121:(ISI) is used (that is, if the periods during which the two elements are visible overlap slightly). In that case, the viewer may see the two objects as stationary and suppose unconsciously that the reappearance of the stimulus on one side means that the object previously displayed in that position has reappeared and not, as observed with beta movement, that the object from the opposite side has just moved to a new position. The crucial factor for this perception is the shortness of discontinuity of the stimulus on each side. This is supported by the observation that two parameters have to be chosen properly to produce the pure phi phenomenon: first the absolute duration of the gap on each side must not exceed about 150 ms., and second, the duration of the gap must not exceed 40% of the stimulus period.
209:
differentiation). This spatial summation blurs the contour to a small extent, and thus changes the brightness perceived. Four predictions are confirmed from this receptive field model. First, foveal reverse-phi should be broken down when the displacement is greater than the width of foveal receptive fields. Second, reverse phi illusion exists in the peripheral retina for greater displacements than in the fovea, for receptive fields are greater in the peripheral retina. Third, the spatial summation by the receptive fields could be increased by the visual blurring of the reversed phi illusion projected on a screen with defocus lens. Fourth, the amount of reversed phi illusion should be increasing with the decrease of displacement between positive and negative pictures.
1488:
317:
input from a neighboring location. The input would be filtered two times in a mirror-symmetrical manner, one before the multiplication and one after the multiplication, which gives a second-order motion estimation. This generalized
Reichardt model allows arbitrary filters before the multiplicative nonlinearity as well as filters post-nonlinearity. Phi Phenomenon is often regarded as first-order motion, but reversed phi could be both first-order and second-order, according to this model.
193:'s influential history of the psychology of sensation and perception, first published in 1942, contributed to this confusion. Boring listed the phenomena Wertheimer had observed and sorted them by the length of the interstimulus interval. However, Boring placed the phi phenomenon in the wrong position, namely as having a relatively long inter stimulus interval. In fact, with such long intervals, subjects do not perceive movement at all; they only observe two objects appearing successively.
296:
track motion. This model can explain and predict phi phenomenon and its reversed version. This model consists two locations and two visual inputs, that if one input at one location is detected, the signal would be sent to the other location. Two visual inputs would be asymmetrically filtered in time, then the visual contrast at one location is multiplied with the time-delayed contrast from the other location. Finally, the multiplication result would be subtracted to obtain an output.
82:, although it can be argued that beta movement indicates long-range apparent motion rather than the short-range apparent motion seen in film. Actually, Wertheimer applied the term "φ-phenomenon" to all apparent movements described in his thesis when he introduced the term in 1912, the objectless movement he called "pure φ". Nevertheless, some commentators assert that he reserved the Greek letter φ for pure, objectless movement.
279:
neighboring stimuli do not give the complete picture of the reality. There are more than one way for our visual system to interpret. Therefore, our visual system needs to put constraints to multiple interpretations in order to acquire the unique and authentic one. Principles employed by our visual system to set the constraints are often relevant to simplicity and likelihood.
91:
20:
114:
in a circle and, in a rapid sequence, one of the disks is hidden in clockwise or counter-clockwise order. This makes it easier to observe the kind of shadow-like movement
Wertheimer discovered. The Magni-phi demonstration is robust to changes of parameters such as timing, size, intensity, number of disks, and viewing distance.
316:
is considered to be linear method, Reichardt Model introduces multiplicative nonlinearity when our visual responses to luminance changes at different element locations are combined. In this model, one photoreceptor input would be delayed by a filter to be compared by the multiplication with the other
149:
Two successive objects are given as stimuli; these are perceived; first a is seen, last b; between them the 'movement from a to b is seen'; without actually having exposed the corresponding movement respectively the time-space-continuous intermediate positions between a and b as stimuli. The physical
141:
Gegeben sind sukzessiv zwei
Objekte als Reize; diese werden empfunden; zuerst wird a gesehen, zuletzt b; zwischen ihnen war die ‚Bewegung von a nach b gesehen‘; ohne daß die entsprechende Bewegung resp. die raum-zeit-kontinuierlichen Zwischenlagen zwischen a und b wirklich als Reize exponiert gewesen
278:
The difference also lies on cognitive level, about how our visual system interprets movement, which is based on the assumption that visual system solves an inverse problem of perceptual interpretation. For neighboring stimuli produced by an object, the visual system has to infer the object since the
175:
These cases appeared in a way, that not even the thought was present: an object has moved across; what was existing of objects was given in two positions; neither one nor the other of them nor a similar one accounted for the movement; but between them there was movement; not a movement of an object.
