646:
388:
732:
46:
523:
494:
remain continue laying eggs for another two weeks, but will die by
October, likely due to changes in climate around that time. This second generation of larvae survive the winter by remaining in their cocoons from October through April. In April, the second generation changes into pupae and emerge in May. Those that emerge in May are the wasps that are responsible for searching for a new nesting location in June.
33:
475:
514:, which forces the inseminated females to hunt for other invertebrates, in this case bees (hence the common name "beewolf"), on which she lays her eggs. By laying her eggs on pollen-coated bee species, the larvae are supplied with prey for nutrients instantly when they emerge. The adults, on the other hand, feed on nectar that is foraged from flowers.
537:
their entire life. After the few days in their original nest, the females will disperse to new nests. However, one single female may continue to inhabit and expand the original nest. On very rare occasions, two females may provision the original nest at the same time for a very brief period. Evidence suggests that
484:
The cycle begins around the first or second week of June when the early pioneers start searching for a nesting site. Even though the searching starts as early as June, the actual digging of the new nest may not start until the first or second week of July. By early July, however, nest construction is
750:
is notable in that it stings its prey in a membranous location on the ventral surface of the abdomen where the venom is quick to incapacitate many major, voluntary muscles. The paralyzing effect of the injected venom is likely due largely in part to a block of the somatic neuromuscular transmission.
536:
is a solitary wasp that nests in the ground. Several individuals have been observed to cohabit a single burrow at a time. However, there is evidence that suggests that while females tend to occupy the parental nest for a mere several days of their lives, the males will sometimes inhabit the nest for
614:
can be characterized by the scattered heaps of sand or soil around their supporting structure, usually bricks or tree roots. The sand heaps are very low and spread out. In building these sand heaps, females can be observed backing out of the burrow with moist sand or soil that is spread around into
660:
is a part of a mimicry group with a wide variety of other wasps that also exhibit black and yellow banding and coloring. It has been observed that mimicry is high in spring and early summer, generally absent in midsummer, and infrequent in late summer. This implies that some members of the mimicry
493:
In the middle of July, the progeny of the first brood begin to emerge. The emergence of larvae continues to rise linearly through the last week of August. A majority of these new progeny have already dispersed to lay new eggs and died off by early
September. The few members of the new progeny that
685:
does not camouflage with its surroundings, it exhibits a black and yellow chitin coating that serves as a warning to other predatory species. This coloration pattern that is characteristic of many species of wasps is a somewhat universal sign that an organism stings and should, as a result, be
631:
to dig a shaft that is at least two feet in length. The shaft culminates in an oval shaped cell in which eggs are provisioned. Other oval shaped cells line the shaft which are smaller in size and contain the skeletons of other bees that were killed and fed to the larvae as nutrients.
581:
since sandy soil is easier to dig through. Moreover, the nesting sites are usually centered around some sort of supporting structure, for example underneath bricks, tree roots, or cement. As a result, weedy, sandy areas of earth are strongly preferable as nesting sites for
590:
561:
as a means of warding off other competing males from mating with the female in the nest. These pheromones are the main form of intra-communication, specifically between the different, individual males of
594:
751:
It has also been established that the venom is not limited exclusively to the natural prey, the honey bee, but also in many other insect species belonging to different orders, including spiders. Only
591:
407:
resemble the females very closely, but the most notable difference is the significantly reduced presence of yellow spots on the head. This is opposite of the usual pattern observed within the order
1066:
Sann, Manuela; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Mayer, Christoph; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Bank, Sarah; Meusemann, Karen; Misof, Bernhard; Bleidorn, Christoph; Ohl, Michael (2018).
1023:
Debevec, Andrew H.; Cardinal, Sophie; Danforth, Bryan N. (2012-09-01). "Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of
Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea".
1372:
McCorquodale, David B. (1986-08-01). "Digger wasp (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) provisioning flights as a defence against a nest parasite, Senotainia trilineata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)".
593:
875:
utilizes a flight pattern in which it flies over the nest from above as a means of surveying its nest for the parasite, one that is different from other species of the same genus.
