AB-1535 Pharmacists: naloxone hydrochloride" 3747:. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology. Archived from 2277:

Snoswell, Centaine; Barras, Michael (13 September 2016).

1520:) required the new professional degree. Graduates from a 23:. For a scientist trained in the study of chemistry, see 3253:"Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Pharmaceutical Care" 1508:, and passing a Multi-state Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam 1238:

work in hospitals, and the rest mainly in mail-order or

422:

ensuring correctness of all medication labels including

4127:

International Pharmaceutical Students Federation (IPSF)

3825:"Authority and Scope of Vaccination: How States Differ" 3193:

Nipon o daï itsi ran, ou Annales des empereurs du Japon

3152: 3150: 1691:

regulations of those holding this license. An APh can:

1109:

In the United Kingdom, most pharmacists working in the

434:

staged dosing supply (e.g. opioid substitution therapy)

4126: 3802:

www.immunize.org: Website for Healthcare Professionals

1745:

in 2014 reported the average salary around $ 112,160.

1185:. The role of regulatory and professional body on the 4121: 1848:(1924–2011), leader of research that developed major 807:", which can be adapted to "scientific and technical 656:. Pharmacists are expected to have competency in the 3031:. Human Resources Development Canada. Archived from 2034:. Human Resources Development Canada. Archived from 400:

referrals to other health professionals if necessary

4418: 4355: 4312: 4238: 4185: 4088:. The University of Birmingham Press. p. 189. 3964:. California State Legislature, State of California 3934:. California State Legislature, State of California 3905:. California State Legislature, State of California 3776:

The Policy Surveillance Program: A LawAtlas Project

2283:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

2168:

Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinician's Guide

823:

University: Basic studies (at least four semesters)

247:The most common pharmacist positions are that of a 152: 138: 118: 110: 105: 85: 73: 69:

