202:. There is, however, some difficulty in the description of Pausanias compared with the existing site. Pausanias says that the acropolis was precipitous on every side, and that only a small part of it was artificially fortified; but the summit of the insulated hill, upon which the remains of Pheneus are found, is too small apparently for the acropolis of such an important city, and moreover it has a regular slope, though a very rugged surface. Hence Leake supposes that the whole of this hill formed the acropolis of Pheneus, and that the lower town was in a part of the subjacent plain; but the entire hill is not of that precipitous kind which the description of Pausanias would lead one to suppose, and it is not impossible that the acropolis may have been on some other height in the neighbourhood, and that the hill on which the ancient remains are found may have been part of the lower city.
146:
126:
proof of it they pointed out upon the mountains the marks of the height to which the water was said to have ascended. Pausanias evidently refers to the yellow border which is still visible upon the mountains and around the plain: but in consequence of the great height of this line upon the rocks, it is difficult to believe it to be the mark of the ancient depth of water in the plain, and it is more probably caused by evaporation; the lower parts of the rock being constantly moistened, while the upper are in a state of comparative dryness, thus producing a difference of colour in process of time. It is, however, certain that the
Pheneatic plain has been exposed more than once to such inundations.
142:. The account of Eratosthenes has been confirmed by a similar occurrence in modern times. In 1821 the katavóthra became obstructed, and the water continued to rise in the plain till it had destroyed 7 to 8 square miles (18 to 21 km) of cultivated country. Such was its condition till 1832, when the subterraneous channels again opened, the Ladon and Alpheius overflowed, and the plain of Olympia was inundated. Other ancient writers allude to the katavóthra and subterraneous course of the river of Pheneus.
31:
822:
125:
in 1806. The canal of
Heracles, however, could not protect the valley from the danger to which it was exposed, in consequence of the katavóthra becoming obstructed, and the river finding no outlet for its waters. The Pheneatae related that their city was once destroyed by such an inundation, and in
260:, and was the way by which Pausanias came to the former city. The road passed from the Orchomenian plain to that of Pheneus through a narrow ravine (φάραγξ); in the middle of which was a fountain of water, and at the further extremity the village of
105:. There is no opening through the mountains on the south; but the waters of the united river are carried off by subterranean channels (katavóthra) in the limestone rocks, and, after flowing underground, reappear as the sources of the river
237:. Nonacris was in the territory of Pheneus. The road to Cleitor ran at first along the canal of Heracles, and then crossed the mountain, which formed the natural boundary between the Pheneatis and Cleitoria, close to the village of
97:; and it is about 7 miles (12 km) in length and the same in breadth. Two streams descend from the northern mountains, and unite their waters about the middle of the valley; the united river bore in ancient times the name of
205:
There were several roads from
Pheneus to the surrounding towns. Of these the northern road to Achaea ran through the Pheneatic plain. Upon this road, at the distance of 15 stadia from the city, was a temple of
121:, and the river had resumed its ancient and irregular course; but traces of the canal of Heracles are still visible, and one bank of it was a conspicuous object in the valley when it was visited by
134:
related a memorable instance of such an inundation through the obstruction of the katavóthra, when, after they were again opened, the water rushing into the Ladon and the
778:
885:
846:
145:
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272:(Σκίαθις), and at the foot of either was a subterraneous channel, which carried off the water from the plain. The eastern road from Pheneus led to
836:
109:. In order to convey the waters of this river in a single channel to the katavóthra, the inhabitants at an early period constructed a canal, 50
241:. On the other side of the mountain the road passed by the sources of the river Ladon. This mountain, from which the Ladon springs, was called
175:; and its celebrity in mythical times is indicated by its connection with Heracles. Pausanias found the city in a state of complete decay. The
787:
225:
Pausanias describes the two roads which led westward from
Pheneus around a mountain – that to the right or northwest leading to
218:, and those of Pellene and Pheneus by that which is called Porinas (ὁ καλούμενος Πωρ́ινας), supposed by Leake to be a river, but by
900:
210:, which was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. A little above the temple the road divided, the one to the left leading across
214:
to
Aegeira, and the other to the right running to Pellene: the boundaries of Aegeira and Pheneus were marked by a temple of
895:
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198:
The lower slope of the mountain, upon which the remains of
Pheneus stand, is occupied by a village now called
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757:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
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663:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
633:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
602:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
568:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
447:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
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187:. On the descent from the acropolis was the stadium; and on a neighbouring hill, the sepulchre of
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287:(Τρίκρηνα), or the three fountains; and near the latter was another mountain called
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in length, and 30 feet (9 m) in breadth. This great work, which was attributed to
61:(ἡ Φενεατική or ἡ Φενεᾶτις or η Φενική), was bounded on the north by that of the
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782:. Princeton University Press. p. 58, and directory notes accompanying.