557:
is a solitary wasp species, there is not much need for intra-species communication. However, when mating, males are responsible for marking the territory surrounding the nest with
1302:
Waldbauer, G. P.; Sternburg, J. G.; Maier, C. T. (1977-05-01). "Phenological
Relationships of Wasps, Bumblebees, Their Mimics, and Insectivorous Birds In an Illinois Sand Area".
702:
spend a significant amount of time loitering around flowers and other plants in search of insect prey to feed their young, most often bee species. Some common species that
844:'s black and yellow coloring serves as a warning to other organisms, as that color pattern often indicates a dangerous species. Additionally, the burrowing behavior of
1734:
506:
females are responsible for digging tunnels into the ground for nesting. Meanwhile, territorial males mark objects and supporting structures surrounding the nest with
577:
prefers nesting in sandy soil. Because soils with high sand composition are lighter in weight than other types of soil, they are ideal for the burrowing behavior of
454:
prefers the soil composition of deciduous and coastal regions because it builds its nests in burrows. Thus, the soil must be of an ideal composition for burrowing.
1665:
592:
909:
suggests that these types of insect-associated
Actinomycetota can serve as a source of natural products of pharmaceutical interest for other species.
485:
in full swing. Females spend about three weeks completely devoting themselves to provisioning and laying eggs, but once the season is over, they die.
1613:
1639:
1337:
Piek, T.; Mantel, P.; Engels, E. (1971-09-01). "Neuromuscular block in insects caused by the venom of the digger wasp philanthus triangulum F.".
848:
provides the species with a suitable hiding spot to avoid predators. Because the burrows are so far into the ground, usually around two feet,
1724:
645:
387:
1136:
Colman, D. R.; Toolson, E. C.; Takacs-Vesbach, C. D. (2012-10-01). "Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities?".
773:
then carries its paralyzed prey back to an oval cell in its nest for temporary storage until it is later used in the laying of an egg.
1729:
545:
in which temporary communal nesting occurs at certain phases of the nesting cycle, in spite of the species' usual solitary living.
809:
individuals will be preyed on by larger wasps. Some birds will even regularly consume wasps. A few examples of birds that prey on
1644:
628:
895:
411:. Most commonly, the males in hymenopteran species have an excess of yellow spots on the head while females lack spots.
190:
1409:"Chemical Analyses of Wasp-Associated Streptomyces Bacteria Reveal a Prolific Potential for Natural Products Discovery"
1548:
1224:
Evans, Howard E. (1977-09-01). "Commentary: Extrinsic versus
Intrinsic Factors in the Evolution of Insect Sociality".
944:
has been known to attack beekeeping sites. This complicates the process of beekeeping and hinders honey production.
45:
1670:
1500:
761:
are immune to the venom. However, the sting does not kill the prey. The prey may attempt to sting in return, but
280:
are often observed to visit flowers and other plants in search of insect prey to feed their young. The prey that
157:
1192:
Evans, Howard E. (1973). "Burrow sharing and nest transfer in the digger wasp
Philanthus gibbosus (Fabricius)".
427:
269:
765:
always grabs the prey in such a way that the well-armored portions of the body are presented, thus protecting
430:; it has been observed as far west as Kansas and as far south as Georgia, but tends to be concentrated around
790:
1516:
720:
708:
1553:
669:
are abundant and have not yet learned to avoid the models which the mimics resemble. The colony cycle of
1719:
752:
179:
140:
673:
lines up with this scheduling in such a way that minimizes the amount of predation the species faces.
323:. As a result, this species's subfamily, Philanthinae, was elevated to family status as Philanthidae.
1587:
1420:
610:
During the main season of its activity, May through
September, the entrance to the nesting sites of
380:
size is 10–12 mm in length, females are usually closer to the smaller end of the scale. Female
1657:
1267:
Alcock, John (1974-06-01). "The behaviour of
Philanthus crabroniformis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)".
1319:
1249:
1169:
1118:
1048:
510:
to demarcate the nesting territory from competing males. The larvae generated by the females are
166:
40:
362:, making the species easy and distinct to identify in comparison to other members of the genus
1691:
1574:
1448:
1389:
1354:
1284:
1241:
1161:
1153:
1109:
Evans, Howard E. (1974). "Digger Wasps as
Colonizers of New Habitat (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)".
