328:(AESA) is a phased array in which each antenna element has an analog transmitter/receiver (T/R) module which creates the phase shifting required to electronically steer the antenna beam. Active arrays are a more advanced, second-generation phased-array technology that are used in military applications; unlike PESAs they can radiate several beams of radio waves at multiple frequencies in different directions simultaneously. However, the number of simultaneous beams is limited by practical reasons of electronic packaging of the beam formers to approximately three simultaneous beams for an AESA. Each beam former has a receiver/exciter connected to it.
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933:. The dynamic beam forming in an optical phased array transmitter can be used to electronically raster or vector scan images without using lenses or mechanically moving parts in a lensless projector. Optical phased array receivers have been demonstrated to be able to act as lensless cameras by selectively looking at different directions.
369:'s 1905 directional antenna, which used the phased array principle, consisting of three monopole antennas in an equilateral triangle. A quarter-wave delay in the feedline of one antenna caused the array to radiate in a beam. The delay could be switched manually into any of the three feeds, rotating the antenna beam by 120°.
220:, controlled by a computer system, which can alter the phase or signal delay electronically, thus steering the beam of radio waves to a different direction. Since the size of an antenna array must extend many wavelengths to achieve the high gain needed for narrow beamwidth, phased arrays are mainly practical at the high
2428:
4197:
Otsuka, Shigenori; Tuerhong, Gulanbaier; Kikuchi, Ryota; Kitano, Yoshikazu; Taniguchi, Yusuke; Ruiz, Juan Jose; Satoh, Shinsuke; Ushio, Tomoo; Miyoshi, Takemasa (February 2016). "Precipitation
Nowcasting with Three-Dimensional Space–Time Extrapolation of Dense and Frequent Phased-Array Weather Radar
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The phase shift process used with passive phased arrays typically puts the receive beam and transmit beam into diagonally opposite quadrants. The sign of the phase shift must be inverted after the transmit pulse is finished and before the receive period begins to place the receive beam into the same
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As an example, an antenna with a 2-degree beam with a pulse rate of 1 kHz will require approximately 8 seconds to cover an entire hemisphere consisting of 8,000 pointing positions. This configuration provides 12 opportunities to detect a 1,000 m/s (2,200 mph; 3,600 km/h) vehicle
343:
has a digital receiver/exciter at each element in the array. The signal at each element is digitized by the receiver/exciter. This means that antenna beams can be formed digitally in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or the array computer. This approach allows for multiple simultaneous antenna
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radar uses multiple transmit frequencies with a serpentine delay line along the left side of the array to produce vertical fan of stacked beams. Each frequency experiences a different phase shift as it propagates down the serpentine delay line, which forms different beams. A filter bank is used to
513:
researchers demonstrated the first integrated silicon-based phased array receiver at 24 GHz with 8 elements. This was followed by their demonstration of a CMOS 24 GHz phased array transmitter in 2005 and a fully integrated 77 GHz phased array transceiver with integrated antennas in
335:
can be thought of as a combination of an AESA and a digital beam forming phased array. It uses subarrays that are active phased arrays (for instance, a subarray may be 64, 128 or 256 elements and the number of elements depends upon system requirements). The subarrays are combined to form the full
865:
facility since April 23, 2003. It is hoped that research will lead to a better understanding of thunderstorms and tornadoes, eventually leading to increased warning times and enhanced prediction of tornadoes. Current project participants include the
National Severe Storms Laboratory and National
505:
In 1966, most phased-array radars use ferrite phase shifters or traveling-wave tubes to dynamically adjust the phase. The AN/SPS-33 -- installed on the nuclear-powered ships Long Beach and
Enterprise around 1961 -- was claimed to be the only operational 3-D phased array in the world in 1966. The
353:
is a phased array in which the individual antennas, instead of being arranged in a flat plane, are mounted on a curved surface. The phase shifters compensate for the different path lengths of the waves due to the antenna elements' varying position on the surface, allowing the array to radiate a
3163:
Dynamic phased arrays require no physical movement to aim the beam. The beam is moved electronically. This can produce antenna motion fast enough to use a small pencil beam to simultaneously track multiple targets while searching for new targets using just one radar set, a capability known as
3117:
The other type of frequency domain beamformer makes use of
Spatial Frequency. Discrete samples are taken from each of the individual array elements. The samples are processed using a DFT. The DFT introduces multiple different discrete phase shifts during processing. The outputs of the DFT are
894:
and potential deployment of the system throughout the United States. It is expected to take 10 to 15 years to complete and initial construction was approximately $ 25 million. A team from Japan's RIKEN Advanced
Institute for Computational Science (AICS) has begun experimental work on using
975:
A phased array of acoustic transducers, denominated airborne ultrasound tactile display (AUTD), was developed in 2008 at the
University of Tokyo's Shinoda Lab to induce tactile feedback. This system was demonstrated to enable a user to interactively manipulate virtual holographic objects.
506:
AN/SPG-59 was designed to generate multiple tracking beams from the transmitting array and simultaneously program independent receiving arrays. The first civilian 3D phased array was built in 1960 at the
National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center; but was abandoned in 1961.
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3110:). When different delay and sum beamformers are applied to each frequency bin, the result is that the main lobe simultaneously points in multiple different directions at each of the different frequencies. This can be an advantage for communication links, and is used with the
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allows several beams to be formed simultaneously, or one beam to be scanned through an arc. The most common kind of time domain beam former is serpentine waveguide. Active phased array designs use individual delay lines that are switched on and off.
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669:, which meant that radar-guided weapons could only engage a small number of simultaneous targets. Phased array systems can be used to control missiles during the mid-course phase of the missile's flight. During the terminal portion of the flight,
4043:
See Joseph
Spradley, "A Volumetric Electrically Scanned Two-Dimensional Microwave Antenna Array," IRE National Convention Record, Part I – Antennas and Propagation; Microwaves, New York: The Institute of Radio Engineers, 1958,
293:
Phased arrays take multiple forms. However, the four most common are the passive electronically scanned array (PESA), active electronically scanned array (AESA), hybrid beam forming phased array, and digital beam forming (DBF) array.
135:
652:
Phased arrays were invented for radar tracking of ballistic missiles, and because of their fast tracking abilities phased array radars are widely used in military applications. For example, because of the rapidity with which the
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typically use large amplifiers that produce all of the microwave transmit signal for the antenna. Phase shifters typically consist of waveguide elements controlled by magnetic field, voltage gradient, or equivalent technology.
3179:
that interfere with radar operation. The flexibility resulting from phased array operation allows beams to be aimed at random locations, which eliminates this vulnerability. This is also desirable for military applications.
