1268:
1056:
556:
2422:
2294:
2246:
2076:
1395:
1375:
630:
55:
833:
1442:
1226:
33:
3195:
2629:
Reekie TA, Austin KAB, Banwell MG, Willis AC (2008). "The chemoenzymatic total synthesis of phellodonic acid, a biologically active and highly functionalized hirsutane derivative isolated from the
Tasmanian fungus
597:
zones of color or texture. The color can vary considerably, from cream to yellowish, brownish, greenish, greyish or black. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, forming intertwined caps and partially fused stipes.
899:, for example, there is little correlation between fruitbody appearance and below-ground mycelium, making it hard to determine the distribution and rarity of the fungus with standard surveying techniques.
244:
The genus, with about 20 described species, has a distribution that includes to Asia, Europe, North
America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. About half of the species are found in the
2548:
van der Linde S, Holden E, Parkin PI, Alexander IJ, Anderson IC (2012). "Now you see it, now you don't: The challenge of detecting, monitoring and conserving ectomycorrhizal fungi".
1717:
3351:
3390:
794:
species are known from the southeastern United States, where they have been extensively researched. According to Baird and colleagues, there are nine distinct
3260:
3451:
927:
species up to four years after the appearance of fruitbodies, allowing a more accurate determination of their possible decline and threat of extinction.
3325:
2470:
Parfitt D, Ainsworth AM, Simpson D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2007). "Molecular and morphological discrimination of stipitate hydnoids in the genera
699:
are either absent, or present infrequently as incompletely differentiated cystidioles (sterile cells about the size of an immature basidium).
3081:
2857:
2733:
2010:
1980:
1870:
1810:
1782:
767:) has been comprehensively described. It is distinguished from the ectomycorrhizae of other Thelephorales species by the unique shape of its
1029:
on the
Thelephorales. The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) indicated 16 species in the genus. As of September 2015,
610:
fruitbodies can envelop nearby grass or twigs. The stipe is thickly tomentose or smooth, typically the same color as the cap or darker. In
622:(the fertile, spore-bearing surface) is on the underside of the cap. The spines become grey at maturity. In conditions of high humidity,
1924:
1748:
2435:
Van der Linde S, Alexander I, Anderson IC (2008). "A PCR-based method for detecting the mycelia of stipitate hydnoid fungi in soil".
1886:
2044:
661:
439:
895:, and so molecular genetic techniques are increasingly employed in attempts to better understand these fungi. In the case of
648:. Tough and leathery when fresh, the flesh develops a corklike texture when dry. In the dried state it often has an odor of
644:
is single to double-layered; duplex layering results from differences in compactness or in the alignment of the constituent
3446:
3377:
1718:"The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)"
1267:
446:
were the result of an immature specimen. Richard Baird and Saeed Khan investigated spore ornamentation in North
American
2314:
Baird RE, Wallace LE, Baker G, Scruggs M (2013). "Stipitate hydnoid fungi of the temperate southeastern United States".
2195:"Natural C-13 abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests"
606:, "It often occurs in large mats of fused caps almost producing a ceiling over large areas of the moss under conifers."
451:
2071:(Report). Vol. 1099. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. pp. 1–60 (see p. 15).
1893:
1116:
520:
2750:
1826:
911:
primers that can be used to detect the mycelia of stipitate hydnoids in soil. DNA testing of collections labelled as
3395:
1249:
808:
687:
423:
314:
245:
54:
1055:
1082:
990:, nigernin A and B; a nitrogenous terphenyl derivative, phellodonin; 2',3'-diacetoxy-3,4,5',6',4''-pentahydroxy-
908:
814:
589:, and thus fall into the general category of stipitate hydnoid fungi. The cap surfaces are initially velvety to
555:
381:
1153:
820:
256:
of threatened
British fungi because of a general decline of the genus in Europe. Species grow in a symbiotic
323:
2421:
2293:
2245:
2075:
3213:
463:
2261:"Species level patterns in C-13 and N-15 abundance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal sporocarps"
671:
The hyphal system is monomitic, containing only generative hyphae. These hyphae are not less than 6
492:. Although the status of the Bankeraceae has not been fully clarified with molecular genetic techniques,
225:-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps.