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89:. This territory is shut in on every side by lofty mountains, offshoots of
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825: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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280:, which formed the boundary between the territories of the two cities.
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says was near
Pheneus, must have been situated upon this mountain.
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To the left of Mt. Geronteium near the road was a mountain called
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167:, and was more celebrated in mythical than in historical times.
149:
The katavóthra and so-called canal of
Heracles at Pheneus
191:, the brother of Heracles. There was also a temple of
130:
says that the calamity had occurred five times; and
295:is said to have perished from the bite of a snake.
779:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
302:, formerly Kalyvia, in the municipal unit of
8:
370:
368:
366:
195:, who was the principal deity of the city.
264:. The mountains on either side were named
53:or Φενεός) was a town in the northeast of
144:
138:overflowed the banks of those rivers at
29:
27:Town in the northeast of ancient Arcadia
837:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
321:
319:
315:
256:The southern road from Pheneus led to
7:
298:Its site is located near the modern
117:, had become useless in the time of
886:Populated places in ancient Arcadia
171:represents it as the residence of
25:
891:Former populated places in Greece
809:Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire
245:(Πεντελεία). The fortress, named
820:
493:Page numbers refer to those of
834:, ed. (1854–1857). "Pheneus".
1:
753:. Vol. 8. Translated by
722:. Vol. 8. Translated by
659:. Vol. 8. Translated by
629:. Vol. 8. Translated by
598:. Vol. 8. Translated by
564:. Vol. 8. Translated by
443:. Vol. 8. Translated by
386:. Vol. 8. Translated by
179:contained a ruined temple of
917:
233:, and that to the left to
183:, with a brazen statue of
50:
34:Coin from ancient Pheneus
491:. Vol. viii. p.389.
153:Pheneus is mentioned by
57:. Its territory, called
759:Perseus Digital Library
728:Perseus Digital Library
665:Perseus Digital Library
635:Perseus Digital Library
604:Perseus Digital Library
570:Perseus Digital Library
449:Perseus Digital Library
392:Perseus Digital Library
229:and the supposed river
901:Locations in the Iliad
840:. London: John Murray.
347:Stephanus of Byzantium
150:
35:
862:37.91045°N 22.30692°E
751:Description of Greece
720:Description of Greece
657:Description of Greece
627:Description of Greece
596:Description of Greece
562:Description of Greece
518:Bibliotheca historica
441:Description of Greece
384:Description of Greece
148:
33:
896:Arcadian city-states
520:(Historical Library)
471:. Vol. 31.5.30.
249:(Πεντέλειον), which
123:William Martin Leake
858: /
81:, and south by the
867:37.91045; 22.30692
678:Hesych. and Phot.
542:. Vol. 8.165.
522:. Vol. 15.49.
468:Naturalis Historia
335:. Vol. 2.605.
159:Catalogue of Ships
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55:ancient Arcadia
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268:(Ὄρυξις), and
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95:Aroanian chain
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132:Eratosthenes
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865: /
488:Geographica
880:Categories
853:22°18′25″E
850:37°54′38″N
310:References
274:Stymphalus
258:Orchomenus
247:Penteleium
87:Orchomenia
75:Stymphalia
743:Pausanias
732:, 8.14.1.
712:Pausanias
669:, 8.20.1.
649:Pausanias
619:Pausanias
588:Pausanias
554:Pausanias
506:Theophr.
433:Pausanias
376:Pausanias
276:, across
243:Penteleia
177:acropolis
119:Pausanias
83:Caphyatis
79:Cleitoria
65:towns of
59:Pheniatis
745:(1918).
714:(1918).
691:Plutarch
651:(1918).
621:(1918).
590:(1918).
556:(1918).
435:(1918).
378:(1918).
285:Tricrena
270:Sciathis
251:Plutarch
227:Nonacris
222:a rock.
189:Iphicles
136:Alpheius
115:Heracles
103:Aroanius
93:and the
829::
576:et seq.
352:Ethnica
293:Aepytus
239:Lycuria
235:Cleitor
173:Evander
161:in the
157:in the
140:Olympia
71:Pellene
67:Aegeira
63:Achaean
43:Pheneos
39:Pheneus
18:Pheneos
786:
747:"16.1"
716:"13.6"
699:Cleom.
653:"19.4"
623:"17.6"
592:"15.5"
558:"14.4"
539:Aeneid
534:Virgil
483:Strabo
437:"14.1"
380:"14.3"
304:Feneos
266:Oryxis
262:Caryae
193:Hermes
169:Virgil
111:stadia
99:Olbius
51:Φένεος
695:Arat.
510:3.1;
463:Pliny
332:Iliad
327:Homer
289:Sepia
164:Iliad
155:Homer
107:Ladon
784:ISBN
697:39,
680:s.v.
231:Styx
101:and
85:and
69:and
763:-2.
701:17.
608:-9.
357:s.v
41:or
882::
806:.
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45:(
20:)
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