191:. There is, however, some difficulty in the description of Pausanias compared with the existing site. Pausanias says that the acropolis was precipitous on every side, and that only a small part of it was artificially fortified; but the summit of the insulated hill, upon which the remains of Pheneus are found, is too small apparently for the acropolis of such an important city, and moreover it has a regular slope, though a very rugged surface. Hence Leake supposes that the whole of this hill formed the acropolis of Pheneus, and that the lower town was in a part of the subjacent plain; but the entire hill is not of that precipitous kind which the description of Pausanias would lead one to suppose, and it is not impossible that the acropolis may have been on some other height in the neighbourhood, and that the hill on which the ancient remains are found may have been part of the lower city.
135:
115:
proof of it they pointed out upon the mountains the marks of the height to which the water was said to have ascended. Pausanias evidently refers to the yellow border which is still visible upon the mountains and around the plain: but in consequence of the great height of this line upon the rocks, it is difficult to believe it to be the mark of the ancient depth of water in the plain, and it is more probably caused by evaporation; the lower parts of the rock being constantly moistened, while the upper are in a state of comparative dryness, thus producing a difference of colour in process of time. It is, however, certain that the
Pheneatic plain has been exposed more than once to such inundations.
131:. The account of Eratosthenes has been confirmed by a similar occurrence in modern times. In 1821 the katavóthra became obstructed, and the water continued to rise in the plain till it had destroyed 7 to 8 square miles (18 to 21 km) of cultivated country. Such was its condition till 1832, when the subterraneous channels again opened, the Ladon and Alpheius overflowed, and the plain of Olympia was inundated. Other ancient writers allude to the katavóthra and subterraneous course of the river of Pheneus.
20:
811:
114:
in 1806. The canal of
Heracles, however, could not protect the valley from the danger to which it was exposed, in consequence of the katavóthra becoming obstructed, and the river finding no outlet for its waters. The Pheneatae related that their city was once destroyed by such an inundation, and in
249:, and was the way by which Pausanias came to the former city. The road passed from the Orchomenian plain to that of Pheneus through a narrow ravine (φάραγξ); in the middle of which was a fountain of water, and at the further extremity the village of
94:. There is no opening through the mountains on the south; but the waters of the united river are carried off by subterranean channels (katavóthra) in the limestone rocks, and, after flowing underground, reappear as the sources of the river
226:. Nonacris was in the territory of Pheneus. The road to Cleitor ran at first along the canal of Heracles, and then crossed the mountain, which formed the natural boundary between the Pheneatis and Cleitoria, close to the village of
86:; and it is about 7 miles (12 km) in length and the same in breadth. Two streams descend from the northern mountains, and unite their waters about the middle of the valley; the united river bore in ancient times the name of
194:
There were several roads from
Pheneus to the surrounding towns. Of these the northern road to Achaea ran through the Pheneatic plain. Upon this road, at the distance of 15 stadia from the city, was a temple of
110:, and the river had resumed its ancient and irregular course; but traces of the canal of Heracles are still visible, and one bank of it was a conspicuous object in the valley when it was visited by
123:
related a memorable instance of such an inundation through the obstruction of the katavóthra, when, after they were again opened, the water rushing into the Ladon and the
767:
874:
835:
134:
879:
261:(Σκίαθις), and at the foot of either was a subterraneous channel, which carried off the water from the plain. The eastern road from Pheneus led to
825:
98:. In order to convey the waters of this river in a single channel to the katavóthra, the inhabitants at an early period constructed a canal, 50
230:. On the other side of the mountain the road passed by the sources of the river Ladon. This mountain, from which the Ladon springs, was called
164:; and its celebrity in mythical times is indicated by its connection with Heracles. Pausanias found the city in a state of complete decay. The
776:
214:
Pausanias describes the two roads which led westward from
Pheneus around a mountain – that to the right or northwest leading to
207:, and those of Pellene and Pheneus by that which is called Porinas (ὁ καλούμενος Πωρ́ινας), supposed by Leake to be a river, but by
889:
199:, which was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. A little above the temple the road divided, the one to the left leading across
203:
to
Aegeira, and the other to the right running to Pellene: the boundaries of Aegeira and Pheneus were marked by a temple of
884:
820:
187:
The lower slope of the mountain, upon which the remains of
Pheneus stand, is occupied by a village now called
747:
716:
653:
623:
592:
558:
456:
437:
380:
746:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
715:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
652:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
622:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
591:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
557:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
436:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
379:; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via
731:
700:
637:
607:
576:
542:
421:
364:
335:
107:
35:
506:
254:
277:
266:
246:
111:
288:
188:
200:
176:. On the descent from the acropolis was the stadium; and on a neighbouring hill, the sepulchre of
147:
83:
231:
772:
273:
258:
19:
735:
704:
641:
611:
580:
546:
501:
425:
368:
250:
87:
792:
762:
451:
128:
116:
43:
743:
712:
649:
619:
588:
554:
483:
433:
376:
99:
51:
868:
815:
208:
95:
79:
276:(Τρίκρηνα), or the three fountains; and near the latter was another mountain called
120:
102:
in length, and 30 feet (9 m) in breadth. This great work, which was attributed to
50:(ἡ Φενεατική or ἡ Φενεᾶτις or η Φενική), was bounded on the north by that of the
796:
476:
262:
235:
75:
63:
850:
837:
771:. Princeton University Press. p. 58, and directory notes accompanying.
