498:, and shelve-shaped, about 3 inches wide. The tops of conks are reddish brown to blackish with concentric furrows; the underside is yellow-brown, while for growing conks, the undersurface and margin of growing conks is a bright yellowish-brown with large irregular pores. White pockets usually develop where the conks develop, but the decay may extend 4 ft above and 5 ft below a conk. Decay tends to occur at the base of stem, but may also develop into large roots. In the early stage of decay, the affected wood becomes reddish to purplish in color. A cross section of the affected wood shows a well-defined ring. In advanced stages of decay, small, spindle-shaped white pockets are formed due to the degradation of lignin by
585:
usually able to add new growth at a faster rate than that of decay. If a marketable tree is infected, it should be salvaged before disease progression significantly influences its value. Infected trees in public areas should be checked and removed if red ring rot disease has rendered them potentially dangerous (trees weakened due to heart rot are more likely to fall). Where timber management is the focus, infected trees should be removed. A reduction in rotation age should be considered if decay is frequent to minimize losses. Injuries to healthy trees should be avoided during logging to prevent new infections.
576:, enter trees as mycelium or basidiospores through branch stubs, tree stumps, damaged roots, dead branches, and wounds in general and go on to infect the heartwood of the tree. Fire and cutting operations cause the most common points of entry for the fungus. Moist environments also facilitate fungal growth. Spores blown by the wind land and germinate on wounds, so in managed forests, care should be taken to prevent any injury to trees during harvest or other activities. This disease is most common in the Pacific Northwest, where cool wet weather greatly facilitates the pathogen.
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602:. It has been estimated that over three-fourths of the total 17% of decayed, overmature Douglas-fir is the Pacific Northwest were in decline due to red ring rot. Apart from the economic impacts of this disease, red ring rot decay may lead to mechanical failure of live trees, which may cause a potential hazard in recreational or public areas.
527:) and causes the largest decay columns. There is red staining in the early stages and tends to develop along the annual rings. The decay can be identified with white pockets and punk knots (a slight swollen, resinous knot) and conks. Decay usually occurs mostly in the basal stem and may extend to roots.
551:
produces only one type of spores, basidiospores, which is also a type of sexual spores and the fungus overwinters as mycelium in diseased trees or dead trees. When decay is sufficient to provide enough resources, a new conk may be produced. Time from infection to conk production may be 10–20 years or
486:
is widely spread in the temperate zone in the
Northern Hemisphere. It infects a wide range of coniferous trees, including jack pine, lodgepole pine, Sitka and white spruce, Douglas-fir, balsam and true fir, western hemlock, and tamarack. It attacks both heartwood and sapwood and causes white pocket
473:
protruding from the trunks of trees. Spores produced on these conks are blown by the wind and infect other trees. Formal management of this disease is limited, and the disease is controlled primarily by cultural practices. Red ring rot is an important forest disturbance agent and plays a key role in
597:
Red ring rot is one of the most common and destructive heart rot pathogens in the
Western United States. In Engelmann spruce it is the most common type of fungal decay and causes the largest decay columns of all the fungal heart rots, rendering the tree useless for harvesting. It is a particularly
584:
In most cases, complete elimination of red ring rot is not an objective, and some control is achieved by cultural practices. Since red ring rot is generally only a significant loss factor in very old stands, damage can be limited by managing stands to younger ages. Younger trees, if infected, are
588:
During harvest, treating tree wounds and stumps with antagonistic fungi has led to considerable success in controlling decays and rot. After tree harvest, further discoloration and decay is controlled by treating wood with a chlorophenate fungicide or organic mercuric, in addition to drying the
547:, basidiospores are produced on the underside of the conks and are spread by wind. These wind-blown spores are the initial inoculums of the red ring rot. Once they land on a suitable small wound or twig stub, the spores may germinate and the mycelia grow into the inner wood and cause infection.
468:
that causes tree disease commonly known as "red ring rot" or "white speck". This disease, extremely common in the conifers of North
America, decays tree trunks, rendering them useless for lumber. It is a rot of the heartwood. Signs of the fungus include shelf-shaped
617:) and douglas fir. Additionally, decayed trees, rotting from the inside-out, serve as important habitat to cavity-nesting birds and mammals. In the southeastern United States, this fungus is important for the nesting of the
1008:
Son, E; Kim JJ; Lim YW; Au-Yeung TT; Yang CYH; Breuil C (2011). "Diversity and decay ability of basidiomycetes isolated from lodgepole pines killed by the mountain pine beetle".
875:
Larsen, MJ; Lombard FF; Aho PE (1979). "A New
Variety of Phellinus-Pini Associated with Cankers and Decay in White Firs in Southwestern Oregon and Northern California".
1089:
Brazee, NJ; D.L Lindner (2012). "Unravelling the
Phellinus pini s.l. complex in North America: a multilocus phylogeny and differentiation analysis of Porodaedalea".
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and other forest pathogens have been shown to be instrumental in facilitating
Douglas-fir growth in the western US by creating gaps in a closed canopy of white fir (
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and other trunk rot fungi serve an important role in forest ecosystems as disturbance agents, and play a key role in accelerating stand development.
