Pheromone - Knowledge (XXG)

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androstadienone presentation, while men react more negatively. In an experiment by Hummer and McClintock, androstadienone or a control odor was put on the upper lips of fifty males and females and they were tested for four effects of the pheromone: 1) automatic attention towards positive and negative facial expressions, 2) the strength of cognitive and emotional information as distractors in a simple reaction time task, 3) relative attention to social and nonsocial stimuli (i.e. neutral faces), and 4) mood and attentiveness in the absence of social interaction. Those treated with androstadienone drew more attention to towards emotional facial expressions and emotional words but no increased attention to neutral faces. These data suggest that androstadienone may increase attention to emotional information causing the individual to feel more focused. It is thought that androstadienone modulates on how the mind attends and processes information.

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humans. Both mouse Taar3 and Taar5 detect compounds (isoamylamine and trimethylamine, respectively) that are enriched in male versus female mouse urine. Isoamylamine in male urine is reported to act as a pheromone, accelerating puberty onset in female mice . The authors suggest the Taar family has a chemosensory function that is distinct from odorant receptors with a role associated with the detection of social cues. ... The evolutionary pattern of the TAAR gene family is characterized by lineage-specific phylogenetic clustering . These characteristics are very similar to those observed in the olfactory GPCRs and vomeronasal (V1R, V2R) GPCR gene families.

1199:, of the University of Chicago. A group of women were exposed to a whiff of perspiration from other women. Depending on the time in the month the sweat was collected (before, during, or after ovulation) there was an association with the recipient woman's menstrual cycle to speed up or slow down. The 1971 study proposed two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". However, recent studies and reviews of the methodology have called the validity of her results and existence of menstrual synchronization into question. 263:, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because they usually result in the arrival of both sexes at a calling site and increase the density of conspecifics surrounding the pheromone source. Most sex pheromones are produced by the females; only a small percentage of sex attractants are produced by males. Aggregation pheromones have been found in members of the 1034:, have been observed to use pheromones as a means of kin recognition to avoid inbreeding. For example, B. bifarius males display "patrolling" behavior in which they mark specific paths outside their nests with pheromones and subsequently "patrol" these paths. Unrelated reproductive females are attracted to the pheromones deposited by males on these paths, and males that encounter these females while patrolling can mate with them. Other bees of the Bombus species are found to emit pheromones as precopulatory signals, such as 244: 501: 413: 461:. Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source remains available, visiting ants will continuously renew the pheromone trail. The pheromone requires continuous renewal because it evaporates quickly. When the food supply begins to dwindle, the trail-making ceases. Pharaoh ants ( 236: 1262:

function, but only responds to hormones in a "sex-specific manner". There also have been pheromone receptor genes found in olfactory mucosa. There have been no experiments that compare people lacking the VNO, and people that have it. It is disputed on whether the chemicals are reaching the brain through the VNO or other tissues.

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Androstadienone seems to affect the limbic system and causes a positive reaction in women, improving mood. Responses to androstadienone depend on the individual and the environment they are in. Androstadienone negatively influences the perception of pain in women. Women tend to react positively after

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Androstenol is the putative female pheromone. In a 1978 study by Kirk-Smith, people wearing surgical masks treated with androstenol or untreated were shown pictures of people, animals and buildings and asked to rate the pictures on attractiveness. Individuals with their masks treated with androstenol

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Importantly, three ligands identified activating mouse Taars are natural components of mouse urine, a major source of social cues in rodents. Mouse Taar4 recognizes β-phenylethylamine, a compound whose elevation in urine is correlated with increases in stress and stress responses in both rodents and

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in humans. Also, while there are sensory neurons in the human VNO there seem to be no connections between the VNO and the central nervous system. The associated olfactory bulb is present in the fetus, but regresses and vanishes in the adult brain. There have been some reports that the human VNO does

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for their mood. It seems to have different effects on women, depending on where a female is in her menstrual cycle, with the highest sensitivity to it during ovulation. In 1983, study participants exposed to androstenone were shown to undergo changes in skin conductance. Androstenone has been found

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Olfactory processing of chemical signals like pheromones exists in all animal phyla and is thus the oldest of the senses. It has been suggested that it serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses to the signals of threat, sex and dominance status among members of the same species.