165:
71:
67:
47:
78:. This territory is shut in on every side by lofty mountains, offshoots of
679:
239:
215:
177:
173:
103:
91:
814: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
281:
269:, which formed the boundary between the territories of the two cities.
227:
223:
204:
161:
124:
59:
55:
527:
522:
471:
292:
196:
181:
169:
157:
242:
says was near
Pheneus, must have been situated upon this mountain.
320:
315:
272:
To the left of Mt. Geronteium near the road was a mountain called
152:
143:
219:
156:, and was more celebrated in mythical than in historical times.
138:
The katavóthra and so-called canal of
Heracles at Pheneus
180:, the brother of Heracles. There was also a temple of
119:
says that the calamity had occurred five times; and
284:is said to have perished from the bite of a snake.
768:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
291:, formerly Kalyvia, in the municipal unit of
8:
359:
357:
355:
184:, who was the principal deity of the city.
253:. The mountains on either side were named
42:or Φενεός) was a town in the northeast of
133:
127:overflowed the banks of those rivers at
18:
16:Town in the northeast of ancient Arcadia
826:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
310:
308:
304:
245:The southern road from Pheneus led to
7:
287:Its site is located near the modern
106:, had become useless in the time of
875:Populated places in ancient Arcadia
160:represents it as the residence of
14:
880:Former populated places in Greece
798:Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire
234:(Πεντελεία). The fortress, named
809:
482:Page numbers refer to those of
823:, ed. (1854–1857). "Pheneus".
1:
742:. Vol. 8. Translated by
711:. Vol. 8. Translated by
648:. Vol. 8. Translated by
618:. Vol. 8. Translated by
587:. Vol. 8. Translated by
553:. Vol. 8. Translated by
432:. Vol. 8. Translated by
375:. Vol. 8. Translated by
168:contained a ruined temple of
906:
222:, and that to the left to
172:, with a brazen statue of
39:
23:Coin from ancient Pheneus
480:. Vol. viii. p.389.
142:Pheneus is mentioned by
46:. Its territory, called
748:Perseus Digital Library
717:Perseus Digital Library
654:Perseus Digital Library
624:Perseus Digital Library
593:Perseus Digital Library
559:Perseus Digital Library
438:Perseus Digital Library
381:Perseus Digital Library
218:and the supposed river
890:Locations in the Iliad
829:. London: John Murray.
336:Stephanus of Byzantium
139:
24:
851:37.91045°N 22.30692°E
740:Description of Greece
709:Description of Greece
646:Description of Greece
616:Description of Greece
585:Description of Greece
551:Description of Greece
507:Bibliotheca historica
430:Description of Greece
373:Description of Greece
137:
22:
885:Arcadian city-states
509:(Historical Library)
460:. Vol. 31.5.30.
238:(Πεντέλειον), which
112:William Martin Leake
847: /
70:, and south by the
856:37.91045; 22.30692
667:Hesych. and Phot.
531:. Vol. 8.165.
511:. Vol. 15.49.
457:Naturalis Historia
324:. Vol. 2.605.
148:Catalogue of Ships
140:
25:
778:978-0-691-03169-9
897:
862:
861:
859:
858:
857:
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
830:
813:
812:
803:
802:
789:
783:
782:
759:
753:
751:
728:
722:
720:
697:
691:
677:
671:
665:
659:
657:
634:
628:
627:
604:
598:
596:
573:
567:
562:
539:
533:
532:
519:
513:
512:
502:Diodorus Siculus
493:
487:
481:
468:
462:
461:
448:
442:
441:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
385:
384:
361:
350:
349:
332:
326:
325:
312:
267:Mount Geronteium
174:Poseidon Hippius
41:
905:
904:
900:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:
865:
864:
855:
853:
849:
846:
841:
838:
836:
834:
833:
819:
810:
807:
806:
793:Lund University
791:
790:
786:
779:
763:Richard Talbert
761:
760:
756:
730:
729:
725:
699:
698:
694:
678:
674:
666:
662:
636:
635:
631:
606:
605:
601:
575:
574:
570:
541:
540:
536:
521:
520:
516:
500:
494:
490:
470:
469:
465:
450:
449:
445:
420:
419:
415:
411:Catull. 68.109.