Pharmacist, Chemist, Doctor of Pharmacy, Apothecary

65: 60: 34:"Druggist" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3770:Schmit, Cason; Reddick, Allison (1 January 2016). 2165: 826:University: Main studies (at least four semesters) 811:" according to procedure in Directive 2005/36/EC. 1897:(1831-1888), American inventor of the soft drink 1799:(1867-1934), American inventor of the soft drink 1669:Furnish travel medications recommended by the CDC 380:oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription 3992:. California State Board of Pharmacy. April 2019 3055:. Canadian Pharmacists Association. January 2020 2925:"How to become a pharmacist in Canada - English" 1949:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals 1748:According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' 884:, where the Faculty of Pharmacy is located, the 3549: 3547: 3404:. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2124:, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, archived from 2055:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 1549:certifies pharmacists in thirteen specialties: 1245:All graduating pharmacists must now obtain the 1123:Royal Commission on the National Health Service 1030:, the pharmacists' association of Switzerland. 536:, medicine monitoring, medication management), 3532:. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education 3130:"Pharm D Position Statement Resolution | afpc" 2676:Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2122:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition 1750:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–17 Edition 1660:Order and interpret drug therapy related tests 416:designing clinical trials for drug development 213:, and monitoring parameters. This is mated to 4163: 4122:International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) 3922: 3920: 3741:"American Board of Applied Toxicology (ABAT)" 2616:Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 1191:Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 8: 3823:Xavioer, Sharon; Goad, Jeff (22 June 2017). 3524: 3522: 3507:. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 3449:"Pharmacists: Occupational Outlook Handbook" 1698:Refer patients to other healthcare providers 1275:American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy 1263:Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education 989:for imparting Pharmacy courses. In 2004 the 43: 3175:. Naczelna Izba Aptekarska . Archived from 1301:interim between comprehensive evaluations. 4170: 4156: 4148: 3663:Be a Pharmacist: Degree, License, and More 3637:Be a Pharmacist: Degree, License, and More 3611:Be a Pharmacist: Degree, License, and More 3443: 3441: 3050:"Pharmacists' Scope of Practice in Canada" 2886:International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2782:International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2526:International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2445:Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 2418:Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 1285:(NABP) (three appointments each), and the 1283:National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 1271:Council for Higher Education Accreditation 1179:Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland 674:Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 294:side effects of medications, and act as a 3778:. Temple University Beasley School of Law 3268: 3206:. London: Parbury, Allen and Co. p. 2897: 2793: 2752: 2734: 2637: 2627: 2586: 2576: 2370:"Armenia: Pharmaceutical Country Profile" 2328:Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 2294: 2210: 2172:(Second ed.). Toronto: McGraw-Hill. 2112: 2110: 2096:, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010 1355:Learn how and when to remove this message 310:through an agreed upon protocol called a 4230:Separation of prescribing and dispensing 3689:BPS: Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties 3368:"Pharmacist independent prescribing FAQ" 3313:. National Health Service. 26 March 2015 1842:(1911-1978), U.S. Vice President 1965–69 1564:Compounded sterile preparations pharmacy 1532: 4060:"Pharmacist salary | US news best jobs" 2518: 2516: 2016: 2919: 2917: 2831:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2022: 2020: 1884:(1908-1993), Polish pharmacist in the 1743:American Pharmacy Journal of Education 1734:Mail Order Staff Pharmacists $ 109,300 846:Polish pharmacists have to complete a 548:, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, 42: 3981: 3979: 3951: 3949: 3459:from the original on 15 December 2016 3024:Peartree Solutions Inc. (July 2001). 2027:Peartree Solutions Inc. (July 2001). 1267:United States Department of Education 1163:General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) 658:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 7: 3853:. California Pharmacists Association 1731:Hospital Staff Pharmacists $ 111,700 1628:American Board of Applied Toxicology 1337:adding citations to reliable sources 892:. In Sweden, pharmacists are called 723:The pharmacist qualification in the 367:providing pharmaceutical information 930:(718). Ranked positions in the pre- 229:, and other health care providers. 