113:
However, it turns out to be difficult to demonstrate phi stably and convincingly. To facilitate demonstrating the phenomenon, 21st-century psychologists designed a more vivid experimental arrangement using more than two stimuli. In this demonstration, called "Magni-phi," identical disks are arranged
204:
As apparent phi movement is perceived by human’s visual system with two stationary and similar optical stimuli presented next to each other exposing successively with high frequency, there is also a reversed version of this motion, which is reversed phi illusion. Reverse phi illusion is the kind of
270:
Firstly, the difference is on neuroanatomical level. Visual information is processed in two pathways, one processes position and motion, and the other one processes form and color. If an object is moving or changing position, it would be likely to stimulate both pathways and result in a percept of
184:
Wertheimer attributed much importance to these observations because, in his opinion, they proved that movement could be perceived directly and was not necessarily deduced from the separate sensation of two optical stimuli in slightly different places at slightly different times. This aspect of his
167:
Diese Fälle zeigten sich so, daß auch nicht etwa der
Gedanke vorhanden war: ein Objekt habe sich hinüberbewegt; was von Objekten vorhanden war, war in den zwei Lagen gegeben; nicht eines oder eines von ihnen oder ein ähnliches betraf die Bewegung; sondern zwischen ihnen war Bewegung gegeben; nicht
274:
Secondly, phi phenomenon and beta movement are also different perceptually. For phi phenomenon, two stimuli A and B are presented successively, what you perceive is some motion passing over A and B; while for beta movement, still with two stimuli A and B presented in succession, what you perceive
295:
The
Hassenstein–Reichardt detector model is considered to be the first mathematical model to propose that our visual system estimates motion by detecting a temporal cross-correlation of light intensities from two neighboring points, in short a theoretical neural circuit for how our visual system
212:
Indeed, our visual system processes forward and reversed phi phenomenon in the same way. Our visual system perceives phi phenomenon between individual points of corresponding brightness in successive frames, and phi movement is determined on a local, point-for-point basis mediated by brightness
208:
It is believed that reverse phi illusion is indeed brightness effects, that it occurs when brightness-reversing picture moving across our retina. It can be explained by mechanisms of visual receptive field model, where visual stimuli are summated spatially (a process that is reverse to spatial
188:
Starting in the mid-20th century, confusion arose in the scientific literature as to exactly what the phi phenomenon was. One reason could be that the anglophone scientists had difficulties understanding
Wertheimer's thesis, which was published in German. Wertheimer's writing style is also
303:
For phi phenomenon, motion detector would develop to detect a change in light intensities at one point on the retina, then our visual system would compute a correlation of that change with a change in light intensities of a neighboring point on the retina, with a short delay.
51:, seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move. Instead, a diffuse, amorphous shadowlike something seems to jump in front of the stimuli and occlude them temporarily. This shadow seems to have nearly the color of the background.
205:
phi phenomenon that fades or dissolves from its positive direction to the displaced negative, so that the apparent motion human perceive is opposite to the actual physical displacement. Reverse phi illusion is often followed by black and white patterns.
158:
Besides the "optimal movement" (later called beta movement) and partial movements of both objects, Wertheimer described a phenomenon he called "pure movement." Concerning this, he summarized the descriptions of his test subjects as follows:
299:
Therefore, two positive or two negative signals would generate a positive output; but if the inputs are one positive and one negative, the output would be negative. This corresponds to the multiplication rule mathematically.
267:, has distinguished the difference between them in 1912. While Phi phenomenon and Beta movement can be considered in the same category in a broader sense, they are quite distinct indeed.
189:
idiosyncratic. Furthermore, Wertheimer's thesis does not specify precisely under which parameters "pure movement" was observed. Moreover, it is difficult to reproduce the phenomenon.
312:
The
Reichardt model is a more complex form of the simplest Hassenstein–Reichardt detector model, which is considered to be a pairwise model with a common quadratic nonlinearity. As
196:
This confusion has probably contributed to the "rediscovery" of the phi phenomenon under other names, for example, as "omega motion," "afterimage motion," and "shadow motion."
233:
T4 and T5 motion detectors cells are necessary and sufficient for reversed phi behavior, and there are no other pathways to produce turning responses for reversed phi motion.