3727:
214:) to form beams, to increase power radiated in desired directions and suppress radiation in undesired directions. In a phased array, the power from the transmitter is fed to the radiating elements through devices called
178:
that can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antennas. The general theory of an electromagnetic phased array also finds applications in ultrasonic and medical imaging application
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Time domain beamformer works by introducing time delays. The basic operation is called "delay and sum". It delays the incoming signal from each array element by a certain amount of time, and then adds them together. A
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of the beam. Most phased arrays have two-dimensional arrays of antennas instead of the linear array shown here, and the beam can be steered in two dimensions. The velocity of the radio waves shown have been slowed
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These equations can be solved to predict the nulls, main lobe, and grating lobes of the array. Referring to the exponents in the array factor equation, we can say that major and grating lobes will occur at integer
2018:
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Radiation pattern of phased array containing 7 emitters spaced a quarter wavelength apart, showing the beam switching direction. The phase shift between adjacent emitters is switched from 45 degrees to −45
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has a track capacity of 200 targets and is able to achieve automatic target detection, confirmation and track initiation in a single scan, while simultaneously providing mid-course guidance updates to the
121:. The phase shifters delay the radio waves progressively going up the line so each antenna emits its wavefront later than the one below it. This causes the resulting plane wave to be directed at an angle
639:
broadcasts many stations use arrays of horizontal dipoles. A common arrangement uses 16 dipoles in a 4×4 array. Usually this is in front of a wire grid reflector. The phasing is often switchable to allow
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phase shifters must be changed after transmit pulse quench and before receiver processing starts to align transmit and receive beams. That impulse introduces FM noise that degrades clutter performance.
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of a phased array will be a result of the gain of the individual array elements, and the directivity due their positioning in an array. This latter component is closely tied (but not equal to) to the
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system for surface detection and tracking (finding ships), air detection and tracking (finding aircraft and missiles) and missile uplink capabilities. Before using these systems, each
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individual channels that correspond with evenly spaced beams formed simultaneously. A 1-dimensional DFT produces a fan of different beams. A 2-dimensional DFT produces beams with a
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2110:
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researchers announced a 16-element phased-array radar antenna which was also integrated with all the necessary circuits on a single silicon chip and operated at 30–50 GHz.
239:
systems, to steer a beam of radio waves quickly across the sky to detect planes and missiles. These systems are now widely used and have spread to civilian applications such as
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that is under construction as of 2021. It is designed to provide broadband internet connectivity to consumers; the user terminals of the system will use phased array antennas.
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location as the transmit beam. That requires a phase impulse that degrades sub-clutter visibility performance on
Doppler radar and Pulse-Doppler radar. As an example,
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beamformers. From a theoretical point of view, both are in principle the same operation, with just a
Fourier transform allowing conversion from one to the other type.
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315:, as shown in the first animation at top. PESAs are the most common type of phased array. Generally speaking, a PESA uses one receiver/exciter for the entire array.
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in which the phase of the feed power and thus the radiation pattern of the antenna array is fixed. For example, AM broadcast radio antennas consisting of multiple
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2423:{\displaystyle AF_{dB}=10\log _{10}\left\|\sum _{n=1}^{N}I_{1n}\left\mathrm {e} ^{j\left(n-1\right)\left(kd_{y}\sin \theta \sin \phi +\beta _{y}\right)}\right\|}
2048:
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plane wave. Conformal antennas are used in aircraft and missiles, to integrate the antenna into the curving surface of the aircraft to reduce aerodynamic drag.
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A graduated attenuation window is sometimes applied across the face of the array to improve side-lobe suppression performance, in addition to the phase shift.
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Closeup of some of the 2677 crossed dipole antenna elements that make up the plane array. This antenna produced a narrow "pencil" beam only 2.2° wide.
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systems to increase the area of coverage of a single system by 100% to 76,200 m (820,000 sq ft) while still using traditional passive
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113:. The moving red lines show the wavefronts of the radio waves emitted by each element. The individual wavefronts are spherical, but they combine (
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The first type separates the different frequency components that are present in the received signal into multiple frequency bins (using either a
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3264:(or group of elements). Each element also includes receive pre-amplification. The phase shifter setting is the same for transmit and receive.
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Each array element incorporates an adjustable phase shifter. These are collectively used to move the beam with respect to the array face.
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1947:
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725:, "is able to perform search, track and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a capability of over 100 targets." Likewise, the
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2691:{\displaystyle \phi =\arctan 2\left(\sin \left(\theta _{el}\right),\sin \left(\theta _{az}\cos \left(\theta _{el}\right)\right)\right)}
87:
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In radar applications, this kind of phased array is physically moved during the track and scan process. There are two configurations.
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that relies on a fixed phased array to produce multiple adjacent beams that measure angle errors. This form factor is suitable for
3879:(Electrical technology and polytechnic review ), (1 November 1905). This article is summarized (in German) in: Adolf Prasch, ed.,
578:
pattern. Broadcast phased arrays have fixed radiation patterns and are not 'steered' during operation as are other phased arrays.
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1402:{\displaystyle AF=\sum _{n=1}^{N}I_{n1}\left\mathrm {e} ^{j\left(n-1\right)\left(kd_{y}\sin \theta \sin \phi +\beta _{y}\right)}}
541:
or elevation. Simultaneous electrical scanning in both azimuth and elevation was first demonstrated in a phased array antenna at
3875:"Die Strassburger Versuche über gerichtete drahtlose Telegraphie" (The Strassburg experiments on directed wireless telegraphy),
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array. Each subarray has its own digital receiver/exciter. This approach allows clusters of simultaneous beams to be created.
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Fixed phased array antennas are typically used to create an antenna with a more desirable form factor than the conventional
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3204:. Fixed phased arrays incorporate fixed phase shifters. For example, most commercial FM Radio and TV antenna towers use a
3027:
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of -50 dB, however, in reality, null points in the array factor pattern will have values significantly smaller than this.
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Phased arrays are used in naval sonar, in active (transmit and receive) and passive (receive only) and hull-mounted and
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are the directions which we are taking the array factor in, in the coordinate frame depicted to the right. The factors
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Fixed – the beam position is stationary with respect to the array face and the whole antenna is moved
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Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Phased-Array Wavelength Multi/Demultiplexer with Extremely Low-Polarization Sensitivity
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Active phased arrays do not require phase reset after the end of the transmit pulse, which is compatible with
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Beam steering is indicated in the same coordinate frame, however the direction of steering is indicated with
391:
ballistic missile detection radar in Alaska. Completed in 1979, it was one of the first active phased arrays.