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While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans , indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior

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Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In

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flair their white rump hair and exposes two highly odoriferous glands that releases a compound described having the odor "reminiscent of buttered popcorn". This sends a message to other pronghorns by both sight and smell about a present danger. This scent has been observed by humans 20 to 30 meters

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moths is that in the absence of males they exhibited calling behavior and called as often but for shorter periods on average than control females. Even after these contacts virus-infected females made many frequent contacts with males and continued to call; they were found to produce five to seven

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Although there are disputes about the mechanisms by which pheromones function, there is evidence that pheromones do affect humans. Despite this evidence, it has not been conclusively shown that humans have functional pheromones. Those experiments suggesting that certain pheromones have a positive

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that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in humans, one-third of women have all six types of copulins, which increase in quantity before

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While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. Though various researchers have investigated the

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in mice and aversion to trimethylamine in rats). In humans, hTAAR5 presumably mediates aversion to trimethylamine, which is known to act as an hTAAR5 agonist and to possess a foul, fishy odor that is aversive to humans; however, hTAAR5 is not the only olfactory receptor that is responsible for

1160:. These chemicals are not biologically active until puberty when sex steroids influence their activity. The change in activity during puberty suggest that humans may communicate through odors. Several axillary steroids have been described as possible human pheromones: 2899:

Furthermore, while some TAARs detect aversive odors, TAAR-mediated behaviors can vary across species. ... The ability of particular TAARs to mediate aversion and attraction behavior provides an exciting opportunity for mechanistic unraveling of odor valence

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to TMA . Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.

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observed and noted how "females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species they should clutch elsewhere." It may be helpful to note that the word

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A possible theory being studied now is that these axillary odors are being used to provide information about the immune system. Milinski and colleagues found that the artificial odors that people chose are determined in part by their

467:) mark trails that no longer lead to food with a repellent pheromone, which causes avoidance behaviour in ants. Repellent trail markers may help ants to undertake more efficient collective exploration. The army ant 1215:

While it may be expected on evolutionary grounds that humans have pheromones, these three molecules have yet to be rigorously proven to act as such. Research in this field has suffered from small sample sizes,

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Preti G, Wysocki CJ, Barnhart KT, Sondheimer SJ, Leyden JJ (June 2003). "Male axillary extracts contain pheromones that affect pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and mood in women recipients".

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Papke RS, Kemp DJ, Rutowski RL (2007). "Multimodal Signalling: Structural Ultraviolet Reflectance Predicts Male Mating Success Better than Pheromones in the Butterfly Colias eurytheme L. (Pieridae)".

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Mice can distinguish close relatives from more distantly related individuals on the basis of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious

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Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response. For instance, GnRH molecule functions as a neurotransmitter in rats to elicit

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that mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, nuptial gifts, and territory boundaries with behavior formerly described as '

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contrast, a primer pheromone has a slower onset and a longer duration. For example, rabbit (mothers) release mammary pheromones that trigger immediate nursing behavior by their babies.

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Pheromones are also utilized by bee and wasp species. Some pheromones can be used to suppress the sexual behavior of other individuals allowing for a reproductive monopoly – the wasp

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Wood, William F.; Palmer, Todd M.; Stanton, Maureen L. (2002). "A comparison of volatiles in mandibular glands from three Crematogaster ant symbionts of the whistling thorn acacia".

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Sobotník J, Hanus R, Kalinová B, Piskorski R, Cvacka J, Bourguignon T, Roisin Y (April 2008). "(E,E)-alpha-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of the termite Prorhinotermes canalifrons".

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Kleerebezem M, Quadri LE (October 2001). "Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram-positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior".

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Primer pheromones trigger a change of developmental events (in which they differ from all the other pheromones, which trigger a change in behavior). They were first described in

1297:(MHC) combination. Information about an individual's immune system could be used as a way of "sexual selection" so that the female could obtain good genes for her offspring. 544:

is a physiological state that allows bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual process called transformation.

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ovulation. Copulins are used to signal ovulation; however, as human ovulation is concealed it is thought that they may be used for reasons other than sexual communication.

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Wood, William F.; Hoang, Thuy-Tien; McGlynn, Terrence P. (2011). "Volatile components from the mandibular glands of the turtle ants, Cephalotes alfaroi and C. cristatus".

4465: 363:, alarm pheromones are also used as an alert to incoming predators. Pheromones also exist in plants: Certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in 2466:

Schulz S, Francke W, König WA, Schurig V, Mori K, Kittmann R, Schneider D (December 1990). "Male pheromone of swift moth, Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)".

81:. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are 515:

In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Male animals may also emit pheromones that convey information about their species and

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Landoldt, P. J., Reed, H. C., and Heath, R. R. "An Alarm Pheromone from Heads of Worker Vespula squamosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Florida Entomologist", June 1999.

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Martin SJ, Carruthers JM, Williams PH, Drijfhout FP (August 2010). "Host specific social parasites (Psithyrus) indicate chemical recognition system in bumblebees".

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Van Toller C, Kirk-Smith M, Wood N, Lombard J, Dodd GH (1983). "Skin conductance and subjective assessments associated with the odour of 5-alpha-androstan-3-one".