943:
803:
799:
3199:
2681:"Cyathane diterpenoids and nitrogenous terphenyl derivative from the fruiting bodies of basidiomycete
1394:
3405:
3286:
2206:
1448:
1401:
1232:
1170:
888:
772:
565:
329:
159:
3317:
1674:
1596:
1557:
1518:
3121:
2576:
1342:
1291:
1210:
1133:
1099:
681:
2350:
2093:
1374:
3441:
2943:
2935:
2815:
2661:
2611:
2331:
2175:
1740:
1698:
1577:
1538:
1381:
1308:
971:
874:
858:
599:
389:
217:, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery
155:
49:
2896:
1656:
Verhandelingen
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde, Series C
959:
418:
and tuberculate spore ornamentation (the presence of small nodules on the spores) was found in
3413:
3356:
3273:
2853:
2729:
2706:
2603:
2495:
2452:
2410:
2389:"Spatial distribution of sporocarps of stipitate hydnoid fungi and their belowground mycelium"
2369:
2282:
2234:
2040:
2034:
2006:
1976:
1866:
1806:
1778:
1441:
1359:
1325:
1225:
1190:
1062:
891:
efforts for stipitate hydnoid fungi are hampered by a dearth of information about their basic
854:
832:
582:
253:
2513:
Ainsworth AM, Parfitt D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2010). "Cryptic taxa within
European species of
2000:
1860:
593:, eventually becoming matted. The surface is rough, with pits and ridges, and sometimes with
3100:
3015:
2927:
2807:
2780:
2751:"Species Fungorum (version 26th August 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life"
2696:
2651:
2643:
2595:
2557:
2530:
2487:
2444:
2400:
2323:
2272:
2224:
2214:
2167:
2134:
1936:
1732:
1690:
1636:
1569:
1530:
1426:
1199:
951:
939:
787:
fungi, indicating that it may be able to obtain carbon from sources other than a tree host.
711:
to roughly spherical, and echinulose (covered with small spines). They are also hyaline and
676:
641:
586:
411:
218:
214:
195:
1501:
3418:
2798:
Dai Y-C. (2011). "A revised checklist of corticioid and hydnoid fungi in China for 2010".
1897:
1274:
975:
920:
665:
629:
339:
294:
222:
41:
3251:
2210:
3312:
2365:
1142:
1030:
850:
752:
368:
distinct enough to be a separate genus, and folded species assigned to this genus into
344:
318:
96:
32:
2985:
Verhandelingen
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde
3435:
3265:
2405:
2388:
2277:
2260:
2229:
2194:
846:
768:
760:
475:
106:
86:
3058:
2947:
2819:
2665:
2615:
2335:
2179:
2064:
1744:
1478:
3020:
3003:
2089:
1573:
1007:
882:
784:
704:
653:
407:
334:
299:
289:
284:
species in the soil, even in the extended absence of visible fruitbodies. Although
234:
142:
3278:
853:, and are in general decline in western Europe. In a preliminary assessment for a
523:, in their recommended list of common names for fungi in the United Kingdom, name
2561:
2534:
2491:
3382:
3338:
3245:
2835:
Study of the stipitate
Hydnums from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Genera:
2448:
1258:
987:
700:
619:
574:
516:
385:
355:
230:
202:
198:
191:
116:
3236:
3037:
Proceedings van de
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Section C
2918:
Baird RE, Khan SR (1986). "The stipitate hydnums (Thelephoraceae) of Florida".
2199:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
280:). Accurate DNA-based methods have been developed to determine the presence of
2811:
2327:
1736:
1071:
967:
728:
672:
594:
257:
2897:"New species of stipitate hydnums from southeastern United States and Mexico"
2771:
Harrison KA. (1964). "New or little known North American stipitate Hydnums".