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2562:{\displaystyle \theta =\arccos \left(\cos \left(\theta _{az}\right)\sin \left(\theta _{el}\right)\right)}
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has been using a SPY-1A phased array antenna, provided by the US Navy, for weather research at its
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produced at the end of array factor calculation. With this, we can produce the following equation:
125:
to the antenna's axis. By changing the phase shifts, the computer can instantly change the angle
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fire control directors provide the final guidance to the target. Because the antenna pattern is
562:, the term 'phased array' has a meaning different from its normal meaning, it means an ordinary
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467:", a system to aid in the landing of aircraft. At the same time, the GEMA in Germany built the
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Active Electronically Steered Arrays – A Maturing Technology (ausairpower.net)
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between adjacent antennas is swept between −120 and 120 degrees. The dark area is the beam or
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917:. They are used in wavelength multiplexers and filters for telecommunication purposes, laser
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Within the visible or infrared spectrum of electromagnetic waves it is possible to construct
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The position of mechanically steered antennas can be predicted, which can be used to create
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1542:
1512:
1020:
Coordinate frame of phased array used in calculation of array factor, directivity, and gain.
862:
810:
747:
3140:
There are two further sub-categories that modify the kind of dynamic array or fixed array.
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and other ground-based antiaircraft systems use phased array radar for similar benefits.
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track on many targets simultaneously while also controlling several in-flight missiles.
91:
Animation showing how a phased array works. It consists of an array of antenna elements
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An antenna tower consisting of a fixed phase collinear antenna array with four elements
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over a range of 100 km (62 mi), which is suitable for military applications.
3131:
Dynamic – an array of variable phase shifters are used to move the beam
2112:. Recalling the complex exponential in the array factor equation above, often, what is
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effects among—the signals radiated by the individual antennas determine the effective
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813:(2011–2015). This was the first deep-space mission to use a phased-array antenna for
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4432:"Analysis of common-mode effects in a dual-polarized planar connected-array antenna"
4085:
Scott, Richard (April 2006). "Singapore Moves to Realise Its Formidable Ambitions".
17:
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Active – amplifiers or processors are in each phase shifter element
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of the array. A phased array may be used to point a fixed radiation pattern, or to
468:
449:
430:
3850:
Braun, Karl Ferdinand (1967) . "Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy".
285:
fed so as to create a specific radiation pattern are also called "phased arrays".
142:
of a phased array of 15 antenna elements spaced a quarter wavelength apart as the
4360:
3978:"A 77GHz 4-Element Phased Array Receiver with On-Chip Dipole Antennas in Silicon"
3149:
Passive – large central amplifier with attenuating phase shifters
307:(PESA) is a phased array in which the antenna elements are connected to a single
4870:
4722:
4002:"A 77GHz Phased-Array Transmitter with Local LO- Path Phase-Shifting in Silicon"
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4258:"Electronic Two-Dimensional Beam Steering for Integrated Optical Phased Arrays"
3897:
http://www.100jahreradar.de/index.html?/gdr_5_deutschefunkmesstechnikim2wk.html
3314:
3231:
split apart the individual receive beams. The antenna is mechanically rotated.
841:
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3107:
1808:
739:
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4626:
NASA Report: MMICs For Multiple Scanning Beam Antennas for Space Applications
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phase shifters vary the phase delay using the strength of a magnetic field.
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For the ease of visualization, we will analyze array factor given an input
611:
frequencies, it is common for AM broadcast stations to change between day (
3866:
Braun's Nobel Prize lecture. The phased array section is on pages 239–240.
878:
School of Meteorology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and
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relationship so that the radio waves from the separate elements combine (
151:
4025:
World’s Most Complex Silicon Phased Array Chip Developed at UC San Diego
1016:
677:, phased array systems can direct radar beams fast enough to maintain a
4578:"Total Ownership Cost Reduction Case Study: AEGIS Radar Phase Shifters"
2051:
777:
769:
628:
616:
538:
134:
4332:
ISSRDC 2015 – A Conversation with Elon Musk (2015.7.7)
277:
The term "phased array" is also used to a lesser extent for unsteered
5056:
4542:"YIG-sphere-based phase shifter for X-band phased array applications"
3465:
Electronically Scanned Arrays: MATLAB Modeling and Simulation, 1st Ed
3242:
3227:
3111:
2117:
850:
826:
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to other areas. Due to the differences between daytime and nighttime
534:
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3438:
Active Electronically Scanned Arrays: Fundamentals and Applications
3299:
Passive phased array design is used in the AEGIS Combat System for
5035:
4139:"Phased-Array Antenna System for the MESSENGER Deep Space Mission"
3930:"A Fully Integrated 24GHz 8-Path Phased-Array Receiver in Silicon"
2013:{\displaystyle kd_{y}\sin \theta \sin \phi +\beta _{y}=\pm 2n\pi }
1936:{\displaystyle kd_{x}\sin \theta \cos \phi +\beta _{x}=\pm 2m\pi }
840:
683:
658:
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bands, in which the operating wavelengths are conveniently small.
133:
86:
984:
Phased Array Feeds (PAF) have recently been used at the focus of
574:
radiation pattern, as opposed to a single mast which radiates an
4646:
4479:
1778:{\displaystyle \beta _{y}=-kd_{y}\sin \theta _{0}\sin \phi _{0}}
1699:{\displaystyle \beta _{x}=-kd_{x}\sin \theta _{0}\cos \phi _{0}}
960:
243:
4650:
3125:
These techniques are used to create two kinds of phased array.
3099:
There are two different types of frequency domain beamformers.
1117:, respectively, the array factor can be calculated accordingly:
684:
206:
is fed to multiple individual antenna elements with the proper
2999:
988:
to provide many beams, giving the radio telescope a very wide
964:
623:
and power levels supplied to the individual antenna elements (
31:
2817:
phased array, this process provides the following values for
3800:
Transmit Receive Modules for Radar and Communication Systems
1569:
are the excitation coefficients of the individual elements.
246:
for cell phones. The phased array principle is also used in
235:
Phased arrays were originally conceived for use in military
4232:
P. D. Trinh, S. Yegnanarayanan, F. Coppinger and B. Jalali
3881:
Die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Drahtlosen Telegraphie
1509:
that is used to steer the beam electronically. The factors
240:
3917:"Faster, lighter 3-D radars in sight for tactical warfare"
3586:
Satellite Communications: System and Its Design Technology
886:, and Basic Commerce and Industries. The project includes
436:
Phased array transmission was originally shown in 1905 by
1008:, and the Florida Space Institute in the United States .
3256:(AESA) elements incorporate transmit amplification with
1037:. In a (rectangular) planar phased array, of dimensions
487:
after several large phased arrays were developed at the
729:
phased array multi-function radar used in service with
52:
3773:
Sturdivant, Rick; Quan, Clifton; Chang, Enson (2018).