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Some authors assume that approach-avoidance reactions in animals, elicited by chemical cues, form the phylogenetic basis for the experience of emotions in humans.

404:, having to do with display or show (from the Greek 'deixis'), has a different but related meaning in rhetoric, the human art of persuasion by means of words. 709:

release pheromones into the surrounding water, sending a chemical message that triggers other urchins in the colony to eject their sex cells simultaneously.

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Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organism's territory. Cats and dogs deposit these pheromones by

317:). Aggregation pheromones are among the most ecologically selective pest suppression methods. They are non-toxic and effective at very low concentrations. 2743:

Schaal B, Coureaud G, Langlois D, Giniès C, Sémon E, Perrier G (July 2003). "Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone".

1686: 2116: 877:, including certain pheromones; these TAARs putatively function as a class of pheromone receptors involved in the olfactive detection of social cues. 2818: 2601:

Sen R, Gadagkar R (2010). "Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes".

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Post DC, Downing HA, Jeanne RL (October 1984). "Alarm response to venom by social waspsPolistes exclamans andP. fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".

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Fitzgerald TD (July 2008). "Use of pheromone mimic to cause the disintegration and collapse of colonies of tent caterpillars ( Malacosoma spp.)".

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study. Experiments have focused on three classes of possible human pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the

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Norris MJ (1954). "Sexual maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), with special reference to the effects of grouping".

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trimethylamine olfaction in humans. As of December 2015, hTAAR5-mediated trimethylamine aversion has not been examined in published research.

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who called them various names, like for instance "alarm substances". These chemical messengers are transported outside of the body and affect

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Hummer TA, McClintock MK (April 2009). "Putative human pheromone androstadienone attunes the mind specifically to emotional information".

1433: 163:('stimulating'). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones. They were researched earlier by various scientists, including 2692:

Yao M, Rosenfeld J, Attridge S, Sidhu S, Aksenov V, Rollo CD (2009). "The Ancient Chemistry of Avoiding Risks of Predation and Disease".

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species, males, otherwise known as drones, patrol circuits of scent marks (pheromones) to find queens. In particular, pheromones for the

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communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of

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p. 264 ...there has not yet been any hard evidence for human pheromones that might sexual attraction (for members of either sex)

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Wood, William F. (2002). "2-Pyrrolidinone, a putative alerting pheromone from rump glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana".

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Xiang Y, Yang M, Li Z (2009). "Calling behavior and rhythms of sex pheromone production in the Black Cutworm Moth in China".

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possibility of their existence, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a

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Among eukaryotic microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual interaction in numerous species. These species include the yeast

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Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001). "Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology".

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that may be able to serve as a chemical sensory organ; however, the genes that encode the VNO receptors are nonfunctional

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Wood, William F. (2005). "Comparison of mandibular gland volatiles from ants of the bull horn acacia, Acacia collinsii".

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rated their photographs as being "warmer" and "more friendly". The best-known case study involves the synchronization of

287:. In recent decades, aggregation pheromones have proven useful in the management of many pests, such as the boll weevil ( 214:

that elicit innate behaviors soon after the German biochemist Adolf Butenandt had characterized the first such chemical,

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and colleagues found that both men and women prefer the axillary odors of people whose MHC is different from their own.

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This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions.

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Raina AK, Klun JA (August 1984). "Brain factor control of sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth".

1308:. Despite these claims, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a 657:. Traps containing pheromones are used by farmers to detect and monitor insect populations in orchards. In addition, 3306:

Foster RL (1992). "Nestmate Recognition as an Inbreeding Avoidance Mechanism in Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".

3258:, Alaks G, Graham L, Lacy RC (October 1994). "An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat". 4594: 1837:

Wood, William F.; Chong, Berni (1975). "3-Octanone and 3-Octanol; Alarm Pheromones from East African Acacia Ants".

932: 828: 432: 20: 959:, putatively pheromone sensing, have been identified in the vomeronasal organ named V1Rs, V2Rs, and V3Rs. All are 947:. An active role for the human VNO in the detection of pheromones is disputed; while it is clearly present in the 4678: 4646: 1377: 1285:

receptors exist in humans providing, the authors propose, evidence for a mechanism of human pheromone detection.

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Androstenone is postulated to be secreted only by males as an attractant for women, and thought to be a positive

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but are only distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role.

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Karlson P, Luscher M (January 1959). "Pheromones': a new term for a class of biologically active substances".

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A review of studies involving non-human animals indicated that TAARs in the olfactory epithelium can mediate

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Liberles SD, Buck LB (August 2006). "A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium".

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Danton H. O’Day, Paul A. Horgen (1981) Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Academic Press, New York.