2373:
410:(covered with small spines). Donk also noted that Bankeraceae species lacked
3299:
2219:
1026:
1021:
was originally circumscribed with three species. Joost Stalpers included 13
947:
776:
732:
712:
708:
649:
590:
435:
370:
238:
66:
2710:
2599:
2499:
2456:
2414:
2286:
2238:
1558:"Taxonomic studies in the Hydnaceae with reference to their hyphal systems"
3194:
2983:
Maas Geesteranus RA. (1971). "Hydnaceous fungi of the eastern old world".
2607:
2094:
Stipitate hydnoid fungi in Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420
1037:, not including the three eastern United States species added in 2013–14.
3364:
3230:
3105:
2961:
Khara HS. (1978). "Some stipitate hydnums from north western Himalayas".
1925:"The Aphyllophoraceous fungi I. Keys to the species of the Thelephorales"
1834:
1716:
Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson K-H, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G (2005).
995:
748:
736:
696:
615:
488:
273:
261:
133:
2852:. Bibliotheca Mycologica. Vol. 104. Berlin: Lubrecht & Cramer.
2701:
2680:
845:
species, like other members of the family Bankeraceae, are sensitive to
735:
relationships with trees. Usual hosts include species from the families
727:
species, like all members of the order Thelephorales, are thought to be
3330:
2939:
2577:"Phellodonic acid, a new biologically active hirsutane derivative from
2171:
1702:
1581:
1542:
1411:
1179:
892:
692:
660:
species are often free of insect damage, suggesting that they may have
403:
394:
3343:
3167:
Baird RE. (1988). "Notes on the stipitate hydnums I. A new species of
3086:(Basidiomycota), a new hydnaceous fungus from northern pine woodlands"
2656:
626:
can form striking drops of black liquid on the actively growing caps.
2259:
Taylor AFS, Fransson PM, Högberg P, Högberg MN, Plamboeck AH (2003).
986:
has been a source for several bioactive compounds: the cyathane-type
955:
360:
76:
3369:
3207:
2931:
2873:
Pouzar Z. (1956). "Príspevek k poznání nasich kloboukatých losáku".
2784:
2647:
2139:
2118:
1694:
1640:
1534:
288:
fruitbodies are considered inedible due to their fibrous flesh, the
3304:
1805:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 520.
1506:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier. p. 134.
1479:"Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum"
1407:
831:
740:
645:
628:
554:
471:
265:
206:
187:
3004:"Some new and revised taxa of New Zealand Basidiomycetes (Fungi)"
2005:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 57.
248:, including three species added to the genus in 2013–14. Several
3150:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
496:
is classified in this family by authorities on fungal taxonomy.
321:
to contain white-toothed fungi. Karsten included three species:
277:
3211:
2728:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 474.
3291:
3059:"A contribution to a revision of the North American Hydnaceae"
2039:. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 111.
907:
were included in a Scottish study to develop species-specific
744:
269:
954:
wherein positions carbon-2 and carbon-5 are substituted with
506:
500:
2521:
revealed by combined molecular and morphological analysis".
614:, the outer covering of the stipe is a thick felty layer of
392:
in 1961. Donk's original family concept included the genera
426:
thought the family Bankeraceae was superfluous, and placed
2193:
Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AFS, Fransson PMA (1999).
923:. PCR analysis can be used to determine the presence of a
970:
activity towards bacteria and other fungi, was the first
2978:
2976:
974:
reported from any member of the order Thelephorales. A
3122:"Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part I. The pileate genera
1777:. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 33–34.
221:
usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a
3035:
Maas Geesteranus RA. (1966). "Notes on Hydnums, IV".
1654:
Maas Geesteranus RA. (1974). "Notes on hydnums. IX".
679:, but they are present in the North American species
664:
that deter predation. Fruitbodies are not considered
3080:
Niemelä T, Kinnunen J, Renvell P, Schigel D (2003).
2575:
Stadler M, Anke T, Dasenbrock J, Steglich W (1993).
2119:"Stipitate hydnums of the southern United States 1:
2069:
Publications of the Department of Agriculture Canada
3220:
2387:van der Linde S, Alexander IJ, Anderson IC (2009).
2351:Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in
2036:
The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province
1801:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
1010:, in which it produces gray-blue and green colors.