3697:
The Focal Illustrated Dictionary of Telecommunications
102:. The feed current for each element passes through a
2975:
2896:
2856:
2823:
2797:
2772:
2750:
2728:
2706:
2576:
2482:
2460:
2440:
2126:
2116:
meant by array factor is the magnitude of the summed
2060:
2033:
1950:
1873:
1821:
1793:
1713:
1634:
1626:, which is used in calculation of progressive phase:
1605:
1578:
1545:
1515:
1484:
1457:
1437:
1417:
1141:
1096:
1069:
1043:
3883:(Stuttgart, Germany: Ferdinand Enke, 1906), vol. 4,
3208:, which is a fixed phased array of dipole elements.
2027:
It is common in engineering to provide phased array
959:
By 2014, phased array antennas were integrated into
5049:
4851:
4703:
4685:
4605:
Radar Research and Development - Phased Array Radar
4306:"A One-Dimensional Heterodyne Lens-Free OPA Camera"
4146:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
3072:There are two main types of beamformers. These are
882:, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the
47:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
4394:SIGGRAPH 2008, Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display
3613:Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering
2984:
2922:
2882:
2842:
2809:
2780:
2758:
2736:
2714:
2690:
2561:
2466:
2446:
2422:
2104:
2042:
2012:
1935:
1857:
1799:
1777:
1698:
1618:
1591:
1561:
1531:
1497:
1470:
1443:
1423:
1401:
1109:
1082:
1055:
150:, while the light lines fanning out around it are
4636:'Phased Array' microphone system of Tony Faulkner
3954:"A 24GHz Phased-Array Transmitter in 0.18μm CMOS"
2969:These values have been clipped to have a minimum
657:, phased array radars allow a warship to use one
3670:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
4174:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3826:Practical Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design
3877:Elektrotechnische und Polytechnische Rundschau
4662:
3556:Stutzman, Warren L.; Thiele, Gary A. (2012).
3462:Brown, Arik D. (2012). Brown, Arik D. (ed.).
929:an entire phased array onto a single element
8:
895:phased-array radar with a new algorithm for
456:used phased array transmission in a rapidly
4508:Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Ed
4106:"Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury"
3535:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303.
3532:Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Ed
3034:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
27:Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
4669:
4655:
4647:
4475:"Antenna Arrays: A Computational Approach"
4329:Elon Musk, Mike Suffradini (7 July 2015).
2959:
2952:
2943:
2936:
444:who demonstrated enhanced transmission of
4455:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3054:Learn how and when to remove this message
2974:
2914:
2901:
2895:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2831:
2822:
2796:
2773:
2771:
2751:
2749:
2729:
2727:
2707:
2705:
2700:This represents a coordinate frame whose
2665:
2642:
2611:
2575:
2541:
2514:
2481:
2459:
2439:
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2371:
2336:
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2231:
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2210:
2192:
2182:
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2153:
2134:
2125:
2087:
2068:
2059:
2032:
1989:
1958:
1949:
1912:
1881:
1872:
1820:
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1690:
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1215:
1205:
1194:
1176:
1166:
1155:
1140:
1101:
1095:
1074:
1068:
1042:
937:Satellite broadband internet transceivers
866:Weather Service Radar Operations Center,
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
59:, without removing the technical details.
4282:"An 8x8 Heterodyne Lens-less OPA Camera"
3635:
3633:
3345:Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
3187:
1119:
1015:
4034:in UCSD News (reviewed 2 November 2007)
3798:Sturdivant, Rick; Harris, Mike (2015).
3616:. Springer Science and Business Media.
3427:
2434:, which we will map to the array frame
1811:of the frequency used in transmission.
341:digital beam forming (DBF) phased array
3646:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xi.
3562:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 315.
3217:Multiple frequencies with a delay-line
2883:{\displaystyle \theta _{0}=0^{\circ }}
2105:{\displaystyle AF_{dB}=10\log _{10}AF}
1865:solutions to the following equations:
619:) radiation patterns by switching the
117:) in front of the antenna to create a
4500:
4498:
4496:
4469:
4467:
4386:"Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display"
4335:(video). Event occurs at 46:45–50:40
3906:Mamut1 first early warning PESA Radar
3829:. Bostan: Artech House. p. 443.
3700:. Taylor & Francis. p. 476.
3643:Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics
955:Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
829:, used 26 radiative elements and can
742:missiles launched from the ship. The
57:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
4430:Hay, S.G.; O’Sullivan, J.D. (2008).
3775:Systems Engineering of Phased Arrays
3694:Mazda, Xerxes; Mazda, F. F. (1999).
3405:Synthetically thinned aperture radar
3254:Active electronically-scanned arrays
3032:adding citations to reliable sources
2923:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}=0^{\circ }}
1002:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
923:Synthetic array heterodyne detection
644:in azimuth and sometimes elevation.
525:of—and constructive and destructive
304:passive electronically scanned array
4420:SIGGRAPH 2009, Touchable holography
3919:. Electronics. 1966. p. 81, 83, 87.
782:Active Electronically Scanned Array
514:2006 by the Caltech team. In 2007,
325:active electronically scanned array
4641:Principles of Phased Array systems
4104:Corum, Jonathan (April 30, 2015).
3667:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2007).
2474:through the following conversion:
2332:
2242:
1787:In all above equations, the value
1316:
1226:
849:, Norman, Oklahoma. The enclosing
492:Interplanetary Scintillation Array
224:end of the radio spectrum, in the
25:
5098:Circularly disposed antenna array
4916:Folded inverted conformal antenna
4609:National Severe Storms Laboratory
4245:IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
4137:Wallis, Robert E.; Cheng, Sheng.
3853:Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921
880:Atmospheric Radar Research Center
859:National Severe Storms Laboratory
847:National Severe Storms Laboratory
845:AN/SPY-1A radar installation at
4590:from the original on 2016-03-03.
4566:from the original on 2012-09-13.
4548:from the original on 2014-05-27.
4505:Balanis, Constantine A. (2015).
4318:from the original on 2017-07-22.
4294:from the original on 2017-07-13.
4270:from the original on 2017-08-09.
4118:from the original on 10 May 2015
4014:from the original on 2015-09-09.
3990:from the original on 2018-05-11.
3966:from the original on 2018-05-11.
3942:from the original on 2018-05-11.
3726: This article incorporates
3721:
3529:Balanis, Constantine A. (2015).
3350:Inverse synthetic-aperture radar
3313:
3004:
2996:Different types of phased arrays
2774:
2752:
2730:
2708:
1858:{\displaystyle m,n=0,1,2,\dots }
713:phased array radar, part of the
396:
377:
333:hybrid beam forming phased array
36:
3739:General Services Administration
2850:, when steering to bore-sight (
2766:axis is aligned with the array
2722:axis is aligned with the array
884:Federal Aviation Administration
665:in flight required a dedicated
581:Phased arrays are used by many
494:. This design is also used for
448:waves in one direction. During
4560:"Ferroelectric Phase Shifters"
2416:
2163:
1012:Critical theory and arithmetic
971:Human-machine interfaces (HMI)
825:. The antenna, which uses the
592:and therefore coverage in the
1:
5144:Radio frequency antenna types
4614:Shipboard Phased Array Radars
4583:. Naval Postgraduate School.