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1374:
643:
1116:
Hawkins, AE; TW Henkel (2011). "Native forest pathogens facilitate persistence of
Douglas-fir in old-growth forests of northwestern California".
598:
important disease in lodgepole pine and subalpine fir as well. Studies have shown that 64% of all defects in these three species were caused by
952:
Mireku, E; Simpson JA (2002). "Fungal and nematode threats to
Australian forests and amenity trees from importation of wood and wood products".
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wood. Wood that may later be in contact with soil or other moist surfaces must be treated with a wood preservative.
494:(fruiting body), conks, are the most apparent signs on infected trees. The conks are perennial, usually gregarious,
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more. These conks are perennial and the disease cycle can be repeated with spores produced by the new conks.
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502:. The white pockets are mostly hollow and delignified and contain white residual cellulose.
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1145:"Heartwood, sapwood, and fungal decay associated with red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees"
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It is also important to note the potentially positive ramifications of this fungus.
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Advanced decay has solid brown wood between white, spindle-shaped pockets.
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There are several conditions that favor disease development and spread.
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Red Ring Rot - Field Guide to
Insects and Diseases of AZ and NM Forests
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In cross section pini rot forms concentric rings in the heartwood.
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925:
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Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi
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1210:
Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012).
482:
Red ring rot is common in North
America. The pathogen
1143:
Conner, RN; DC Rudolph; D Saenz; RR Schaefer (1994).
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1284:
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1213:Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America
523:is the most common pathogen to Engelmann spruce (
1189:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 304–5.
912:
910:
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906:
904:
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829:(Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
474:habitat formation for several forest animals.
8:
1050:. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
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1187:Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America
324:Harz, Botan. Centralbl. 36(12): 378 (1888)
42:
31:
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700:attachment is irregular or not applicable
400:(Pilát) Parmasto & I. Parmasto (1979)
870:
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817:
460:, is a species of fungus in the family
634:
1756:Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases
7:
1733:1adf0006-2961-4c9d-8c60-de645902000e
1630:38511ceb-29a4-44ee-bae3-2db186689fdd
1455:a0ab3700-edba-43b3-ad07-0af32564cd75
1118:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
992:"Management Guide for Red Ring Rot"
954:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
877:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
25:
1257:Management Guide for Red Ring Rot
1010:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
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1262:Forest Disease Management Notes
940:Forest Disease Management Notes
1218:University of California Press
1152:Journal of Wildlife Management
1:
1073:"Heart rots of Douglas-fir"
650:Mycological characteristics
624:The species is not edible.
1787:
966:10.1080/07060660309506985
440:(Imazeki) Y.C. Dai (2010)
432:(Imazeki) Parmasto (1999)
424:(Imazeki) Parmasto (1967)
412:(Imazeki) Parmasto (1967)
228:(Brot.) J. Schröt. (1888)
184:
177:
162:
155:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
1252:USDA ARS Fungal Database
1185:Phillips, Roger (2010).
785:Similar species include
456:, commonly known as the
356:(Yamano) Parmasto (1979)
312:(P. Karst.) Ellis (1892)
292:(Thore) Britzelm. (1887)
284:(Thore) P. Karst. (1882)
1766:Fungi described in 1905
619:red-cockaded woodpecker
340:(Yamano) Imazeki (1943)
268:(Brot.) Teixeira (1992)
1078:. USDA Forest Service.
788:Fuscoporia ferruginosa
560:
535:
510:
260:(Brot.) Imazeki (1943)
825:Arora, David (1986).
558:
533:
508:
236:(Brot.) Mesch. (1892)
997:. US Forest Service.
437:Porodaedalea yamanoi
397:Phellinus microporus
337:Cryptoderma jezoense
309:Mucronoporus abietis
252:(Brot.) Pilát (1941)
212:(Brot.) Pers. (1825)
172:(Brot.) Murrill 1905
800:Phellinus igniarius
515:On Engelmann spruce
353:Phellinus jezoensis
345:Cryptoderma yamanoi
244:(Brot.) Pat. (1897)
1046:Agrios, G (2005).