4141:from websites or documents of the 3962:California Legislative Information 3932:California Legislative Information 3903:California Legislative Information 3877:California Legislative Information 3691:. American Pharmacists Association 3190:von Klaproth, Julius, ed. (1834). 2479:Australian Journal of Rural Health 2397:from the original on 13 March 2018 2248:10.1227/01.NEU.0000347090.22818.35 2067:10.1331/1544-3191.46.5.605.skrabal 1728:Retail Staff Pharmacists $ 113,600 1224:Satisfactorily meeting the GPhC's 1200:Successful completion of a 4-year 1189:was previously carried out by the 713:Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada 19:For the precursor profession, see 14: 3202:] (in French). Translated by 3000:"Pharmacists in Canada - English" 1944:Clinical pharmaceutical scientist 1131:Pharmacist Independent Prescriber 540:, pharmacy law, pathophysiology, 55:A patient consulting a pharmacist 4488: 4487: 4448:List of pharmaceutical companies 4137: This article incorporates 4132: 3956:Hernandez, Ed (3 October 2013). 3717:. 22 August 2018. Archived from 3426:. General Pharmaceutical Council 3108:Canadian Pharmacists Association 1529:Specialization and credentialing 1313: 1279:American Pharmacists Association 697:Canadian Pharmacists Association 643:Training and practice by country 636:Pharmacist clinical toxicologist 459: 447: 354:states, such as dosing drugs in 312:collaborative practice agreement 49: 4468:Pharmacies in the United States 3851:"Expanding Pharmacist Services" 3804:. Immunization Action Coalition 3633:"California Pharmacist License" 3199:Annals of the Emperors of Japan 2393:. Australian Pharmacy Council. 2242:(5): 946–50, discussion 950–1. 1725:Directors of Pharmacy $ 125,200 1324:needs additional citations for 631:Pharmacist clinical pathologist 4034:"2015 Pharmacist Salary Guide" 2212:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.399 1737:Clinical Pharmacists $ 113,400 971:Pharmacists Council of Nigeria 410:by administering immunizations 329:in medication regimen; better 1: 3772:"Pharmacist Vaccination Laws" 3715:Board of Pharmacy Specialties 3659:"Virginia Pharmacist License" 3607:"Arkansas Pharmacist License" 3424:"Registering as a Pharmacist" 3173:Polish Pharmaceutical Chamber 2975:"National Statistics | NAPRA" 2843:10.1016/j.archger.2023.104971 2688:10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.10.006 2199:Archives of Internal Medicine 1964:List of pharmacy associations 1919:(1828–1914), inventor of the 1547:Board of Pharmacy Specialties 1287:American Council on Education 1257:Pharmacy School Accreditation 1226:Fitness to Practice Standards 1157:and pharmacy premises in the 1060:University of the West Indies 622:Regulatory-affairs pharmacist 413:constructing drug formularies 3402:Royal Pharmaceutical Society 2565:BMC Health Services Research 1832:(1772–1864), "the father of 987:Pharmacy Council of Pakistan 571:Clinical pharmacy specialist 27:. For the Alvvays song, see 4443:Pharmacy benefit management 3337:Royal Commission on the NHS 3233:, World Health Organization 2736:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070265 1790:inventor of the soft drink 1695:Perform patient assessments 1639:Expanding Scope of Practice 991:Higher Education Commission 926:(701) and re-stated in the 838:and employer associations. 705:Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) 591:Drug information pharmacist 439:Education and credentialing 4547: 4084:Thornes, John. E. (1999). 3958:"SB-493 Pharmacy Practice" 3453:Bureau of Labor Statistics 2629:10.1186/s40545-021-00395-8 2578:10.1186/s12913-021-07358-4 2457:10.1016/j.cptl.2016.06.002 2430:10.1016/j.cptl.2015.09.003 1775: 1218:British National Formulary 1149:Education and registration 1070: 671: 472: 403:pharmacokinetic evaluation 387:about non-prescription or 350:specialized monitoring of 286: 33: 18: 4483: 2377:World Health Organization 1875:physicist who discovered 1685:post-exposure prophylaxis 789:Pharmaceutical technology 662:World Health Organization 588:Long-term care pharmacist 48: 4438:Investigational New Drug 4279:Pharmaceutical chemistry 4225:Pharmacological activity 4143:United States Government 4064:US News and World Report 3398:"History of the Society" 2950:"Annual Reports | NAPRA" 2147:"Pharmacist prescribing" 1969:List of pharmacy schools 1757:US News and World Report 1681:pre-exposure prophylaxis 1387:Possible prerequisites: 886:University of Gothenburg 803:and, where appropriate, 757:Pharmaceutical chemistry 709:10 Canadian universities 522:pharmaceutical chemistry 4519:Health care occupations 4420:Pharmaceutical industry 4239:Pharmaceutical sciences 2296:10.1111/1753-6405.12567 1921:incandescent light bulb 1910:chemist who discovered 1111:National Health Service 900:, in English so-called 610:Managed care pharmacist 253:(also referred to as a 196:healthcare professional 16:Healthcare professional 4139:public domain material 4086:John Constable's Skies 4018:. 2010. Archived from 1619:Solid organ transplant 1538: 1099:over-the-counter drugs 1016:University of Lausanne 996:University of Peshawar 606:Informatics pharmacist 594:Home health pharmacist 579:Compounding pharmacist 389:over-the-counter drugs 308:primary care physician 304:prescriptive authority 277:pharmacist prescribers 4395:Pharmacist prescriber 4380:Consultant pharmacist 3270:10.5649/jjphcs.31.113 3224:Kawahara, A. (1997), 3212:nipon o dai itsi ran. 1974:Pharmacist prescriber 1869:Hans Christian Ørsted 1536: 1161:are regulated by the 1095:medical prescriptions 1073:Consultant pharmacist 940:pharmacist assistants 683:adequately prepared. 