3802:. Norwood, MA: Artech House.
3610:Laplante, Phillip A. (1999).
3500:Modern Antenna Design, 2nd Ed
3245:mounting in missile seekers.
1063:, with inter-element spacing
1000:, the Apertif upgrade to the
817:. The radiating elements are
4738:Dielectric resonator antenna
4061:. 2001-04-25. Archived from
3497:Milligan, Thomas A. (2005).
3360:Optical heterodyne detection
2781:{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
2759:{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }
2737:{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} }
2715:{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
853:provides weather protection.
471:1. It was later adapted for
168:electronically scanned array
3864:– via nobelprize.org.
3673:. CRC Press. p. 10.1.
3640:Visser, Hubregt J. (2006).
2810:{\displaystyle 16\times 16}
1592:{\displaystyle \theta _{0}}
925:is an efficient method for
429:Mammut phased-array radar,
5165:
4247:, Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1997
4055:"AEGIS Weapon System MK-7"
3754:Definition of Phased Array
3177:electronic countermeasures
3104:Discrete Fourier transform
3065:
1498:{\displaystyle \beta _{y}}
1471:{\displaystyle \beta _{x}}
906:
767:
465:ground-controlled approach
5001:Regenerative loop antenna
4631:Principle of Phased Array
4511:. John Wiley & Sons.
4087:Jane's Navy International
3763:. Accessed 27 April 2006.
3559:Antenna Theory and Design
3503:. John Wiley & Sons.
3340:Huygens–Fresnel principle
3335:History of smart antennas
1619:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
1056:{\displaystyle M\times N}
992:. Three examples are the
897:instant weather forecasts
795:Space probe communication
774:Active Phased Array Radar
752:Active Phased Array Radar
689:Active Phased Array Radar
109:controlled by a computer
4996:Reflective array antenna
4906:Corner reflector antenna
4187:. Accessed 6 April 2006.
4059:Jane's Information Group
3400:Synthetic aperture sonar
3395:Synthetic-aperture radar
3380:Single-frequency network
3235:Semi-active radar homing
888:research and development
717:deployed on modern U.S.
498:, and is generalized in
477:Nobel Prizes for Physics
260:phased array ultrasonics
182:phased array ultrasonics
170:, a computer-controlled
4896:Collinear antenna array
4220:10.1175/WAF-D-15-0063.1
4200:Weather and Forecasting
3435:Brown, Arik D. (2021).
3220:Multiple adjacent beams
3206:collinear antenna array
2843:{\displaystyle AF_{dB}}
2447:{\displaystyle \theta }
1507:progressive phase shift
1424:{\displaystyle \theta }
949:satellite constellation
566:, an array of multiple
543:Hughes Aircraft Company
489:University of Cambridge
264:oil and gas prospecting
250:, and phased arrays of
5078:Reconfigurable antenna
5041:Yagi–Uda antenna
5016:Short backfire antenna
4753:Folded unipole antenna
4405:"Touchable Holography"
3734:Federal Standard 1037C
3728:public domain material
3583:Lida, Takashi (2000).
3370:Reconfigurable antenna
3193:
2986:
2924:
2884:
2844:
2811:
2782:
2760:
2738:
2716:
2692:
2563:
2468:
2448:
2424:
2226:
2187:
2106:
2044:
2014:
1937:
1859:
1801:
1779:
1700:
1620:
1593:
1563:
1562:{\displaystyle I_{m1}}
1533:
1532:{\displaystyle I_{n1}}
1499:
1472:
1445:
1425:
1403:
1210:
1171:
1133:
1111:
1084:
1057:
1021:
876:University of Oklahoma
854:
837:Weather research usage
809:mission to the planet
706:
702:superstructure of the
675:electronically steered
663:surface-to-air missile
570:designed to radiate a
545:, California in 1957.
433:
422:
370:
155:
138:Animation showing the
131:
5129:Broadcast engineering
4733:Crossed field antenna
3856:. Amsterdam: Elsevier
3823:Pandey, Anil (2019).
3747: (in support of
3390:Standard linear array
3284:Passive phased arrays
3191:
2987:
2925:
2885:
2845:
2812:
2783:
2761:
2739:
2717:
2693:
2564:
2469:
2467:{\displaystyle \phi }
2449:
2432:azimuth and elevation
2425:
2206:
2167:
2107:
2045:
2015:
1938:
1860:
1802:
1780:
1701:
1621:
1594:
1564:
1534:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1444:{\displaystyle \phi }
1426:
1404:
1190:
1151:
1130:
1112:
1110:{\displaystyle d_{y}}
1085:
1083:{\displaystyle d_{x}}
1058:
1019:
915:optical phased arrays
844:
687:
560:broadcast engineering
428:
413:
365:
268:reflection seismology
137:
90:
5050:Application-specific
4941:Log-periodic antenna
4813:Rubber ducky antenna
4788:Inverted vee antenna
4763:Ground-plane antenna
4457:10.1029/2007RS003798
3441:. Wiley-IEEE Press.
3415:Wave field synthesis
3301:direction-of-arrival
3279:Passive phased array
3202:cassegrain reflector
3156:Dynamic phased array
3028:improve this section
2973:
2894:
2854:
2821:
2795:
2770:
2748:
2726:
2704:
2574:
2480:
2458:
2438:
2124:
2058:
2031:
1948:
1871:
1819:
1791:
1711:
1632:
1603:
1576:
1543:
1513:
1482:
1455:
1435:
1415:
1139:
1094:
1067:
1041:
819:circularly-polarized
679:fire control quality
442:Karl Ferdinand Braun
344:beams to be formed.
299:passive phased array
254:are used in medical
252:acoustic transducers
188:optical phased array
18:Phased array antenna
4961:Offset dish antenna
4808:Random wire antenna
4448:2008RaSc...43.6S04H
4354:"Mojix Star System"
4212:2016WtFor..31..329O
3410:Thinned-array curse
3293:Yttrium iron garnet
3273:pulse-Doppler radar
3249:Active phased array
3198:parabolic reflector
3094:Yttrium iron garnet
909:Phased-array optics
892:technology transfer
786:Aegis combat system
754:System (APAR). The
750:have developed the
715:Aegis Combat System
655:beam can be steered
596:, while minimizing
389:active phased array
320:active phased array
176:beam of radio waves
5103:Television antenna
4951:Microstrip antenna
4891:Choke ring antenna
4886:Cassegrain antenna
4783:Inverted-F antenna
4695:Isotropic radiator
4619:2017-11-18 at the
4562:. Microwaves 101.