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times more pheromone and attracted twice as many males as did control females in flight tunnel experiments.

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changes and/or behavioral change in the recipient. They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from

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provides an example of using pheromones to mark and maintain foraging paths. When species of wasps such as

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Figure 2: Table of ligands, expression patterns, and species-specific behavioral responses for each TAAR

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is present in rabbit milk and seems to play a role of pheromone inducing suckling in the newborn rabbit.

614: 583: 436: 168: 101:, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic 500: 3945:"The search for human pheromones: the lost decades and the necessity of returning to first principles" 54: 4227: 4218:

Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F, Paepke AJ (June 1995). "MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans".

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Some body spray advertisers claim that their products contain human sexual pheromones that act as an

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butterflies release pheromones, an olfactory cue important for mate selection. In mealworm beetles,

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Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species

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Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in

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Aging, nutrition and taste nutrition, food science and culinary perspectives for aging tastefully

1995: 1819: 1725: 1574: 1488: 1203: 864: 691: 541: 359: 301: 289: 4438: 935:. While the VNO is present in most amphibia, reptiles, and non-primate mammals, it is absent in 35: 3197:

Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, et al. (December 2007).

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the female preference of pheromones is dependent on the nutritional condition of the males.

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study. Thus, the role of pheromones in human behavior remains speculative and controversial.

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found new nests, they use pheromones to lead the rest of the colony to the new nesting site.

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R.S. Herz, T. Engen, Odor memory: review and analysis, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 3 (1996) 300–313.

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The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology

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The effect of Hz-2V virus infection on the reproductive physiology and behavior of female

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Epideictic pheromones are different from territory pheromones, when it comes to insects.

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Yang Z, Schank JC (December 2006). "Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles".

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Grammer K, Fink B, Neave N (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".

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downwind from alarmed animals. The major odour compound identified from this gland is

4662: 4479: 4014: 3865: 3493: 3124: 3089: 2271: 2167:"Decay rates of attractive and repellent pheromones in an ant foraging trail network" 1729: 1403: 1337: 1237: 1157: 983: 881: 784: 745: 713: 700: 606: 509: 495: 207: 109: 4417: 4255: 4030: 3929: 3881: 3716:

Stern K, McClintock MK (March 1998). "Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones".

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Salmon S, Rebuffat S, Prado S, Sablier M, d'Haese C, Sun JS, Ponge JF (2019-05-20).

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effect on humans are countered by others indicating they have no effect whatsoever.

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Purves D, Brannon EM, Cabeza R, LaBar KS, Huettel SA, Platt ML, Woldorff M (2008).

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production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing to

326: 203: 83: 4401: 2530: 38:(white – at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive 3406: 3066: 2947: 2401: 3913: 1660: 1638: 1322: 1309: 1305: 1229: 1169: 1125: 1068: 1064: 976: 789: 646: 458: 280: 260: 211: 102: 3620: 3603: 3094:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Svensson BG, Bergstrom G (1979). "Marking Pheromones of Alpinobornbus Males".

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Wood William F. (1983). "Chemical Ecology: Chemical Communication in Nature".

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Necromones, given off by a deceased and decomposing organism; consisting of

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to be perceived as more pleasant to women during their time of ovulation.

1153: 1145: 989:, primordial pheromone signaling between individuals may have evolved to 916: 855:) that – with exception for TAAR1 – are expressed in the human 665: 516: 219: 215: 195: 176: 128: 74: 31: 4065: 3319: 2821:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from 2764: 2569: 1745:"Sex attractant and aggregation pheromones of male phytophagous insects" 4569: 4496: 4162: 4145: 3998: 3638:

Kirk-Smith M (1978). "Human social attitudes affected by androstenol".

2670: 2487: 1983: 1388: 1080: 952: 912: 874: 748:, they allow crustaceans and hexapods to identify the presence of dead 594: 374:

An alarm pheromone has been documented in a mammalian species. Alarmed

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McClintock MK (January 1971). "Menstrual synchorony and suppression".

1527: 3686: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 1562: 602: 486:, lay down pheromone trails that are used to achieve group movement. 364: 116: 60: 4121: 4096: 3604:"Pheromones in sex and reproduction: Do they have a role in humans?" 3395:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

955:, shrunk or completely absent in adults. Three distinct families of 716:, which affects sex expression. This is very similar to pheromones. 703:, 2,3-dihydro-6-transfarnesol, citronellol, and geranylcitronellol. 2921:

Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015).

2293:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1997). "Sexual communication".

218:, a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female 4547: 3737: 3562:

Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".

3453:

Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".

3429:

Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.

2165:

Robinson EJ, Green KE, Jenner EA, Holcombe M, Ratnieks FL (2008).