442:in 1974, who showed that the tuberculate spores of
978:was described for phellodonic acid in 2008 using
2058:
2056:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1854:
1852:
775:analysis of the abundance of the stable isotope
1887:"Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK"
1618:
1616:
1614:
982:-1,2-dihydrocatechol as the starting material.
458:in the Bankeraceae, preferring to leave it and
438:. This taxonomic rearrangement was rejected by
3052:
3050:
2963:Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology
2679:Fang ST, Zhang L, Li ZH, Li B, Liu JK (2010).
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1975:. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 45.
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
205:with white spines on the underside from which
16:Genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae
2890:
2888:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1994:
1992:
8:
2158:on Norway spruce and their chlamydospores".
1796:
1794:
919:from the United Kingdom revealed additional
414:. When clamp connections were discovered in
2364:(Report). English Nature Research Reports.
2099:(Report). Peterborough, UK: English Nature.
1935:: 1–168 (see pp. 18, 44–48). Archived from
806:. Three additional species from this area,
783:has a metabolic signature close to that of
527:species in the form "descriptor word" plus
3208:
1971:Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997).
31:
20:
3104:
3019:
2700:
2655:
2404:
2276:
2228:
2218:
2138:
1865:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 97.
1862:A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America
260:association with trees from the families
1039:
962:derivative phellodonic acid is found in
1837:. International Mycological Association
1675:"Spore ornamentation of North American
1623:Harrison KA. (1972). "A new species of
1469:
695:(spore-bearing cells) are four-spored.
675:in diameter. All European species lack
618:that absorbs water like a sponge. The
499:The generic name is derived from Greek
2154:Agerer R. (1992). "Ectomycorrhizae of
2117:Baird RE, Wallace LE, Baker G (2013).
364:. Some early authors did not consider
201:. Species have small- to medium-sized
1108:China, eastern United States, Europe
511:, meaning 'tooth'. In North America,
252:species were placed on a preliminary
7:
3406:f66f08c9-1381-4911-8f03-270e60300c45
3063:Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club
2689:Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2065:The Stipitate Hydnums of Nova Scotia
2033:Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993).
1973:British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi
1597:"Four new families of Hymenomycetes"
824:were added to the genus in 2013–14.
966:. Phellodonic acid, which exhibits
3452:Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten
2437:Journal of Microbiological Methods
2002:A Field Guide to Western Mushrooms
14:
2581:(Thelephoraceae, Basidiomycetes)"
723:Fruit bodies grow on the ground.
569:pictured) can fuse during growth.
474:(roughly equivalent to the order
3193:
2588:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C
2420:
2406:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00716.x
2292:
2278:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00838.x
2244:
2074:
1440:
1393:
1373:
1266:
1224:
1054:
478:) along with the related genera
454:, and rejected the placement of
53:
2636:Australian Journal of Chemistry
1627:possessing clamp connections".
1175:R.E.Baird & S.R.Khan (1986)
440:Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus
343:(originally published with the
241:in shape, with spiny surfaces.
3021:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10429148
1574:10.1080/00275514.1953.12024326
317:in 1881 by Finnish mycologist
1:
3008:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2349:Bridge PD, Panchal G (2004).
1386:Niemelä & Kinnunen (2003)
802:and the surrounding southern
519:known as "cork hydnums". The
406:(translucent) and echinulate
388:, which was circumscribed by
2991:(3): 1–176 (see pp. 91–106).
2562:10.1016/j.funeco.2012.04.002
2535:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.07.001
2492:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.003
1775:Fungal Families of the World
1725:Systematics and Biodiversity
1237:(Sw. ex Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)
668:due to their fibrous flesh.
507:
501:
452:scanning electron microscopy
354:was originally described by
2724:Roberts P, Evans S (2011).
2449:10.1016/j.mimet.2008.04.010
1894:British Mycological Society
1773:Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007).
1483:Revue mycologique, Toulouse
1117:Phellodon excentrimexicanus
1083:Phellodon brunneo-olivaceus
521:British Mycological Society
3468:
3120:Cunningham GH. (1957–58).
2773:Canadian Journal of Botany
2121:Phellodon mississippiensis
1673:Baird RE, Khan SR (1987).