4239:2005-12-08 at the
4183:2006-05-09 at the
4030:2007-12-25 at the
3902:2007-09-29 at the
3759:2004-10-21 at the
3330:Aperture synthesis
3321:Electronics portal
3194:
3184:Fixed phased array
3166:track while search
2985:{\displaystyle AF}
2982:
2920:
2880:
2840:
2807:
2778:
2756:
2734:
2712:
2688:
2559:
2464:
2444:
2420:
2102:
2043:{\displaystyle AF}
2040:
2010:
1933:
1855:
1797:
1775:
1696:
1616:
1589:
1559:
1529:
1495:
1468:
1441:
1421:
1399:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1053:
1022:
921:, and holography.
872:United States Navy
855:
831:gracefully degrade
707:
691:mounted on top of
667:fire-control radar
434:
423:
371:
256:ultrasound imaging
156:
132:
5149:Wireless locating
5111:
5110:
5088:Reference antenna
4981:Parabolic antenna
4901:Conformal antenna
4823:Turnstile antenna
4718:Biconical antenna
4392:on 18 March 2009.
3448:978-1-119-74905-9
3064:
3063:
3056:
2967:
2966:
2791:If we consider a
1800:{\displaystyle k}
1128:
805:spacecraft was a
763:towed array sonar
531:radiation pattern
452:, Nobel laureate
350:conformal antenna
202:current from the
172:array of antennas
166:usually means an
140:radiation pattern
85:
84:
77:
16:(Redirected from
5156:
5124:Antennas (radio)
5062:Corner reflector
4876:Beverage antenna
4838:Umbrella antenna
4803:Monopole antenna
4758:Franklin antenna
4671:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4544:. Scholarworks.
4538:
4532:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4502:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:. Archived from
4401:
4395:
4393:
4388:. Archived from
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4359:. Archived from
4358:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4296:
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4286:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4248:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4194:
4188:
4178:PAR Backgrounder
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4148:. Archived from
4143:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4015:
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4006:
3998:
3992:
3991:
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3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3944:
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3926:
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3913:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3777:. Artech House.
3770:
3764:
3752:
3746:
3741:. Archived from
3725:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
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3547:
3546:
3526:
3515:
3514:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3432:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3078:frequency domain
3076:beamformers and
3059:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2963:
2956:
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2926:
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2905:
2889:
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2886:
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2878:
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2865:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2744:axis, and whose
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2695:
2694:
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2650:
2649:
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2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2526:
2522:
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2286:
2285:
2268:
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2200:
2199:
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2141:
2111:
2109:
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2103:
2092:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1886:
1885:
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1501:
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1428:
1427:
1422:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1270:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1204:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1165:
1129:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
986:radio telescopes
863:Norman, Oklahoma
748:Royal Dutch Navy
502:radio antennas.
400:
381:
270:), and military
185:) and in optics
174:which creates a
144:phase difference
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
40:
39:
32:
21:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5068:Evolved antenna
5045:
5031:Vivaldi antenna
5006:Rhombic antenna
4931:Helical antenna
4921:Fractal antenna
4866:AS-2259 Antenna
4847:
4778:Helical antenna
4748:Discone antenna
4728:Coaxial antenna
4713:Batwing antenna
4705:Omnidirectional
4699:
4681:
4675:
4621:Wayback Machine
4601:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4504:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4241:Wayback Machine
4231:
4227:
4198:Observations".
4196:
4195:
4191:
4185:Wayback Machine
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4068:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4032:Wayback Machine
4023:
4019:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3915:W. J. Evanzia.
3914:
3910:
3904:Wayback Machine
3895:
3891:
3874:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3761:Wayback Machine
3731:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3555:
3554:
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3543:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3375:Side-scan sonar
3355:Multi-user MIMO
3319:
3312:
3309:
3281:
3262:antenna element
3251:
3239:monopulse radar
3186:
3158:
3122:configuration.
3070:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3025:
3009:
2998:
2971:
2970:
2910:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2870:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2827:
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2818:
2793:
2792:
2768:
2767:
2746:
2745:
2724:
2723:
2702:
2701:
2661:
2657:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2572:
2571:
2537:
2533:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2478:
2477:
2456:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2398:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2308:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2227:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2083:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2029:
2028:
2025:
1985:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1908:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1817:
1816:
1789:
1788:
1765:
1749:
1733:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1686:
1670:
1654:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1433:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1382:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1292:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1211:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1014:
982:
980:Radio astronomy
973:
957:
946:low Earth orbit
939:
911:
905:
868:Lockheed Martin
839:
797:
792:
756:MIM-104 Patriot
727:Thales Herakles
671:continuous-wave
650:
594:city of license
590:signal strength
576:omnidirectional
556:
551:
500:interferometric
473:radio astronomy
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
401:
393:
392:
382:
367:Ferdinand Braun
360:
291:
200:radio frequency
81:
70:
64:
61:
53:help improve it
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Spiral antenna
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5026:Sterba antenna
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Sector antenna
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Plasma antenna
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4861:Adcock antenna
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Sloper antenna
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4793:J-pole antenna
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Dipole antenna
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4611:
4600:
4599:External links
4597:
4594:
4593:
4569:
4551:
4533:
4524:
4518:978-1119178989
4517:
4492:
4463:
4422:
4396:
4377:
4366:on 16 May 2011
4345:
4321:
4297:
4273:
4249:
4225:
4206:(1): 329–340.
4189:
4166:
4155:on 18 May 2015
4129:
4111:New York Times
4096:
4077:
4065:on 1 July 2006
4046:
4036:
4017:
3993:
3969:
3945:
3921:
3908:
3889:
3868:
3842:
3835:
3815:
3809:978-1608079797
3808:
3790:
3784:978-1630814885
3783:
3765:
3745:on 2022-01-22.
3713:
3706:
3686:
3680:978-1420006728
3679:
3659:
3652:
3629:
3622:
3602:
3595:
3575:
3569:978-0470576649
3568:
3548:
3542:978-1119178989
3541:
3516:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3474:10.1201/b12044
3454:
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3305:
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3277:
3250:
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3185:
3182:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
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3150:
3147:
3138:
3137:
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3132:
3066:Main article:
3062:
3061:
3012:
3010:
3003:
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2957:
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2213:
2209:
2204:
2198:
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2191:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2023:Worked example
2021:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1807:describes the
1796:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1586:
1582:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1492:
1488:
1465:
1461:
1440:
1420:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1104:
1100:
1077:
1073:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1026:
1023:
1013:
1010:
981:
978:
972:
969:
956:
953:
938:
935:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
838:
835:
815:communications
796:
793:
696:-class frigate
649:
646:
625:mast radiators
586:radio stations
568:mast radiators
555:
552:
550:
547:
402:
395:
394:
383:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
359:
356:
290:
287:
283:mast radiators
279:array antennas
217:phase shifters
83:
82:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5161:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Ground dipole
5071:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Patch antenna
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Moxon antenna
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Curtain array
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Mast radiator
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4586:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:(6): RS6S04.