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Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste

4146:"Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones" 605:

of many animals use a pheromone to help find a female gamete for

3640:

Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior

1088: 943:

monkeys (downward facing nostrils, as opposed to sideways), and

936: 348: 4447: 4324:"Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology" 3999:"Volatile fatty acids, "copulins", in human vaginal secretions" 1281:

found in mouse urine, including one putative mouse pheromone.

1084: 944: 522:

At the microscopic level, a number of bacterial species (e.g.

454: 340: 336: 77:

factor that triggers a social response in members of the same

4301:, Bossert WH (1963). "Chemical Communication Among Animals". 1026:

In addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular

4432: 3526:"Pheromones are probably not why people find you attractive" 2989:"A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals" 975:

Furthermore, it has been suggested that in the evolution of

712:

In plants, some homosporous ferns release a chemical called

4187:"Evidence for MHC-correlated perfume preferences in humans" 919:

and non-primate mammals pheromones are detected by regular

453:

Social insects commonly use trail pheromones. For example,

927:(VNO), or Jacobson's organ, which lies at the base of the 4322:

Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001).

3199:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 931:

between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the

119:

has been particularly well documented. In addition, some

457:

mark their paths with pheromones consisting of volatile

1059:

Pheromones of certain pest insect species, such as the

4373:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2552:

Burand JP, Tan W, Kim W, Nojima S, Roelofs W (2005).

357:

use alarm pheromones to alert others to a threat. In

3053:

Keverne EB (October 1999). "The vomeronasal organ".

1627:

Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie

1119:

List of neurosteroids § Pheromones and pherines

601:

pheromone trail left by a swimming female, and male

508:

showing the pheromone pouch and brush-like organ in

4568: 4543: 4495: 4486: 1136:claiming pheromones affect men's sexual cognition. 645:release sex pheromones to attract a mate, and some 3492: 1099:are known to be currently available for breeding. 612:Many well-studied insect species, such as the ant 3813:"Menstrual synchrony pheromones: cause for doubt" 3090:"Analysis of chemical signals by nervous systems" 2111: 2109: 1440:. MedicineNet Inc. 19 March 2012. Archived from 1189:among women based on unconscious odor cues, the 3032:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 335. 351:) in members of the same species. For example, 2982: 2980: 2813: 2811: 2809: 4459: 3633: 3631: 2207:Hunt ER, Franks NR, Baddeley RJ (June 2020). 8: 1839:Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 859:. In humans and other animals, TAARs in the 3308:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 4492: 4466: 4452: 4444: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 1265:In 2006, it was shown that a second mouse 737:Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals) 4354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4202: 4161: 4120: 3997:Michael RP, Bonsall RW, Kutner M (1975). 3968: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3828: 3619: 3602:Mostafa T, El Khouly G, Hassan A (2012). 3491:Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA (2006). 3230: 3164: 3123: 3113: 3004: 2956: 2946: 2884: 2577: 2234: 2224: 1797: 1760: 1220:, false positives, and poor methodology. 1590: 1588: 1195:, named after the primary investigator, 1079:Pheromones are used in the detection of 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3431:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2213:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 1625:, Beckmann R, Hecker E (May 1961). "". 1425: 1277:(TAAR), some are activated by volatile 3486: 3484: 1385:, an organ in swallowtail caterpillars 1144:Axillary steroids are produced by the 4144:Wysocki CJ, Preti G (November 2004). 4097:"Mouse data hint at human pheromones" 3499:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3301: 3299: 3297: 2987:Pantages E, Dulac C (December 2000). 2011: 2009: 1858:J Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1228:A class of aliphatic acids (volatile 482:Gregarious caterpillars, such as the 7: 4271:Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience 2819:"Trace amine receptor: Introduction" 1245:Stimulators of the vomeronasal organ 4435:, the database of insect pheromones 4303:Recent Progress in Hormone Research 3564:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3455:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2053:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1920:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1893:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 299:, and stored product weevils (e.g. 259:Aggregation pheromones function in 3153:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 1295:major histocompatibility complexes 587:and the multicellular green algae 14: 3511:neuroscience exploring the brain. 3495:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 1103:Human sex pheromone controversies 155:in 1959, based on the Greek φέρω 4439:Sexual Orientation, in the Brain 4220:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3949:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 2272:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01286.x 1275:trace amine-associated receptors 1091:pheromones are sprayed into the 825:trace amine-associated receptors 2865:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1661:"Insect aggregation pheromones" 819:Trace amine-associated receptor 3088:Hildebrand JG (January 1995). 2295:Journal of Theoretical Biology 2092:. Princeton University Press. 1694:Biology and Fertility of Soils 1095:, and those sows that exhibit 689:uses this. With regard to the 1: 4402:10.1095/biolreprod.102.008268 3006:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00157-4 2639:. Retrieved 26 September 2015 2531:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.004 2260:Journal of Applied Entomology 2073:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00097-7 2022:. : Elsevier Academic Press. 1878:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00099-0 1508:Journal of Chemical Education 1477:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00493-4 997:within individual organisms. 4015:10.1016/0306-4530(75)90007-4 3866:10.1016/0301-0511(83)90056-X 3811:Strassmann BI (March 1999). 3608:Journal of Advanced Research 3407:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3067:10.1126/science.286.5440.716 2948:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704 2859:Liberles SD (October 2015). 2402:10.1126/science.225.4661.531 2358:Dusenbery, David B. (2009). 2086:Miklósi, Ádám (2018-04-03). 293:), the pea and bean weevil ( 73:) is a secreted or excreted 67: 'to bear' and 4331:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 3914:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.002 3427:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). 3335:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2651:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2468:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2117:"Kimball, J.W. Pheromones. 