410:
406:
401:
397:
392:
388:
363:
362:
353:
334:
333:
329:
314:
313:
306:
301:
280:(Σηπία), where
205:Artemis Pyronia
170:Athena Tritonia
117:Pliny the Elder
44:ancient Arcadia
17:
12:
11:
5:
903:
901:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
867:
866:
821:Smith, William
805:
804:
784:
777:
765:, ed. (2000).
754:
744:W. H. S. Jones
723:
713:W. H. S. Jones
692:
672:
660:
650:W. H. S. Jones
629:
620:W. H. S. Jones
599:
589:W. H. S. Jones
568:
555:W. H. S. Jones
534:
514:
488:
484:Isaac Casaubon
463:
443:
434:W. H. S. Jones
413:
404:
402:So in Polybius
395:
386:
377:W. H. S. Jones
351:
327:
303:
302:
300:
297:
289:Archaia Feneos
257:(Ὄρυξις), and
197:Apollo Pythius
189:Archaia Feneos
84:Aroanian chain
66:, west by the
62:, east by the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
902:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
863:
860:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
816:public domain
800:
799:
794:
788:
785:
780:
774:
770:
769:
764:
758:
755:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
724:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
670:
664:
661:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
633:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
600:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
569:
566:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
538:
535:
530:
529:
524:
518:
515:
510:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
485:
479:
478:
473:
467:
464:
459:
458:
453:
447:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
396:
393:Alciphr. 3.48
390:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
340:
337:
331:
328:
323:
322:
317:
311:
309:
305:
298:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
209:Ernst Curtius
206:
202:
201:Mount Crathis
198:
192:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Mount Cyllene
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
36:Ancient Greek
33:
29:
21:
832:
824:
808:
797:
787:
766:
757:
739:
726:
708:
695:
687:
683:
675:
668:
663:
645:
632:
615:
602:
584:
571:
564:
550:
537:
526:
517:
505:
497:Hist. Plant.
496:
491:
486:'s edition.
475:
466:
455:
446:
429:
416:
407:
398:
389:
372:
345:
344:. Vol.
342:
339:
330:
319:
286:
271:
244:
213:
193:
186:
151:
141:
121:Eratosthenes
31:
27:
26:
854: /
477:Geographica
869:Categories
842:22°18′25″E
839:37°54′38″N
299:References
263:Stymphalus
247:Orchomenus
236:Penteleium
76:Orchomenia
64:Stymphalia
732:Pausanias
721:, 8.14.1.
701:Pausanias
658:, 8.20.1.
638:Pausanias
608:Pausanias
577:Pausanias
543:Pausanias
495:Theophr.
422:Pausanias
365:Pausanias
265:, across
232:Penteleia
166:acropolis
108:Pausanias
72:Caphyatis
68:Cleitoria
54:towns of
48:Pheniatis
734:(1918).
703:(1918).
680:Plutarch
640:(1918).
610:(1918).
579:(1918).
545:(1918).
424:(1918).
367:(1918).
274:Tricrena
259:Sciathis
240:Plutarch
216:Nonacris
211:a rock.
178:Iphicles
125:Alpheius
104:Heracles
92:Aroanius
82:and the
818::
565:et seq.
341:Ethnica
282:Aepytus
228:Lycuria
224:Cleitor
162:Evander
150:in the
146:in the
129:Olympia
60:Pellene
56:Aegeira
52:Achaean
32:Pheneos
28:Pheneus
775:
736:"16.1"
705:"13.6"
688:Cleom.
642:"19.4"
612:"17.6"
581:"15.5"
547:"14.4"
528:Aeneid
523:Virgil
472:Strabo
426:"14.1"
369:"14.3"
293:Feneos
255:Oryxis
251:Caryae
182:Hermes
158:Virgil
100:stadia
88:Olbius
40:Φένεος
684:Arat.
499:3.1;
452:Pliny
321:Iliad
316:Homer
278:Sepia
153:Iliad
144:Homer
96:Ladon
773:ISBN
686:39,
669:s.v.
220:Styx
90:and
74:and
58:and
752:-2.
690:17.
597:-9.
346:s.v
30:or
871::
795:.
738:.
707:.
682:,
644:.
614:.
583:.
563:,
549:.
525:.
504:.
474:.
454:.
428:.
371:.
354:^
338:.
318:.
307:^
295:.
38::
801:.
781:.
750:.
719:.
656:.
626:.
595:.
561:.
440:.
383:.
348:.
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