4441:
4437:
4436:Radio Science
4433:
4426:
4423:
4411:on 2009-08-31
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4314:
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4274:
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4205:
4201:
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4190:
4186:
4182:
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4175:
4170:
4167:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3885:pages 184–185
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3836:9781630816681
3832:
3828:
3827:
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3816:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3780:
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3729:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3589:. IOS Press.
3588:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3483:9781315217130
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:. CRC Press.
3467:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Smart antenna
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:Doppler radar
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:Butler matrix
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3047:
3044:December 2016
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3013:This section
3011:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2789:
2698:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2569:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2475:
2461:
2441:
2433:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1794:
1785:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1490:
1486:
1463:
1459:
1438:
1418:
1409:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1075:
1071:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:telescope in
995:
991:
990:field of view
987:
979:
977:
970:
968:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
947:
943:
936:
934:
932:
931:photodetector
928:
924:
920:
919:beam steering
916:
910:
902:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
852:
848:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
701:
697:
695:
690:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
647:
645:
643:
642:beam steering
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:) and night (
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:array antenna
561:
553:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:The relative
519:
517:
512:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
481:Antony Hewish
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
427:
420:
416:
412:
399:
390:
387:
380:
368:
364:
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
342:
337:
334:
329:
327:
326:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
295:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:array antenna
192:
190:
189:
184:
183:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:phase shifter
101:
98:
95:powered by a
94:
89:
79:
76:
68:
58:
54:
48:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5021:Slot antenna
4991:Quad antenna
4976:Planar array
4971:Phased array
4970:
4946:Loop antenna
4936:Horn antenna
4843:Whip antenna
4828:T2FD antenna
4773:Halo antenna
4768:G5RV antenna
4643:- Tutorial 1
4572:
4554:
4536:
4527:
4507:
4484:. Retrieved
4478:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:the original
4399:
4390:the original
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4361:the original
4348:
4337:. Retrieved
4331:
4324:
4300:
4276:
4252:
4244:
4228:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4150:the original
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4049:
4039:
4020:
3996:
3972:
3948:
3924:
3911:
3892:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3858:. Retrieved
3852:
3845:
3825:
3818:
3799:
3793:
3774:
3768:
3743:the original
3733:
3716:
3696:
3689:
3669:
3662:
3642:
3612:
3605:
3585:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3531:
3499:
3492:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3430:
3365:Radar MASINT
3303:estimation.
3298:
3289:
3282:
3266:
3252:
3233:
3225:
3210:
3195:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3139:
3124:
3116:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3071:
3050:
3041:
3026:Please help
3014:
2968:
2790:
2699:
2570:
2476:
2431:
2113:
2026:
1944:
1867:
1813:
1786:
1707:
1628:
1571:
1506:
1410:
1135:
1035:array factor
1028:
1025:Array factor
983:
974:
958:
940:
927:multiplexing
912:
856:
800:
798:
760:
708:
699:
693:
651:
598:interference
583:AM broadcast
580:
557:
554:Broadcasting
549:Applications
527:interference
520:
508:
504:
463:system for "
454:Luis Alvarez
450:World War II
435:
431:World War II
348:
346:
340:
338:
332:
330:
323:
319:
317:
302:
298:
296:
292:
276:
234:
215:
194:In a simple
193:
186:
180:
167:
164:phased array
163:
157:
126:
122:
110:
106:
99:
92:
71:
62:
46:
29:
4871:AWX antenna
4853:Directional
4723:Cage aerial
4093:(4): 42–49.
3749:MIL-STD-188
3258:phase shift
3106:(DFT) or a
3074:time domain
3068:Beamforming
1031:directivity
1006:Netherlands
807:space probe
744:German Navy
704:German Navy
627:) daily at
605:propagation
602:ionospheric
588:to enhance
572:directional
537:rapidly in
485:Martin Ryle
475:leading to
309:transmitter
204:transmitter
97:transmitter
5118:Categories
4486:2023-05-20
4415:2009-08-22
4370:24 October
4339:2015-12-30
3707:0240515447
3653:0470871180
3623:3540648356
3596:4274903796
3510:0471720607
3422:References
3108:filterbank
2050:values in
1809:wavenumber
1029:The total
823:waveguides
821:, slotted
768:See also:
740:MBDA Aster
723:destroyers
613:groundwave
609:mediumwave
523:amplitudes
258:scanners (
162:theory, a
119:plane wave
65:March 2024
5064:(passive)
4926:Gizmotchy
4833:T-antenna
4687:Isotropic
4069:10 August
3120:pineapple
3015:does not
2916:∘
2899:ϕ
2876:∘
2859:θ
2802:×
2663:θ
2655:
2640:θ
2631:
2609:θ
2601:
2587:
2578:ϕ
2539:θ
2531:
2512:θ
2504:
2493:
2484:θ
2462:ϕ
2442:θ
2400:β
2393:ϕ
2390:
2384:θ
2381:
2349:−
2310:β
2303:ϕ
2300:
2294:θ
2291:
2259:−
2208:∑
2169:∑
2160:
2094:
2008:π
1999:±
1987:β
1980:ϕ
1977:
1971:θ
1968:
1931:π
1922:±
1910:β
1903:ϕ
1900:
1894:θ
1891:
1853:…
1767:ϕ
1763:
1751:θ
1747:
1728:−
1716:β
1688:ϕ
1684:
1672:θ
1668:
1649:−
1637:β
1608:ϕ
1581:θ
1487:β
1460:β
1439:ϕ
1419:θ
1384:β
1377:ϕ
1374:
1368:θ
1365:
1333:−
1294:β
1287:ϕ
1284:
1278:θ
1275:
1243:−
1192:∑
1153:∑
1048:×
998:Australia
890:, future
802:MESSENGER
735:Singapore
700:Hamburg's
637:shortwave
509:In 2004,
458:steerable
440:laureate
419:PAVE PAWS
386:PAVE PAWS
274:systems.
248:acoustics
230:microwave
222:frequency
212:superpose
152:sidelobes
148:main lobe
115:superpose
5083:Rectenna
4881:Cantenna
4617:Archived
4585:Archived
4564:Archived
4546:Archived
4313:Archived
4289:Archived
4265:Archived
4237:Archived
4181:Archived
4116:Archived
4044:204–212.