102:. If certain, relatively short, intervals between stimuli were used, and the distance between the stimuli was suitable, then his subjects (who happened to be his colleagues
168:
eine
Objektbewegung. Auch nicht: das Objekt bewegt sich hinüber, ich sehe es nur nicht. Sondern es war einfach Bewegung da; nicht auf ein Objekt bezüglich.
1234:
70:
is used, it applies also to all apparent movements that can be seen if two nearby optical stimuli are presented in alternation. This includes especially
1028:
902:
Steinman, Robert M.; Pizlo, Zygmunt; Pizlo, Filip J. (2000-08-01). "Phi is not beta, and why
Wertheimer's discovery launched the Gestalt revolution".
404:
1046:
271:
beta movement. Whereas if the object changes position too rapidly, it might result in a percept of pure movement such as phi phenomenon.
421:
Wagemans, Johan; Elder, James H.; Kubovy, Michael; Palmer, Stephen E.; Peterson, Mary A.; Singh, Manish; von der Heydt, Rüdiger (2012).
288:
479:
Untersuchungen über den
Zusammenhang zwischen Erscheinungsgröße und Erscheinungsbewegung bei einigen sogenannten optischen Täuschungen.
656:
252:
503:
1462:
1598:
1227:
735:
Anstis, Stuart M.; Rogers, Brian J. (1975-08-01). "Illusory reversal of visual depth and movement during changes of contrast".
1613:
176:
Not even: the object moves across, I just don't see it. Instead, it was just movement there; not regarding an object.
1608:
1603:
1220:
1417:
1247:
98:
Wertheimer's classic experiments used two light lines or curves repeatedly presented one after the other using a
24:
1531:
1523:
423:"A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization"
1387:
1302:
1487:
1337:
401:
118:
28:
242:
There is substantial responses for reversed-phi in T4 dendrites, and marginal responses in T5 dendrites.
44:
1297:
1557:
1422:
1397:
1362:
973:
848:
326:
1030:
Autocorrelation, a Principle for the Evaluation of Sensory Information by the Central Nervous System
117:
Furthermore, the phenomenon may be observed more reliably even with only two elements if a negative
1477:
1467:
1327:
1322:
1287:
960:
Fitzgerald, James E.; Katsov, Alexander Y.; Clandinin, Thomas R.; Schnitzer, Mark J. (2011-08-02).
56:
1357:
1332:
1312:
1150:
935:
768:
607:
529:
60:
1508:
835:
Leonhardt, Aljoscha; Meier, Matthias; Serbe, Etienne; Eichner, Hubert; Borst, Alexander (2017).
554:
103:
1562:
1382:
1317:
1199:
1191:
1169:
1142:
1134:
1093:
1085:
1042:
1038:
1009:
991:
927:
919:
884:
866:
814:
806:
760:
752:
694:
599:
591:
507:
499:
460:
442:
377:
331:
496:
Time, Memory, Consciousness and the Cinema Experience: Revisiting Ideas on Matter and Spirit.
1572:
1442:
1412:
1402:
1367:
1243:
1181:
1124:
1075:
1034:
999:
981:
911:
874:
856:
798:
744:
583:
450:
434:
236:
Tangential cells show partial voltage response with the stimulation of reversed phi motion.
664:
574:
Sekuler, Robert (1996). "Motion Perception: A Modern View of Wertheimer's 1912 Monograph".
520:
Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited".
1577:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1352:
1272:
408:
40:
142:
wären. Der psychische Sachverhalt sei – ohne irgendeine Präjudiz – mit a φ b bezeichnet.
94:"Magni-phi" variant of the classical experimental arrangement with more than two elements
977:
852:
1472:
1447:
1427:
1407:
1307:
1282:
1004:
961:
879:
836:
455:
422:
313:
264:
52:
915:
719:
548:
1592:
1347:
1292:
802:
748:
260:
99:
71:
48:
939:
772:
687:
611:
1372:
1342:
1154:
190:
1080:
1063:
861:
1392:
635:
Phi is not beta, and why Wertheimer's discovery launched the Gestalt revolution.