806:Phellinus tremulae
561:
536:
511:
478:Hosts and symptoms
329:Daedalea jezoensis
220:(Brot.) Fr. (1838)
204:(Brot.) Fr. (1821)
1743:
1742:
1463:Open Tree of Life
1286:Porodaedalea pini
1278:Taxon identifiers
1227:978-0-520-95360-4
1196:978-1-55407-651-2
1103:10.1111/efp.12008
836:978-0-89815-169-5
783:
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639:Porodaedalea pini
632:Species of fungus
600:Porodaedalea pini
572:fungi, including
525:Picea engelmannii
484:Porodaedalea pini
453:Porodaedalea pini
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429:Phellinus yamanoi
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166:Porodaedalea pini
36:Porodaedalea pini
27:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
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233:Trametites pini
225:Ochroporus pini
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901:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
862:
857:
854:
851:
846:
843:
838:
832:
828:
821:
818:
812:
810:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
789:
779:
776:Edibility is
775:
767:
764:
763:
758:
750:
747:
743:
740:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
703:
699:
696:
688:
685:
681:
673:
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645:
640:
636:
627:
625:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
592:
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
563:
557:
553:
550:
546:
539:Disease cycle
538:
532:
528:
526:
522:
516:
513:
507:
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501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
477:
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455:
454:
438:
435:
430:
427:
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418:
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386:
383:
378:
377:murashkinskyi
374:
371:
366:
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
332:Yamano (1930)
330:
327:
322:
318:
317:Trametes pini
315:
310:
307:
302:
298:
297:Trametes pini
295:
290:
289:Trametes pini
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
266:
265:Inonotus pini
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
242:
239:
234:
231:
226:
223:
218:
217:Trametes pini
215:
210:
207:
202:
201:Daedalea pini
199:
194:
191:
190:
183:
180:
176:
169:
167:
161:
158:
157:Binomial name
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Basidiomycota
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1655:Boletus pini
1654:
1489:
1285:
1267:Red Ring Rot
1216:. Berkeley:
1212:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1071:Harvey, GM.
1066:
1047:
1016:(1): 33–41.
1013:
1009:
1003:
957:
953:
947:
917:Red Ring Rot
883:(1): 31–38.
880:
876:
856:
845:
826:
820:
804:
798:
792:
786:
784:
777:
760:
745:
721:
682:No distinct
664:
638:
623:
614:
610:
606:
604:
599:
596:
587:
583:
573:
567:
548:
542:
524:
520:
519:
514:
499:
492:basidiocarps
489:
483:
481:
457:
452:
451:
450:
436:
428:
420:
416:
408:
404:
396:
392:Pilát (1942)
388:
384:
380:Pilát (1932)
376:
372:
368:Pilát (1932)
364:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
316:
308:
300:
296:
288:
280:
276:Thore (1803)
273:Boletus pini
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
200:
196:Brot. (1804)
193:Boletus pini
192:
165:
163:
148:P. pini
147:
146:
135:Porodaedalea
134:
35:
29:
1615:NatureServe
1576:iNaturalist
1388:iNaturalist
759:Ecology is
742:Spore print
724:or lacks a
564:Environment
487:trunk rot.
1750:Categories
813:References
593:Importance
580:Management
464:. It is a
417:Fomes pini
389:microporus
281:Fomes pini
90:Division:
1670:Q47068167
1505:Q47068162
1236:797915861
762:parasitic
570:Heart rot
545:Polypores
543:As other
496:imbricate
458:pine conk
365:micropora
321:pulvinata
142:Species:
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1718:MycoBank
1692:Fungorum
1664:Wikidata
1620:2.911948
1602:MycoBank
1594:10729107
1550:Fungorum
1526:BioLib:
1519:60027588
1514:AusFungi
1499:Wikidata
1414:MycoBank
1406:10648117
1362:Fungorum
1315:60027586
1310:AusFungi
1301:Q3537280
1295:Wikidata
1030:21217795
974:85059238
778:inedible
698:Hymenium
669:hymenium
179:Synonyms
120:Family:
70:Domain:
1710:5237861
1568:2519833
1478:1424263
1380:2519825
1172:3809687
611:P. pini
607:P. pini
574:P. pini
549:P. pini
521:P. pini
500:P. pini
421:yamanoi
409:yamanoi
301:abietis
130:Genus:
110:Order:
100:Class:
1730:NZOR:
1723:233528
1697:233528
1627:NZOR:
1607:282814
1581:351793
1555:282814
1529:276516
1475:uBio:
1468:137450
1452:NZOR:
1445:108901
1419:431973
1393:118081
1367:431973
1354:PHELPI
1341:189842
1234:
1224:
1193:
1170:
1054:
1028:
972:
861:Decays
833:
803:, and
1643:14864
1589:IRMNG
1542:4FZGF
1401:IRMNG
1328:4LY3K
1168:JSTOR
1148:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
970:S2CID
746:brown
726:stipe
718:Stipe
665:Pores
471:conks
419:var.
407:var.
319:var.
299:var.
84:Fungi
1705:GBIF
1684:MCW7
1563:GBIF
1440:NCBI
1375:GBIF
1349:EPPO
1232:OCLC
1222:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1026:PMID
831:ISBN
722:bare
490:The
187:List
1679:CoL
1537:CoL
1427:NBN
1336:EoL
1323:CoL
1160:doi
1126:doi
1099:doi
1018:doi
962:doi
885:doi
744:is
720:is
684:cap
667:on
387:f.
375:f.
363:f.
1752::
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1166:.
1156:58
1154:.
1150:.
1122:41
1120:.
1095:43
1093:.
1038:^
1024:.
1014:57
1012:.
982:^
968:.
958:24
956:.
924:^
897:^
879:.
867:^
809:.
797:,
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621:.
1238:.
1199:.
1174:.
1162::
1132:.
1128::
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1101::
1060:.
1032:.
1020::
976:.
964::
942:.
919:.
891:.
887::
881:9
839:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