4028:Archived
4009:Archived
3985:Archived
3961:Archived
3937:Archived
3900:Archived
3757:Archived
3307:See also
3260:in each
2417:‖
2164:‖
2054:through
2052:decibels
1505:are the
942:Starlink
790:AN/SPY-1
746:and the
719:cruisers
711:AN/SPY-1
313:receiver
4678:Antenna
4444:Bibcode
4208:Bibcode
3860:29 July
3114:radar.
3036:removed
3021:sources
1132:degrees
1004:in The
811:Mercury
778:SMART-L
770:SAMPSON
694:Sachsen
629:sunrise
617:skywave
539:azimuth
511:Caltech
358:History
311:and/or
160:antenna
51:Please
5057:ALLISS
4515:
4159:11 May
4122:10 May
3833:
3806:
3781:
3704:
3677:
3650:
3620:
3593:
3566:
3539:
3507:
3480:
3445:
3243:gimbal
3228:SPS-48
3112:SPS-48
2788:axis.
2584:arctan
2490:arccos
2118:phasor
2114:really
1411:Here,
967:tags.
903:Optics
851:radome
827:X band
788:, and
731:France
635:. For
633:sunset
469:Mammut
421:radars
417:&
198:, the
5139:Radar
5134:Domes
5036:WokFi
4680:types
4588:(PDF)
4581:(PDF)
4364:(PDF)
4357:(PDF)
4316:(PDF)
4309:(PDF)
4292:(PDF)
4285:(PDF)
4268:(PDF)
4261:(PDF)
4153:(PDF)
4142:(PDF)
4012:(PDF)
4005:(PDF)
3988:(PDF)
3981:(PDF)
3964:(PDF)
3957:(PDF)
3940:(PDF)
3933:(PDF)
3730:from
3237:uses
994:ASKAP
944:is a
698:F220
659:radar
648:Radar
621:phase
516:DARPA
496:radar
461:radar
446:radio
438:Nobel
415:BMEWS
289:Types
272:sonar
237:radar
208:phase
130:down.
4513:ISBN
4480:IEEE
4372:2014
4161:2015
4124:2015
4071:2006
3862:2023
3831:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3271:and
3226:The
3019:any
3017:cite
2454:and
1599:and
1539:and
1478:and
1431:and
1090:and
961:RFID
857:The
799:The
733:and
721:and
709:The
631:and
535:scan
483:and
479:for
244:MIMO
228:and
100:(TX)
4452:doi
4216:doi
4091:111
3470:doi
3200:or
3030:by
2930:):
2652:cos
2628:sin
2598:sin
2528:sin
2501:cos
2387:sin
2378:sin
2297:cos
2288:sin
2151:log
2085:log
1974:sin
1965:sin
1897:cos
1888:sin
1760:sin
1744:sin
1681:cos
1665:sin
1371:sin
1362:sin
1281:cos
1272:sin
965:UHF
607:at
558:In
384:US
322:or
318:An
301:or
262:),
226:UHF
158:In
111:(C)
107:(φ)
93:(A)
55:to
5120::
4495:^
4477:.
4466:^
4450:.
4440:43
4438:.
4434:.
4311:.
4287:.
4263:.
4243:,
4214:.
4204:31
4202:.
4176:.
4144:.
4114:.
4108:.
4089:.
4057:.
4007:.
3983:.
3959:.
3935:.
3751:).
3737:.
3632:^
3519:^
3476:.
3275:.
3168:.
2805:16
2799:16
2155:10
2147:10
2089:10
2081:10
899:.
874:,
870:,
833:.
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
765:.
347:A
339:A
331:A
297:A
241:5G
191:.
4670:e
4663:t
4656:v
4607:—
4521:.
4489:.
4460:.
4454::
4446::
4418:.
4374:.
4342:.
4222:.
4218::
4210::
4163:.
4126:.
4075:.
4073:.
3887:.
3839:.
3812:.
3787:.
3710:.
3683:.
3656:.
3626:.
3599:.
3572:.
3545:.
3513:.
3486:.
3472::
3451:.
3057:)
3051:(
3046:)
3042:(
3038:.
3024:.
2980:F
2977:A
2912:0
2908:=
2903:0
2890:,
2872:0
2868:=
2863:0
2836:B
2833:d
2829:F
2825:A
2775:x
2753:y
2731:z
2709:x
2685:)
2680:)
2675:)
2670:l
2667:e
2659:(
2647:z
2644:a
2635:(
2625:,
2621:)
2616:l
2613:e
2605:(
2594:(
2590:2
2581:=
2556:)
2551:)
2546:l
2543:e
2535:(
2524:)
2519:z
2516:a
2508:(
2497:(
2487:=
2410:)
2404:y
2396:+
2373:y
2369:d
2365:k
2361:(
2356:)
2352:1
2346:n
2342:(
2338:j
2333:e
2327:]
2320:)
2314:x
2306:+
2283:x
2279:d
2275:k
2271:(
2266:)
2262:1
2256:m
2252:(
2248:j
2243:e
2236:1
2233:m
2229:I
2223:M
2218:1
2215:=
2212:m
2203:[
2197:n
2194:1
2190:I
2184:N
2179:1
2176:=
2173:n
2144:=
2139:B
2136:d
2132:F
2128:A
2100:F
2097:A
2078:=
2073:B
2070:d
2066:F
2062:A
2038:F
2035:A
2005:n
2002:2
1996:=
1991:y
1983:+
1960:y
1956:d
1952:k
1928:m
1925:2
1919:=
1914:x
1906:+
1883:x
1879:d
1875:k
1850:,
1847:2
1844:,
1841:1
1838:,
1835:0
1832:=
1829:n
1826:,
1823:m
1795:k
1771:0
1755:0
1739:y
1735:d
1731:k
1725:=
1720:y
1692:0
1676:0
1660:x
1656:d
1652:k
1646:=
1641:x
1612:0
1585:0
1555:1
1552:m
1548:I
1525:1
1522:n
1518:I
1491:y
1464:x
1394:)
1388:y
1380:+
1357:y
1353:d
1349:k
1345:(
1340:)
1336:1
1330:n
1326:(
1322:j
1317:e
1311:]
1304:)
1298:x
1290:+
1267:x
1263:d
1259:k
1255:(
1250:)
1246:1
1240:m
1236:(
1232:j
1227:e
1220:1
1217:m
1213:I
1207:M
1202:1
1199:=
1196:m
1187:[
1181:1
1178:n
1174:I
1168:N
1163:1
1160:=
1157:n
1149:=
1146:F
1143:A
1103:y
1099:d
1076:x
1072:d
1051:N
1045:M
266:(
179:(
154:.
127:θ
123:θ
78:)
72:(
67:)
63:(
49:.
20:)
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