1964:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1778:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1639:10.1515/bchm2.1961.324.1.71 1597:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 1004:Evolution of sex pheromones 961:G protein-coupled receptors 923:membranes, and also by the 829:G protein-coupled receptors 813:In the olfactory epithelium 4697: 3621:10.1016/j.jare.2011.03.003 2877:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001 2603:Journal of Natural History 2433:Journal of Insect Behavior 2089:The Dog: A Natural History 1714:10.1007/s00374-019-01365-8 1269:sub-class is found in the 1112: 1106: 1052: 1012: 933:accessory olfactory system 904: 888:behavioral responses to a 816: 493: 446: 324: 226:Categorization by function 147:"pheromone" was coined by 53: 21:Pheromone (disambiguation) 18: 4638: 4095:Pearson H (August 2006). 3782:10.1007/s12110-006-1005-z 3576:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4 3467:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4 3355:10.1007/s10886-010-9805-3 3223:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041 2714:10.1007/s11692-009-9069-4 2615:10.1080/00222931003615703 2558:Journal of Insect Science 2445:10.1007/s10905-009-9193-0 2186:10.1007/s00040-008-0994-5 1940:10.1016/j.bse.2004.12.009 1905:10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.013 1808:10.1007/s10886-008-9450-2 1434:"Definition of pheromone" 1378:Membrane steroid receptor 247:Aggregation of the water 239:Aggregation of bug nymphs 188:autonomous nervous system 4003:Psychoneuroendocrinology 901:In the vomeronasal organ 653:, use pheromones during 581:, the ciliate protozoan 578:Dictyostelium discoideum 553:, the filamentous fungi 550:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 531:Streptococcus pneumoniae 4390:Biology of Reproduction 4204:10.1093/beheco/12.2.140 3943:Wyatt TD (April 2015). 3830:10.1093/humrep/14.3.579 3280:10.1126/science.7939661 2119:Kimball's Biology Pages 1224:Vaginal aliphatic acids 1009:Avoidance of inbreeding 734:Royal pheromones (bees) 484:forest tent caterpillar 4240:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087 3961:10.1098/rspb.2014.2994 3524:Riley A (9 May 2016). 3443:have been documented." 3147:Stoka AM (June 1999). 3030:Physiology of behavior 2637:Natural History Museum 2315:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0459 2226:10.1098/rsif.2019.0848 1373:Major urinary proteins 1236:) was found in female 764:Categorization by type 512: 433:urinating on landmarks 428: 256: 240: 159:('I carry') and ὁρμων 39: 4371:Living at Micro Scale 4369:Dusenbery DB (2009). 3902:Hormones and Behavior 3854:Biological Psychology 3166:10.1677/jme.0.0220207 2360:Living at Micro Scale 1749:American Entomologist 1368:List of neurosteroids 1107:Further information: 957:vomeronasal receptors 905:Further information: 817:Further information: 785:Schistocerca gregaria 639:Pseudophryne bibronii 615:Leptothorax acervorum 584:Blepharisma japonicum 569:, the aquatic fungus 503: 437:displacement activity 419:using pheromones and 415: 380:Antilocapra americana 246: 238: 29: 3115:10.1073/pnas.92.1.67 2796:Anti-Locust Bulletin 2694:Evolutionary Biology 1353:Honey bee pheromones 1271:olfactory epithelium 1109:Human sex pheromones 1015:Inbreeding avoidance 907:Vomeronasal receptor 861:olfactory epithelium 857:olfactory epithelium 641:, and the butterfly 593:. In addition, male 572:Allomyces macrogynus 464:Monomorium pharaonis 335:) or aggression (in 308:Sitophilus granarius 19:For other uses, see 4232:1995RSPSB.260..245W 4185:Milinski M (2001). 4113:2006Natur.442..495P 4066:10.1038/nature05066 4058:2006Natur.442..645L 3730:1998Natur.392..177S 3679:1971Natur.229..244M 3347:2010JCEco..36..855M 3272:1994Sci...266..271J 3215:2007CBio...17.2061S 3106:1995PNAS...92...67H 3028:Carlson NR (2013). 2939:2015PLoSO..1044704W 2825:on 23 February 2014 2765:10.1038/nature01739 2757:2003Natur.424...68S 2706:2009EvBio..36..267Y 2663:1979JCEco...5..603S 2480:1990JCEco..16.3511S 2394:1984Sci...225..531R 2307:1997JThBi.188...69B 2065:2002BioSE..30..361W 1976:1984JCEco..10.1425P 1932:2005BioSE..33..651W 1870:2002BioSE..30..217W 1790:2008JCEco..34..478S 1743:Landolt JP (1997). 1706:2019BioFS..55..425S 1555:1959Natur.183...55K 1520:1983JChEd..60..531W 995:endocrine signaling 865:olfactory receptors 827:are a group of six 808:Pheromone receptors 697:Bombus hyperboreus, 643:Edith's checkerspot 566:Achlya ambisexualis 4585:(PH94B; Aloradine) 4191:Behavioral Ecology 4163:10.1002/ar.a.20125 3955:(1804): 20142994. 3817:Human Reproduction 2671:10.1007/bf00987845 2609:(15–16): 959–968. 2488:10.1007/BF00982114 2016:Marcus JB (2019). 1984:10.1007/BF00990313 1762:10.1093/ae/43.1.12 1049:Pheromone trapping 729:Nasonov pheromones 692:Bombus hyperboreus 513: 429: 360:Polistes exclamans 302:Sitophilus zeamais 290:Anthonomus grandis 257: 241: 222:to attract mates. 115:. Their use among 40: 4656: 4655: 4564: 4563: 4380:978-0-674-03116-6 4361:978-0-521-48526-5 4350:Wyatt TD (2003). 4280:978-0-87893-694-6 4226:(1359): 245–249. 4052:(7103): 645–650. 3724:(6672): 177–179. 3673:(5282): 244–245. 3506:978-0-7817-6003-4 3266:(5183): 271–273. 3209:(23): 2061–2066. 3061:(5440): 716–720. 3039:978-0-205-23939-9 2570:10.1093/jis/5.1.6 2474:(12): 3511–3521. 2388:(4661): 531–533. 2368:978-0-674-03116-6 2219:(167): 20190848. 2099:978-1-4008-8999-0 2029:978-0-12-813528-0 1970:(10): 1425–1433. 1528:10.1021/ed060p531 1471:(10): 1579–1596. 1358:Insect pheromones 1251:vomeronasal organ 1197:Martha McClintock 1192:McClintock effect 1140:Axillary steroids 1130:vomeronasal organ 1037:Bombus lapidarius 951:it appears to be 925:vomeronasal organ 802:lordosis behavior 633:Xylocopa sonorina 599:three-dimensional 575:, the slime mold 563:, the water mold 556:Neurospora crassa 525:Bacillus subtilis 506:Danaus chrysippus 470:Eciton burchellii 421:olfactory signals 314:Sitophilus oryzae 169:Joseph A. Lintner 4686: 4679:Chemical ecology 4647:Steroid hormones 4493: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4421: 4396:(6): 2107–2113. 4384: 4365: 4346: 4328: 4318: 4285: 4284: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4156:(1): 1201–1211. 