1040:
940:
presents a challenge for beekeepers. Because of its tendency to prey on honey-producing bees,
814:
522:
1438:
1428:
1381:
1346:
1311:
1276:
1233:
1201:
1145:
1089:
1079:
1032:
731:
447:
221:
1696:
1678:
714:
1424:
785:
feeds on insects, they are also prey for certain insects as well. Predatory insects for
354:
that is shiny black with yellow spots on the head and yellow stripes on the abdomen and
1443:
1408:
1280:
1094:
1067:
902:
868:
822:
1205:
1713:
1350:
1149:
1036:
898:
894:, which have been suggested to potentially defend their wasp hosts from a variety of
666:
624:
423:
251:
1173:
1052:
829:
an ideal target. Moreover, the birds avoid disturbing P. gibbosus near their nests.
32:
1579:
886:
840:
has a sting that is painful and menacing enough to deter most potential predators.
320:
296:
107:
1433:
1652:
1626:
1468:""Insect Pollinators of Carrots in Utah" by George E. Bohart and William P. Nye"
798:
511:
474:
408:
311:
300:
259:
97:
1539:
1407:
Poulsen, Michael; Oh, Dong-Chan; Clardy, Jon; Currie, Cameron R. (2011-02-22).
1467:
1084:
1068:"Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees"
315:
307:
273:
210:
1393:
1288:
1245:
1157:
1044:
1600:
891:
558:
542:
507:
442:
also tends to inhabit coastal areas where the soil has a sandy composition.
435:
77:
57:
1452:
1165:
825:. In general, these birds normally exclusively hunt solitary wasps, making
1683:
1358:
384:
have more yellow coloration on the head than do the males of the species.
1561:
1533:
883:
While not much research has been done on which specific pathogens affect
794:
431:
1122:
284:
catches is then coated in a layer of pollen and fed to the young wasps.
1618:
1566:
1323:
1253:
1010:
The Life, History, and Habits of the Solitary Wasp, Philanthus gibbosus
961:
363:
328:
264:
243:
239:
117:
1631:
1497:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
926:
355:
351:
87:
67:
1510:
1385:
1315:
1237:
1605:
730:
644:
588:
521:
473:
386:
346:
is a small and robust wasp that is about 10–12 mm in length.
925:
is a pollinator of some plants. It has been observed pollinating
901:. This array of phylogenetically diverse and chemically prolific
1592:
818:
247:
1514:
250:
and is the most common and widespread member of the genus in
619:
stands on its hind legs. In order to dig the actual burrow,
1012:. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 363–379.
586:, which can often be found near coastal areas as a result.
615:
the heaps using jerks of her front legs. While burrowing,
358:. There are very large, deep punctures on the abdomen of
426:. It has been primarily observed to inhabit the central
852:
is able to avoid predation by remaining in its burrow.
665:, may be selected to avoid the midsummer season when
1523:
466:goes through two generations of colonies a year.
863:is most notably parasitized by a nest parasite,
332:contains about 135 other species in addition to
890:have been observed to be antibiotic-producing
446:is known to prefer the climate and habitat of
422:is a common and widely distributed species in
306:Molecular phylogeny revealed that bees, clade
1472:Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
1111:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
8:
1466:Bohart, George; Nye, William (April 1960).
541:may be representative of a unique stage in
350:has an especially broad head and a coat of
1511:
1003:
1001:
999:
31:
20:
1442:
1432:
1093:
1083:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
1735:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
953:
757:itself and a digger wasp that preys on
962:"Philanthus gibbosus (Fabricius, 177…"
7:
1339:Comparative and General Pharmacology
1219:
1217:
1215:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1281:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03128.x
14:
1150:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05752.x
1037:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x
769:from a retaliation by the prey.
526:Various burrow architectures of
44:
690:Interaction with other species
339:Description and identification
310:, came from within the family
1:
1206:10.1016/s0003-3472(73)80071-5
1725:Hymenoptera of North America
1434:10.1371/journal.pone.0016763
1351:10.1016/0010-4035(71)90057-7
1008:Reinhard, Edward G. (1924).