107:
642:
1515:
1432:
1377:
1262:
962:"Symmetries in stimulus statistics shape the form of visual motion estimators"
287:
47:
are presented in alternation with a relatively high frequency. In contrast to
1195:
1138:
1089:
995:
923:
870:
810:
756:
595:
446:
1539:
1277:
986:
90:
79:
1212:
1203:
1146:
1097:
1013:
931:
888:
837:"Neural mechanisms underlying sensitivity to reverse-phi motion in the fly"
464:
251:
19:
818:
764:
603:
1567:
1267:
533:
1502:
789:
Anstis, S. M. (1970-12-01). "Phi movement as a subtraction process".
438:
370:
Classification of apparent motion percepts based on temporal factors.
343:
587:
1186:
716:
Sensation And Perception In The History Of Experimental Psychology.
275:
would be an object actually passing from position A to position B.
1129:
1112:
1064:"Multiplicative nonlinearity in the perception of apparent motion"
550:
Sensation And Perception In The History Of Experimental Psychology
286:
250:
217:
Neural mechanism underlying sensitivity to reversed phi phenomenon
89:
18:
185:
thesis was an important trigger in launching Gestalt psychology.
75:
1216:
161:
135:
130:
663:. Vienna: Philosophia Verlag. pp. 11–81. Archived from
400:
Zeitschrift für Psychologie, Volume 61, 1912, pp. 161–265 (
150:
issue will be denoted – without any prejudice – by a φ b.
263:; however, the founder of Gestalt School of Psychology,
129:
In his 1912 thesis, Wertheimer introduced the symbol φ (
74:, which has been regarded as the illusion of motion in
1027:
Werner, Reichardt (2012). Rosenblith, Walter A (ed.).
55:
first described this form of apparent movement in his
23:
Demonstration of phi phenomenon using two black bars (
633:
Robert M. Steinman, Zygmunt Pizlob, Filip J. Pizlob:
66:
In a broader sense, particularly if the plural form
1550:
1495:
1255:
398:
Experimentelle Studien über das Sehen von Bewegung.
686:
392:
390:
388:
386:
966:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1062:Gilroy, Lee A.; Hock, Howard S. (2004-08-01).
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
553:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. pp.
1228:
8:
693:. New York: Philosophical Library. pp.
364:
362:
360:
110:) reported seeing pure "objectless" motion.
259:Phi phenomenon has long been confused with
1235:
1221:
1213:
1185:
1128:
1079:
1003:
985:
878:
860:
498:Edision Rodopi, Amsterdam/New York 2009,
454:
368:Vebjørn Ekroll, Franz Faul, Jürgen Golz:
718:Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1942 (
657:"Gestalt Theory: An Essay in Philosophy"
1039:10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.001.0001
356:
59:, published 1912, marking the birth of
43:that is observed if two nearby optical
239:Hassenstein-Reichardt detector model.
955:
953:
951:
949:
830:
828:
784:
782:
730:
728:
291:Hassenstein–Reichardt detection model
7:
376:Volume 8, 2008, Issue 31, pp. 1–22 (
283:Hassenstein–Reichardt detector model
16:Optical illusion of apparent motion
1168:Wehrhahn, Christian (2006-08-01).
1111:Borst, Alexander (November 2000).
14:
345:Beta movement and Phi phenomenon.
39:is used in a narrow sense for an
1486:
641:Volume 40, 2000, pp. 2257–2264 (
247:Phi phenomenon and beta movement
485:Volume 67, Leipzig 1913, p. 363
213:instead of on a global basis.
1:
916:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00086-9
685:Shipley, Thorne, ed. (1961).
661:Foundations of Gestalt Theory
1113:"Models of motion detection"
1081:10.1016/j.visres.2004.03.028
862:10.1371/journal.pone.0189019
803:10.1016/0042-6989(70)90092-1
749:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90236-9
483:Zeitschrift für Psychologie.
1630:
411:;PDF-Datei; 8,61 MB).
86:Experimental demonstration
27: = 102 ms,
1484:
659:. In Smith, Barry (ed.).
547:Boring, Edwin G. (1949).
522:Journal of Film and Video
31: = −51 ms)
1524:Ascending and Descending
1170:"Reversed phi revisited"
255:Example of beta movement
165:
139:
133:) in the following way:
1599:Concepts in film theory
987:10.1073/pnas.1015680108
481:In: F. Schumann (ed.):
689:Classics in Psychology
427:Psychological Bulletin
292:
256:
173:
147:
119:interstimulus interval
95:
32:
655:Smith, Barry (1988).