1629:Canadian Journal of Botany
1313:(Lloyd) Maas Geest. (1966)
1250:Phellodon mississippiensis
1215:(Lloyd) Maas Geest. (1966)
1158:(J.C.Schmidt) Baird (2013)
246:southeastern United States
2812:10.1007/s10267-010-0068-1
2393:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2328:10.1007/s13225-013-0261-6
1737:10.1017/S1477200005001623
1519:"The genera of Hydnaceae"
1503:Observationes mycologicae
815:P. brunneo-olivaceus
462:in the Hydnaceae. Modern
237:are roughly spherical to
172:
167:
148:
141:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1330:(G.F.Atk.) Banker (1906)
1154:Phellodon fuligineoalbus
946:. Thelephoric acid is a
809:P. mississippiensis
719:Habitat and distribution
703:, the spores are white.
688:P. mississippiensis
505:-, meaning 'cork', and -
402:, whose species produce
358:in 1815 as a species of
229:species produce a white
2220:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8534
1803:Dictionary of the Fungi
1219:Australia, New Zealand
1006:has also been used for
233:, while the individual
3069:: 99–194 (see p. 161).
2600:10.1515/znc-1993-7-803
1457:Europe, North America
1283:Europe, North America
1241:Europe, North America
1002:-methylgrifolic acid.
942:, a metabolite of the
839:
821:P. fuligineoalbus
637:
570:
464:molecular phylogenetic
213:have a short stalk or
2063:Harrison KA. (1961).
1923:Stalpers JA. (1993).
1859:McKnight KH. (1998).
1279:(Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)
1104:(Pers.) Pouzar (1956)
944:shikimic acid pathway
835:
804:Appalachian Mountains
800:Great Smoky Mountains
632:
558:
543:), and woolly tooth (
3447:Thelephorales genera
3202:at Wikimedia Commons
3106:10.29203/ka.2003.391
3002:McNabb RFR. (1971).
2632:Phellodon melaleucus
2579:Phellodon melaleucus
2480:Mycological Research
1477:Karsten PA. (1881).
1449:Phellodon tomentosus
1402:Phellodon sinclairii
1233:Phellodon melaleucus
1171:Phellodon implicatus
1033:lists 18 species of
1025:species in his 1993
901:Phellodon melaleucus
897:Phellodon tomentosus
837:Phellodon melaleucus
773:Stable isotope ratio
635:Phellodon tomentosus
470:in the thelephoroid
324:P. cyathiformis
162:(as 'nigrum') (1881)
3057:Banker HJ. (1906).
2702:10.1248/cpb.58.1176
2211:1999PNAS...96.8534H
1939:on 21 February 2015
1929:Studies in Mycology
1517:Miller LW. (1933).
1343:Phellodon radicatus
1292:Phellodon nothofagi
1211:Phellodon maliensis
1138:K.A.Harrison (1972)
1134:Phellodon fibulatus
1100:Phellodon confluens
1067:K.A.Harrison (1964)
662:defensive chemicals
416:Phellodon fibulatus
3084:Phellodon secretus
2895:Baird RE. (1985).
2833:Baird RE. (1986).
2172:10.1007/BF00206283
1999:Smith AH. (1975).
1556:Ragab MA. (1955).
1500:Fries EM. (1815).
1453:(L.) Banker (1906)
1382:Phellodon secretus
1364:Maas Geest. (1971)
1309:Phellodon plicatus
972:bioactive compound
964:P. melaleucus
913:P. melaleucus
871:P. melaleucus
867:P. tomentosus
840:
638:
604:P. tomentosus
600:Alexander H. Smith
571:
566:P. tomentosus
545:P. tomentosus
537:P. melaleucus
390:Marinus Anton Donk
330:P. melaleucus
209:are released. All
3429:
3428:
3414:Open Tree of Life
3214:Taxon identifiers
3198:Media related to
2859:978-3-443-59005-5
2735:978-0-226-72117-0
2726:The Book of Fungi
2205:(15): 8534–8539.
2012:978-0-472-85599-5
1982:978-1-900347-15-0
1872:978-0-395-91090-0
1812:978-0-85199-826-8
1784:978-0-85199-827-5
1595:Donk MA. (1961).