706:predates include the beetle
1374:Canadian Journal of Zoology
376:While the general range of
1751:
1501:Greenwood Publishing Group
905:that has been observed in
299:of wasps within the order
295:is a member of the family
1730:Insects described in 1775
1085:10.1186/s12862-018-1155-8
319:, meaning the family was
187:Anthophilus maculiventris
172:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1072:BMC Evolutionary Biology
428:Midwestern United States
415:Distribution and habitat
270:Midwestern United States
913:Interaction with humans
218:Cheilopogonus punctiger
739:
735:Predation of a bee by
721:Lasioglossum cinctipes
686:avoided in predation.
654:
636:Mimicry and camouflage
602:
530:
481:
395:
288:Taxonomy and phylogeny
268:. It is native to the
198:Anthophilus melanaspis
865:Senotainia trilineata
734:
648:
597:
525:
477:
390:
206:Anthophilus punctatus
1495:Piper, Ross (2007).
709:Cucochodaeus sparsus
653:full body coloration
176:Anthophilus gibbosus
1525:Philanthus gibbosus
1425:2011PLoSO...616763P
667:insectivorous birds
293:Philanthus gibbosus
235:Philanthus gibbosus
150:Philanthus gibbosus
25:Philanthus gibbosus
1269:Journal of Zoology
740:
677:Warning coloration
655:
603:
531:
482:
479:P. gibbosus larvae
396:
238:, the hump-backed
1707:
1706:
1692:Open Tree of Life
1517:Taxon identifiers
1144:(20): 5124–5137.
1138:Molecular Ecology
1025:Zoologica Scripta
726:Evylaeus arcuatus
661:group, including
595:
518:Burrow occupation
470:Colony initiation
448:deciduous forests
231:
230:
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1485:
1483:
1482:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1380:(8): 1620–1627.
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1221:
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1194:Animal Behaviour
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1014:
1013:
1005:
974:
973:
971:
969:
958:
606:Burrow structure
596:
272:and the western
258:is of the order
220:
208:
200:
189:
178:
152:
132:P. gibbosus
49:
48:
35:
21:
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1749:
1745:
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1679:Observation.org
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1401:
1386:10.1139/z86-244
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1335:
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1316:10.2307/1939007
1301:
1300:
1296:
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1238:10.2307/1297657
1223:
1222:
1213:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1135:
1134:
1130:
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1107:
1103:
1065:
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1022:
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977:
967:
965:
960:
959:
955:
950:
935:
920:
915:
881:
858:
835:
823:summer tanagers
779:
745:
715:Augochlora pura
712:and sweat bees
697:
692:
679:
643:
638:
608:
589:
572:
551:
520:
500:
491:
472:
460:
417:
401:
374:
341:
290:
246:of bee-hunting
161:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
16:Species of wasp
12:
11:
5:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:
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1722:
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1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1487:
1458:
1399:
1364:
1345:(7): 317–331.
1329:
1310:(3): 583–591.
1294:
1275:(2): 233–246.
1259:
1232:(9): 613–617.
1211:
1200:(2): 302–308.
1179:
1128:
1117:(4): 259–267.
1101:
1058:
1031:(5): 527–535.
1015:
975:
952:
951:
949:
946:
934:
931:
919:
916:
914:
911:
903:Actinomycetota
880:
877:
857:
854:
834:
831:
791:praying mantis
778:
775:
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741:
696:
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471:
468:
459:
456:
416:
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340:
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289:
286:
262:and the genus
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37:
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28:
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15:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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1528:
1526:
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1469:
1462:
1459:
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1450:
1445:
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1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(2): e16763.