626:Veterinary pharmacist 602:Industrial pharmacist 584:Consultant pharmacist 498:Doctorate of Pharmacy 466:Industrial Pharmacist 364:compounding medicines 317:Increased numbers of 259:first-line pharmacist 4463:Pharmacies of Norway 4400:Pharmacy informatics 4294:Pharmacoepidemiology 4203:Prehistoric medicine 3751:on 28 September 2007 3455:. 17 December 2015. 3372:Department of Health 2899:10.1093/ijpp/riad012 2795:10.1093/ijpp/riad047 2538:10.1093/ijpp/riaa022 1888:and activist during 1717:According to a 2010 1614:Psychiatric pharmacy 1418:Chemical engineering 1333:improve this article 1207:postgraduate diploma 1155:pharmacy technicians 1087:"dispensing chemist" 1081:(and to some extent 1012:University of Geneva 753:Analytical chemistry 729:Directive 2005/36/EC 727:is regulated by the 575:Community pharmacist 489:continuing education 475:Bachelor of Pharmacy 375:pharmacy technicians 296:learned intermediary 250:community pharmacist 234:Bachelor of Pharmacy 192:Commonwealth English 133:Bachelor of Pharmacy 4410:Veterinary pharmacy 4342:Pharmacy technician 4304:Pharmacocybernetics 4198:History of pharmacy 3339:. HMSO. July 1979. 3179:on 8 December 2015. 3038:on 3 December 2008. 2041:on 3 December 2008. 1994:Pharmacy technician 1989:Pharmacy automation 1959:List of pharmacists 1954:History of pharmacy 1904:Friedrich Sertürner 1778:List of pharmacists 1772:Notable pharmacists 1580:Infectious diseases 1240:Internet pharmacies 1089:or, more commonly, 1056:Trinidad and Tobago 1050:Trinidad and Tobago 1008:University of Basel 966:University of Benin 953:adverse drug events 805:professional ethics 773:medical terminology 745:inorganic chemistry 707:degree from one of 619:Oncology pharmacist 613:Military pharmacist 598:Hospital pharmacist 567:Academic pharmacist 454:Hospital Pharmacist 268:hospital pharmacist 175:medical specialists 163:pharmacy technician 45: 4405:Specialty pharmacy 4368:Community pharmacy 4337:Pharmacy residency 3004:www.pharmacists.ca 2929:www.pharmacists.ca 2153:on 6 October 2006. 1999:Pharmacy residency 1882:Tadeusz Pankiewicz 1713:Earnings and wages 1539: 1458:Physical chemistry 1247:Doctor of Pharmacy 1202:Master of Pharmacy 1119:community pharmacy 1083:Australian English 1044:Ministry of Health 882:Uppsala University 616:Nuclear pharmacist 483:Doctor of Pharmacy 479:Master of Pharmacy 327:patient compliance 263:dispensing chemist 242:Doctor of Pharmacy 238:Master of Pharmacy 186:, also known as a 129:Master of Pharmacy 125:Doctor of Pharmacy 120:Education required 4501: 4500: 4458:Pharmacy in China 4385:Hospital pharmacy 4363:Clinical pharmacy 4299:Pharmacovigilance 4215:Prescription drug 4022:on 1 August 2010. 3721:on 3 January 2019 3685:"BPS Specialties" 3665:. Be a Pharmacist 3639:. Be a Pharmacist 3613:. Be a Pharmacist 3378:on 7 January 2013 2491:10.1111/ajr.12199 2379:. 13 August 2010. 2340:10.1002/jppr.1202 1806:Ikililou Dhoinine 1453:Organic chemistry 1448:Molecular biology 1365: 1364: 1357: 1115:hospital pharmacy 1024:pharma assistants 936:Meiji Restoration 862:magister farmacji 749:Organic chemistry 534:drug interactions 530:pharmacy practice 514:organic chemistry 383:provision of and 323:medication errors 273:scope of practice 255:retail pharmacist 211:drug interactions 180: 179: 100:chemical sciences 29:Pharmacist (song) 4536: 4491: 4490: 4453:Medication costs 4428:Drug development 4390:Nuclear pharmacy 4267:Pharmacogenomics 4255:Pharmacodynamics 4251:Pharmacokinetics 4172: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4100: 4099: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 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3204:Titsingh, Isaac 3189: 3188: 3184: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3081:. 22 March 2022 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2205:(16): 1441–53. 2192: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2008: 1929: 1840:Hubert Humphrey 1780: 1774: 1765: 1715: 1654: 1646: 1641: 1609:Pharmacotherapy 1553:Ambulatory care 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11 May 2011 2106: 2080: 2061:(5): 605–612. 2044: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979:Pharmaconomist 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1914: 1901: 1895:John Pemberton 1892: 1879: 1866: 1853: 1843: 1837: 1827: 1816:Pravin Gordhan 1813: 1803: 1794: 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1530: 1527: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1363: 1362: 1321: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1258: 1255: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1214: 1210: 1159:United Kingdom 1150: 1147: 1106: 1103: 1068: 1067:United Kingdom 1065: 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1003: 1000: 978: 975: 960: 957: 947: 944: 919: 916: 914: 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1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568:Critical care 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1348: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1322:This section 1320: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1233:United States 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153:Pharmacists, 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1061: 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