4141: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4041: 4035: 4034: 3994: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3687:10.1038/229244a0 3662: 3656: 3655: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3599: 3588: 3587: 3559: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3450: 3444: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3390: 3375: 3374: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3117: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2960: 2950: 2933:(12): e0144704. 2918: 2907: 2902: 2888: 2856: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2646: 2640: 2635:"Alpinobombus". 2633: 2627: 2626: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2519:Animal Behaviour 2514: 2508: 2507: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2377: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2228: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2174:Insectes Sociaux 2171: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2123:. Archived from 2113: 2104: 2103: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1801: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1563:10.1038/183055a0 1538: 1532: 1531: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1430: 1414:Chemical ecology 1218:publication bias 1187:menstrual cycles 1075:Animal husbandry 890:receptor agonist 666:Tenebrio molitor 660:Colias eurytheme 417:Dogs communicate 354:Vespula squamosa 186:, including the 165:Jean-Henri Fabre 145:portmanteau word 133:chemical ecology 92:trail pheromones 64: 57: 4696: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4634: 4560: 4539: 4520:Androstadienone 4482: 4472: 4429: 4424: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4349: 4326: 4321: 4297: 4293: 4291:Further reading 4288: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4184: 4183: 4179: 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2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2030: 2015: 2014: 2007: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1799:10.1.1.673.1337 1775: 1774: 1770: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1549:(4653): 55–56. 1540: 1539: 1535: 1514:(7): 1531–539. 1505: 1504: 1500: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1318: 1247: 1234:carboxylic acid 1226: 1166:androstadienone 1142: 1134:this 2018 study 1121: 1111: 1105: 1077: 1061:Japanese beetle 1057: 1051: 1046: 1032:Bombus frigidus 1028:Bombus bifarius 1017: 1011: 1006: 969: 909: 903: 821: 815: 810: 798: 780: 771: 766: 722: 676:Helicoverpa zea 627:Agrotis ipsilon 621:Helicoverpa zea 537:Bacillus cereus 498: 492: 476:Polybia sericea 451: 449:Trail pheromone 445: 410: 393: 385:2-pyrrolidinone 329: 323: 296:Sitona lineatus 253:Podura aquatica 233: 228: 180:Karl von Frisch 173:Adolf Butenandt 141: 36:Nasonov's gland 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4556:Trimethylamine 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4535:Estratetraenol 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Androstadienol 4512: 4510:3β-Androstenol 4507: 4505:3α-Androstenol 4501: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4480:vomeropherines 4473: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4427:External links 4425: 4423: 4422: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4337:(5): 309–321. 4319: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4261: 4210: 4177: 4136: 4087: 4036: 4009:(2): 153–163. 3984: 3935: 3908:(4): 548–559. 3887: 3844: 3823:(3): 579–580. 3803: 3776:(4): 433–447. 3760: 3708: 3657: 3646:(4): 379–384. 3627: 3589: 3541: 3516: 3505: 3480: 3445: 3420: 3401:(2): 135–142. 3376: 3341:(8): 855–863. 3325: 3314:(3): 238–243. 3293: 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Sep 2008" 1899:: 135–138. 1670:19 February 1665:www.msu.edu 1623:Butenandt A 1448:14 February 1438:Medicinenet 1323:Aphrodisiac 1306:aphrodisiac 1283:Orthologous 1259:pseudogenes 1230:fatty acids 1170:androstenol 1069:spongy moth 1065:acrobat ant 980:prokaryotes 977:unicellular 790:Maud Norris 707:Sea urchins 701:octadecenol 651:ghost moths 408:Territorial 281:Dictyoptera 261:mate choice 231:Aggregation 206:signaling, 121:vertebrates 108:to complex 106:prokaryotes 103:unicellular 4669:Pheromones 4663:Categories 4583:Fasedienol 4488:Pheromones 4476:pheromones 3614:(1): 1–9. 3535:2016-05-09 3441:copulation 2341:0125241607 2151:2006-03-14 2131:2008-11-01 2038:1097958893 1845:: 332–334. 1421:References 1383:Osmeterium 1249:The human 1113:See also: 1067:, and the 1021:inbreeding 1013:See also: 987:eukaryotes 941:catarrhine 882:attractive 823:The human 755:Suckling: 655:lek mating 630:, the bee 542:Competence 402:epideictic 391:Epideictic 369:herbivores 285:Orthoptera 269:Collembola 265:Coleoptera 249:springtail 177:ethologist 139:Background 113:eukaryotes 86:pheromones 46:(from 30:A fanning 4644:See also: 4433:Pherobase 4299:Wilson EO 3652:0362-2428 3256:Hughes KA 2900:encoding. 2722:0071-3260 2525:: 47–54. 1794:CiteSeerX 1730:159042283 1722:0178-2762 1633:: 71–83. 1409:Stigmergy 1363:Kairomone 1255:epithelia 1115:Body odor 991:paracrine 967:Evolution 953:atrophied 921:olfactory 792:in 1954. 637:the frog 376:pronghorn 277:Hemiptera 202:changes, 198:mediated 44:pheromone 4630:Salubrin 4589:Itruvone 4570:Pherines 4545:Volatile 4497:Steroids 4418:29125811 4410:12606409 4343:11600881 4315:14284035 4256:34971350 4172:15470677 4131:16885951 4074:16878137 4031:38274482 3979:25740891 3930:17022112 3922:19470369 3882:54325922 3839:10221677 3790:26181612 3584:37400635 3530:BBC News 3475:37400635 3415:15653193 3363:20509042 3320:25085362 3241:17997307 3175:10343281 3075:10531049 3015:11163270 2967:26684881 2927:PLOS ONE 2895:25616211 2773:12840760 2730:29901266 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