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
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1387:
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1375:
1368:
1365:
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1305:
1298:
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1260:
1255:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
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1220:
1218:
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1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
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1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
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1147:
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1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
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1002:
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996:
994:
992:
990:
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986:
984:
982:
980:
976:
963:
957:
954:
947:
945:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
927:carrot plants
924:
917:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
888:
885:P. gibbosus,
878:
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866:
862:
855:
853:
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828:
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808:
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796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
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772:
768:
764:
760:
759:P. triangulum
756:
755:
754:P. triangulum
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1720:Philanthidae
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1479:. Retrieved
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966:. Retrieved
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887:Streptomyces
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108:Philanthidae
24:
18:
1653:NatureServe
1627:iNaturalist
942:P. gibbosus
938:P. gibbosus
923:P. gibbosus
918:Agriculture
907:P. gibbosus
873:P. gibbosus
861:P. gibbosus
850:P. gibbosus
846:P. gibbosus
842:P. gibbosus
838:P. gibbosus
827:P. gibbosus
811:P. gibbosus
807:P. gibbosus
801:. Sometimes
799:dragonflies
787:P. gibbosus
783:P. gibbosus
771:P. gibbosus
767:P. gibbosus
763:P. gibbosus
748:P. gibbosus
737:P. gibbosus
704:P. gibbosus
700:P. gibbosus
683:P. gibbosus
671:P. gibbosus
663:P. gibbosus
658:P. gibbosus
651:P. gibbosus
621:P. gibbosus
617:P. gibbosus
612:P. gibbosus
584:P. gibbosus
579:P. gibbosus
575:P. gibbosus
564:P. gibbosus
555:P. gibbosus
539:P. gibbosus
534:P. gibbosus
528:P. gibbosus
512:carnivorous
504:P. gibbosus
464:P. gibbosus
452:P. gibbosus
444:P. gibbosus
440:P. gibbosus
420:P. gibbosus
409:Hymenoptera
405:P. gibbosus
393:P. gibbosus
382:P. gibbosus
378:P. gibbosus
360:P. gibbosus
348:P. gibbosus
344:P. gibbosus
312:Crabronidae
301:Hymenoptera
282:P. gibbosus
278:P. gibbosus
260:Hymenoptera
256:P. gibbosus
98:Hymenoptera
1714:Categories
1481:2015-11-05
1226:BioScience
964:. GBIF.org
948:References
933:Beekeeping
896:pathogenic
724:(formerly
599:Philanthus
559:pheromones
508:pheromones
365:Philanthus
329:Philanthus
326:The genus
316:sensu lato
308:Anthophila
265:Philanthus
119:Philanthus
78:Arthropoda
1658:2.1202222
1394:0008-4301
1289:1469-7998
1246:0006-3568
1158:1365-294X
1045:1463-6409
892:symbionts
879:Mutualism
856:Parasites
781:Although
777:Predators
629:mandibles
623:uses its
601:burrowing
436:Tennessee
158:Fabricius
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1562:BugGuide
1540:Q7182937
1534:Wikidata
1453:21364940
1413:PLOS ONE
1174:23740875
1166:22978555
1123:25008941
1053:33533180
899:microbes
815:sparrows
813:include
805:smaller
789:include
553:Because
498:Behavior
432:Missouri
222:Westwood
167:Synonyms
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1645:1035892
1619:7582634
1593:3798416
1444:3043073
1421:Bibcode
1359:4353990
1324:1939007
1304:Ecology
1254:1297657
1095:5960199
833:Defense
649:Female
641:Mimicry
391:Female
372:Females
244:species
242:, is a
240:beewolf
213:, 1824)
191:Cameron
180:Dahlbom
160:, 1775)
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1684:209560
1671:302056
1632:133268
1606:PHIHGI
1554:525938
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968:17 May
821:, and
797:, and
743:Stings
681:While
502:Adult
356:thorax
352:chitin
224:, 1835
193:, 1905
182:, 1844
1697:76504
1580:4G55G
1567:38345
1320:JSTOR
1250:JSTOR
1170:S2CID
1119:JSTOR
1049:S2CID
871:fly.
819:wrens
625:tarsi
399:Males
1666:NCBI
1640:ITIS
1614:GBIF
1601:EPPO
1549:BOLD
1449:PMID
1390:ISSN
1355:PMID
1285:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1162:PMID
1154:ISSN
1041:ISSN
970:2020
867:, a
718:and
695:Diet
627:and
434:and
248:wasp
1588:EoL
1575:CoL
1476:419
1439:PMC
1429:doi
1382:doi
1347:doi
1312:doi
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