1461:
1460:
1454:
1432:
1415:
1387:
1365:
1360:Phellodon rufipes
1348:
1331:
1326:Phellodon putidus
1314:
1297:
1280:
1255:
1238:
1216:
1196:
1191:Phellodon indicus
1176:
1159:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1088:
1068:
1063:Phellodon atratus
863:P. confluens
682:P. fibulatus
677:clamp connections
559:The caps of some
533:P. confluens
412:clamp connections
179:
178:
137:
3459:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3383:NHMSYS0001493160
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3209:
3197:
3181:
3180:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2779:(9): 1205–1233.
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2695:(9): 1176–1179.
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2594:(7–8): 545–549.
2585:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2316:Fungal Diversity
2311:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1903:on 16 July 2011.
1902:
1896:. Archived from
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1747:. Archived from
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1635:(6): 1219–1221.
1620:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1452:
1444:
1431:R.E.Baird (1988)
1430:
1427:Phellodon tenuis
1405:
1397:
1385:
1377:
1363:
1347:R.E.Baird (1985)
1346:
1329:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1270:
1261:, United States
1253:
1236:
1228:
1214:
1200:Himachal Pradesh
1194:
1182:, United States
1174:
1157:
1145:, United States
1137:
1121:R.E.Baird (1985)
1120:
1103:
1087:R.E.Baird (2013)
1086:
1074:, United States
1066:
1058:
1040:
952:1,4-benzoquinone
940:thelephoric acid
938:species contain
539:), black tooth (
510:
504:
466:analysis places
424:Kenneth Harrison
132:
58:
57:
35:
21:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3216:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3179:(3–4): 429–431.
3166:
3165:
3161:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2932:10.2307/2807273
2917:
2916:
2912:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2875:Ceská Mykologie
2872:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2785:10.1139/b64-116
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2683:Phellodon niger
2678:
2677:
2673:
2648:10.1071/CH07403
2628:
2627:
2623:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2291:
2265:New Phytologist
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2156:Phellodon niger
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:10.5248/123.183
2116:
2115:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1754:on 4 March 2016
1751:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1695:10.2307/3807670
1672:
1671:
1667:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:10.1139/b72-147
1622:
1621:
1612:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1535:10.2307/3754097
1516:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1275:Phellodon niger
1046:Scientific name
1016:
1008:mushroom dyeing
976:total synthesis
933:
921:cryptic species
873:are considered
861:British Fungi,
830:
753:ectomycorrhizae
721:
553:
535:), grey tooth (
531:: fused tooth (
308:
300:mushroom dyeing
175:
163:
152:
150:Phellodon niger
131:
52:
42:Phellodon niger
17:
12:
11:
5:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3410:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3242:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3189:
3188:External links
3186:
3183:
3182:
3159:
3112:
3072:
3046:
3027:
3014:(2): 355–370.
2994:
2972:
2953:
2926:(2): 171–184.
2910:
2884:
2865:
2858:
2825:
2790:
2763:
2741:
2734:
2716:
2671:
2621:
2567:
2556:(5): 633–640.
2550:Fungal Ecology
2540:
2523:Fungal Ecology
2505:
2486:(7): 761–777.
2462:
2427:
2399:(3): 344–352.
2379:
2366:English Nature
2341:
2299:
2271:(3): 757–774.
2251:
2185:
2146:
2102:
2081:
2052:
2045:
2018:
2011:
1988:
1981:
1950:
1906:
1878:
1871:
1848:
1818:
1811:
1790:
1783:
1765:
1731:(2): 113–157.
1708:
1689:(2): 334–337.
1665:
1646:
1610:
1587:
1568:(6): 941–946.
1548:
1529:(4): 286–301.
1509:
1492:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:North America
1349:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:North America
1332:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:R.Baird (2014)
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:United States
1160:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:North Carolina
1140:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:United States
1089:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1031:Index Fungorum
1015:
1012:
932:
929:
851:soil pollution
829:
826:
769:chlamydospores
720:
717:
552:
549:
450:species using
434:in the family
384:in the family
352:P. nigrum
319:Petter Karsten
307:
304:
177:
176:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
153:
146:
145:
139:
138:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:Agaricomycetes
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3173:Nova Hedwigia
3170:
3163:
3160:
3156:(4): 585–601.