290:
254:
93:
22:
1558:Accidental viewpoint
327:Color phi phenomenon
200:Reverse phi illusion
1463:Vertical–horizontal
1117:Nature Neuroscience
978:2011PNAS..10812909F
972:(31): 12909–12914.
853:2017PLoSO..1289019L
125:History of research
57:habilitation thesis
1614:1912 introductions
1563:Auditory illusions
1358:Impossible trident
494:Martha Blassnigg:
477:Friedrich Kenkel:
407:2018-11-23 at the
374:Journal of Vision.
293:
257:
96:
61:Gestalt psychology
33:
1609:Visual perception
1604:Optical illusions
1586:
1585:
1578:Temporal illusion
1573:Tactile illusions
1543:(2015 photograph)
1244:Optical illusions
1174:Journal of Vision
1074:(17): 2001–2007.
1048:978-0-262-31421-3
1033:. The MIT Press.
910:(17): 2257–2264.
582:(10): 1243–1258.
332:Motion perception
182:
181:
156:
155:
1621:
1490:
1443:Schroeder stairs
1418:Peripheral drift
1413:Penrose triangle
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1132:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1083:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
989:
957:
944:
943:
899:
893:
892:
882:
864:
847:(12): e0189019.
832:
823:
822:
797:(12): 1411–IN5.
786:
777:
776:
732:
723:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
692:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
652:
646:
639:Vision Research.
631:
616:
615:
571:
565:
564:
562:
561:
544:
538:
537:
517:
511:
492:
486:
475:
469:
468:
458:
439:10.1037/a0029333
433:(6): 1172–1217.
418:
412:
396:Max Wertheimer:
394:
381:
366:
229:
228:
224:
162:
136:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1546:
1496:Popular culture
1491:
1482:
1453:Spinning dancer
1273:Ambiguous image
1251:
1241:
1211:
1180:(10): 1018–25.
1167:
1166:
1162:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1068:Vision Research
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1026:
1025:
1021:
959:
958:
947:
904:Vision Research
901:
900:
896:
834:
833:
826:
791:Vision Research
788:
787:
780:
737:Vision Research
734:
733:
726:
713:
709:
700:
698:
684:
683:
679:
670:
668:
654:
653:
649:
632:
619:
588:10.1068/p251243
573:
572:
568:
559:
557:
546:
545:
541:
519:
518:
514:
493:
489:
476:
472:
420:
419:
415:
409:Wayback Machine
395:
384:
367:
358:
354:
340:
323:
310:
308:Reichardt model
285:
249:
230:
226:
222:
220:
219:
202:
178:
170:
152:
144:
127:
104:Wolfgang Köhler
88:
41:apparent motion
17:
12:
11:
5:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:(1961 drawing)
1528:
1527:(1960 drawing)
1520:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Shepard tables
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Penrose stairs
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Checker shadow
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Autostereogram
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1187:10.1167/6.10.2
1160:
1103:
1054:
1047:
1019:
945:
894:
824:
778:
743:(8): 957–IN6.
724:
714:Edwin Boring:
707:
677:
647:
617:
566:
539:
512:
487:
470:
413:
382:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
339:
338:External links
336:
335:
334:
329:
322:
319:
314:Fourier method
309:
306:
284:
281:
265:Max Wertheimer
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
218:
215:
201:
198:
180:
179:
171:
154:
153:
145:
126:
123:
87:
84:
53:Max Wertheimer
37:phi phenomenon
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Fraser spiral
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:10.1038/81435
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
708:
696:
691:
690:
681:
678:
667:on 2012-02-22
666:
662:
658:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
567:
556:
552:
551:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
513:
509:
505:
504:90-420-2640-5
501:
497:
491:
488:
484:
480:
474:
471:
466:
462:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
393:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
363:
361:
357:
351:
347:
346:
342:
341:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
307:
305:
301:
297:
289:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
261:beta movement
253:
246:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
225:
216:
214:
210:
206:
199:
197:
194:
192:
186:
177:
172:
169:
164:
163:
160:
151:
146:
143:
138:
137:
134:
132:
124:
122:
120:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:tachistoscope
92:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
72:beta movement
69:
68:phi phenomena
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:beta movement
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1509:Trompe-l'œil
1507:
1373:Lilac chaser
1343:Gravity hill
1177:
1173:
1163:
1123:(11): 1168.