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:(2): 127–134.
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:(2): 94–106.
2641:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:(1): 41–114.
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:9789622015562
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:(4): 405–407.
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:McNabb (1971)
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:Distribution
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:P. niger
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:P. niger
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:P. niger
914:
910:
906:
905:P. niger
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
884:
880:
879:P. niger
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:air pollution
844:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
801:
798:species from
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
781:P. niger
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Norway spruce
758:
757:P. niger
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
631:
627:
625:
624:P. niger
621:
617:
613:
612:P. niger
609:
605:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:species have
580:
576:
568:
567:
562:
557:
550:
548:
546:
542:
541:P. niger
538:
534:
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514:
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485:
481:
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476:Thelephorales
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444:P. niger
441:
437:
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429:
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420:P. niger
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340:P. niger
336:
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315:circumscribed
312:
305:
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298:, is used in
297:
296:
295:P. niger
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107:Thelephorales
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2838:
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2828:
2806:(1): 69–79.
2803:
2799:
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2772:
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2001:
1972:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1932:
1928:
1898:the original
1881:
1861:
1841:19 September
1839:. Retrieved
1828:
1821:
1802:
1774:
1768:
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1749:the original
1728:
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1495:
1486:
1485:(in Latin).
1482:
1472:
1447:
1425:
1418:New Zealand
1400:
1380:
1358:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1300:New Zealand
1290:
1273:
1248:
1231:
1209:
1195:Khara (1978)
1189:
1169:
1152:
1132:
1115:
1098:
1081:
1061:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1003:
999:
994:-terphenyl;
991:
988:diterpenoids
983:
979:
963:
958:groups. The
935:
934:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
896:
889:Conservation
887:
878:
870:
866:
862:
842:
841:
836:
828:Conservation
819:
813:
807:
795:
791:
789:
785:saprotrophic
780:
764:
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724:
722:
707:are broadly
686:
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654:curry powder
640:The fibrous
639:
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623:
611:
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603:
595:concentrical
578:
575:fruit bodies
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226:
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182:
181:
180:
149:
143:Type species
127:
126:
40:
24:
18:
3339:iNaturalist
3246:Wikispecies
3144:Steccerinum
2881:(2): 65–76.
2800:Mycoscience
2756:8 September
2133:: 183–191.
1943:9 September
1758:9 September
1259:Mississippi
779:shows that
765:Picea abies
759:forms with
729:mycorrhizal
620:hymenophore
551:Description
386:Bankeraceae
356:Elias Fries
258:mycorrhizal
231:spore print
203:fruitbodies
199:Bankeraceae
192:tooth fungi
117:Bankeraceae
3436:Categories
3089:(abstract)
3043:: 317–333.
2907:: 297–304.
2657:1885/50449
2160:Mycorrhiza
1662:: 215–222.
1464:References
1317:Australia
1072:California
968:antibiotic
950:quinone—a
875:vulnerable
859:threatened
731:, forming
633:Spines of
382:classified
333:, and the
83:Division:
3442:Phellodon
3252:Phellodon
3222:Phellodon
3200:Phellodon
3169:Phellodon
3140:Phellodon
3093:Karstenia
2920:Brittonia
2901:Mycotaxon
2845:Phellodon
2841:Hydnellum
2749:Kirk PM.
2519:Phellodon
2515:Hydnellum
2476:Phellodon
2472:Hydnellum
2374:0967-876X
2357:Phellodon
2353:Hydnellum
2127:Mycotaxon
2090:Marren P.
1831:P. Karst"
1829:Phellodon
1683:Mycologia
1677:Phellodon
1625:Phellodon
1601:Persoonia
1562:Mycologia
1523:Mycologia
1388:–Finland
1035:Phellodon
1027:monograph
1023:Phellodon
1019:Phellodon
960:hirsutane
948:terphenyl
936:Phellodon
931:Chemistry
925:Phellodon
843:Phellodon
796:Phellodon
792:Phellodon
777:carbon-13
733:symbiotic
725:Phellodon
713:inamyloid
709:ellipsoid
658:Phellodon
650:fenugreek
608:Phellodon
602:wrote of
591:tomentose
579:Phellodon
563:species (
561:Phellodon
525:Phellodon
513:Phellodon
494:Phellodon
484:Hydnellum
468:Phellodon
456:Phellodon
448:Phellodon
436:Hydnaceae
428:Phellodon
400:Phellodon
378:Hydnellum
371:Hydnellum
366:Phellodon
311:Phellodon
286:Phellodon
282:Phellodon
250:Phellodon
239:ellipsoid
227:Phellodon
211:Phellodon
183:Phellodon
128:Phellodon
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
25:Phellodon
3365:MycoBank
3313:Fungorum
3266:60015533
3261:AusFungi
3237:Q1264083
3231:Wikidata
3132:Hericium
3128:Dentinum
3124:Beenakia
2948:85360191
2849:Sarcodon
2820:86049359
2711:20823596
2666:96560493
2616:13176756
2500:17681224
2457:18586344
2415:19558589
2336:16846274
2287:33873595
2239:10411910
2180:11608006
2123:sp. nov"
2092:(2000).
1835:MycoBank
1745:13102957
1679:species"
1489:(9): 19.
1202:, India
998:; and 4-
996:grifolin
855:red list
749:Pinaceae
737:Fagaceae
697:Cystidia
616:mycelium
517:commonly
489:Sarcodon
306:Taxonomy
274:Pinaceae
262:Fagaceae
254:Red List
174:about 20
168:Species
160:P.Karst.
134:P.Karst.
113:Family:
63:Domain:
3357:1355288
3331:2522127
2940:2807273
2837:Bankera
2608:8216611
2359:species
2207:Bibcode
1703:3807670
1582:4547774
1543:3754097
1435:Brazil
1412:G.Cunn.
1180:Florida
1125:Mexico
1014:Species
893:ecology
741:beeches
701:In mass
693:basidia
480:Bankera
460:Bankera
432:Bankera
404:hyaline
395:Bankera
345:epithet
266:beeches
194:in the
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
3403:NZOR:
3396:202694
3344:179736
3305:1PHLDG
3136:Hydnum
2946:
2938:
2856:
2818:
2732:
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2606:
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2227:
2178:
2043:
2009:
1979:
1869:
1809:
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1701:
1580:
1541:
1414:(1958)
1368:Japan
956:phenyl
877:, and
869:, and
818:, and
751:. The
747:) and
705:Spores
691:. The
666:edible
646:hyphae
486:, and
408:spores
361:Hydnum
348:nigrum
272:) and
235:spores
207:spores
196:family
136:(1881)
3370:18247
3352:IRMNG
3318:18247
3292:22079
2944:S2CID
2936:JSTOR
2816:S2CID
2662:S2CID
2612:S2CID
2584:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
2332:S2CID
2230:17551
2176:S2CID
2097:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
1741:S2CID
1721:(PDF)
1699:JSTOR
1578:JSTOR
1539:JSTOR
1408:Berk.
1043:Image
790:Many
755:that
642:flesh
587:stipe
529:tooth
502:phell
472:clade
278:pines
219:flesh
215:stipe
188:genus
186:is a
77:Fungi
3419:7502
3391:NCBI
3326:GBIF
3300:EPPO
3279:6N4K
3142:and
2854:ISBN
2758:2015
2730:ISBN
2707:PMID
2604:PMID
2517:and
2496:PMID
2474:and
2453:PMID
2411:PMID
2370:ISSN
2355:and
2283:PMID
2235:PMID
2041:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1945:2015
1867:ISBN
1843:2015
1807:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1760:2015
915:and
903:and
883:rare
849:and
745:oaks
743:and
685:and
585:and
583:caps
573:The
430:and
398:and
335:type
313:was
270:oaks
268:and
223:cork
3378:NBN
3287:EoL
3274:CoL
3171:".
3101:doi
3016:doi
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