1120:
1116:
1106:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1029:
1022:
969:
965:
907:
903:
897:
844:
840:
794:
790:
740:
736:
715:
710:
699:. Retrieved
697:, footnote 1
688:
680:
669:. Retrieved
665:the original
660:
650:
638:
634:
579:
575:
569:
558:. Retrieved
549:
542:
525:
521:
515:
495:
490:
482:
478:
473:
430:
426:
416:
397:
373:
369:
344:
311:
302:
298:
294:
277:
273:
269:
258:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:Edwin Boring
187:
183:
174:
166:
157:
148:
140:
128:
116:
112:
97:
67:
65:
36:
34:
1519:(1864 book)
1423:Poggendorff
1398:Oppel-Kundt
1393:Necker cube
1388:Müller-Lyer
1363:Irradiation
528:(1): 3–12.
108:Kurt Koffka
1593:Categories
1516:Spectropia
1433:Rubin vase
1383:McCollough
1378:Mach bands
1328:Ehrenstein
1323:Ebbinghaus
1288:Barberpole
1263:Afterimage
701:2019-10-22
671:2019-10-12
576:Perception
560:2019-10-24
506:, p. 126 (
352:References
1568:Illusions
1540:The dress
1532:Waterfall
1333:Flash lag
1313:Cornsweet
1298:Café wall
1278:Ames room
1256:Illusions
1196:1534-7362
1139:1546-1726
1090:0042-6989
996:0027-8424
924:0042-6989
871:1932-6203
811:0042-6989
757:0042-6989
596:0301-0066
447:1939-1455
80:animation
35:The term
1318:Delboeuf
1268:Ambigram
1204:17132074
1147:11127831
1098:15149833
1014:21768376
940:15028409
932:10927113
889:29261684
841:PLOS ONE
773:18142140
612:31017553
534:20687993
465:22845751
405:Archived
321:See also
1551:Related
1478:Zöllner
1468:White's
1403:Orbison
1368:Jastrow
1155:8135582
1005:3150910
974:Bibcode
880:5737883
849:Bibcode
819:5516541
765:1166630
604:9027927
456:3482144
45:stimuli
1503:Op art
1458:Ternus
1438:Sander
1353:Hering
1293:Bezold
1202:
1194:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1096:
1088:
1045:
1012:
1002:
994:
938:
930:
922:
887:
877:
869:
817:
809:
771:
763:
755:
720:online
643:online
610:
602:
594:
532:
508:online
502:
463:
453:
445:
402:online
378:online
221:": -->
76:cinema
1473:Wundt
1428:Ponzo
1308:Chubb
1151:S2CID
936:S2CID
769:S2CID
608:S2CID
530:JSTOR
1348:Grid
1248:list
1200:PMID
1192:ISSN
1143:PMID
1135:ISSN
1094:PMID
1086:ISSN
1043:ISBN
1010:PMID
992:ISSN
928:PMID
920:ISSN
885:PMID
867:ISSN
815:PMID
807:ISSN
761:PMID
753:ISSN
695:1032
637:In:
600:PMID
592:ISSN
500:ISBN
461:PMID
443:ISSN
372:In:
223:edit
106:and
78:and
1182:doi
1125:doi
1076:doi
1035:doi
1000:PMC
982:doi
970:108
912:doi
875:PMC
857:doi
799:doi
745:doi
584:doi
555:595
451:PMC
435:doi
431:138
131:phi
29:ISI
25:SOA
1595::
1198:.
1190:.
1176:.
1172:.
1149:.
1141:.
1133:.
1119:.
1115:.
1092:.
1084:.
1072:44
1070:.
1066:.
1041:.
1008:.
998:.
990:.
980:.
968:.
964:.
948:^
934:.
926:.
918:.
908:40
906:.
883:.
873:.
865:.
855:.
845:12
843:.
839:.
827:^
813:.
805:.
795:10
793:.
781:^
767:.
759:.
751:.
741:15
739:.
727:^
722:).
645:).
620:^
606:.
598:.
590:.
580:25
578:.
526:45
524:.
510:).
459:.
449:.
441:.
429:.
425:.
385:^
380:).
359:^
63:.
1250:)
1246:(
1236:e
1229:t
1222:v
1206:.
1184::
1178:6
1157:.
1127::
1121:3
1100:.
1078::
1051:.
1037::
1016:.
984::
976::
942:.
914::
891:.
859::
851::
821:.
801::
775:.
747::
704:.
674:.
614:.
586::
563:.
536:.
467:.
437::
227:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
