616:, which can either infect the larva or the stored immobilised bees and this normally causes the larva to die. Female beewolves protect their offspring against pathogens, and they have evolved strategies to reduce the mortality of their offspring in the brood cell. The first strategy is to apply copious amounts of an anti-condensation secretion from a cephalic gland onto the paralysed bees to reduce water condensation on those bees and thereby delay fungal germination. The second strategy consists of a concentrated release of nitric oxide from the beewolf egg itself once the brood cells are closed by the mother that sterilises the deposited bees by killing actively growing fungi. The third strategy is that the female wasp secretes a whitish substance from specialised glands in its antennae into the brood cell, this secretion contains symbiotic bacteria of the genus
570:, which are paralysed with the stinger, the female stings the prey through the articular membranes which are situated behind the front legs, the female then carries the immobilised bee to the nest in flight between the wasp's legs. On reaching the nest she often hovers over the entrance before slowly descending into the burrow. Each brood cell is provisioned with between one and five honey bees for the larva. After the larva has fed sufficiently it spins a cocoon, the cocoon is attached to the wall of the brood cell at its base. In cooler regions the larva overwinters and the adults emerge the following summer. Other species of bee, other than honey bees, have been reported as prey including
402:
77:
414:
56:
42:
635:, which allows the females to choose their mates from among the males. The males do not appear to attract the females by using any form of visual display and it is thought that the females choose the males to copulate with based on the quality of the pheromones the male produces. The amount of time the male occupies a territory is dependent on the number of female nests near that territory.
563:
Female
European beewolves excavate their burrows in sandy soil or in vertical soil faces in open sunny places and these can be up to a metre in length with no less than three and as many as 34 short side tunnels at the end, each of which contains a brood cell. The material displaced by the burrowing
559:
In the more northerly parts of its distribution, the
European beewolf is univoltine and the flight period is between mid-July and September. In the warmer areas in which it occurs there can be more than one generation per year, for example, in Central Europe, there may be two broods in the summer.
430:
The
European beewolf is found mainly in areas of open sandy ground in areas such as lowland heathland and coastal dunes. They are infrequently found in clay areas and in Britain have been recorded digging burrows in coal dust and ash and have been found on spoil heaps from coal mining.
630:
from the male's cephalic glands. The males defend these territories from intruding males but the defence does not involve physical contact between the antagonists. Males may have territories which are often close to one another, constituting a form of
421:
The
European beewolf is a species of solitary wasp with bold yellow and black markings on the abdomen, males have trident-shaped markings between their bluish eyes while the larger females have a reddish stripe behind the eyes and a pale face.
625:
The males set up territories in vegetation near to the females' nesting aggregations, these territories do not hold any resources to interest the females. The territories are around a quarter of a square metre in extent and are marked with a
610:
The humid and warm conditions in the brood cells provide good growth conditions a number of species of mould fungi which can colonise the cells opportunistically from the surrounding soil, especially
469:
210:
375:. Although the adults of the species are herbivores (feeding on nectar and pollen), the species derives its name from the behaviour of the inseminated females, who hunt
379:. The female places several of its paralysed prey together with an egg in a small underground chamber, to serve as food for the wasp larvae. All members of the genus
713:(2002). The species has RDB2 status (vulnerable) but, if revised, it is now likely that this status will be removed because of its increase in range and population.
1107:
1338:
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wasp is flicked behind it as it excavates the nest. They nest in aggregations which may have as many as 15,000 burrows. The females hunt honey bees
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1312:
622:, which are ingested by the larva and before the larva pupates the bacteria are applied to the cocoon to protect the larva from fungal infection.
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1407:
709:. It has undergone an expansion in range, with the wasp now locally common in a steadily increasing number of sites as far north as
773:
1402:
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1111:
251:
1026:
Johannes Kroiss; Klaus
Lechner; Erhard Strohm (2009). "Male territoriality and mating system in the European beewolf
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458:. In Europe its distribution has been moving northwards as summers have longer periods of warm weather.
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807:"Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera; Crabronidae) new for the fauna of the Canary Islands"
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in continental Europe. Each female may collect up to 100 bees during its flight period.
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The adult wasps feed on nectar and have been recorded as feeding on nectar from
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1067:"How to Design Experiments in Animal Behaviour: 1. How Wasps Find Their Nests"
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F. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): evidence for a "hotspot" lek polygyny".
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1145:
972:
Strohm E; Herzner; Ruther J; Kaltenpoth M & Engl T (June 2019).
1252:
974:"Nitric oxide radicals are emitted by wasp eggs to kill mold fungi"
393:
is apparently the only one that specialises in
Western honey bees.
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506:
487:
412:
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rarities in
Britain, with colonies only in sandy habitats on the
1239:
479:
364:
1149:
685:
made a series of carefully designed experiments demonstrating
386:
64:
697:
This wasp was previously considered to be one of the great
774:"Information Sheet The Bee-Wolf (Philanthus triangulum)"
927:"Mycobiota in the brood cells of the European beewolf,
925:
Tobias Engl; Bettina
Bodenstein; Erhard Strohm (2016).
800:
798:
796:
794:
439:
The
European beewolf has a wide distribution in the
1158:
461:There are currently five recognised subspecies:
848:. The Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Society
779:. The Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Society
8:
1108:"Species Account for Philanthus triangulum"
1146:
54:
40:
31:
999:
989:
956:
946:
589:in Britain as well as bees of the genera
1021:
1019:
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766:
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762:
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734:
743:"Synonyms for "Philanthus triangulum""
1065:Gadagkar, Raghavendra (August 2018).
7:
1279:38396322-ee7d-4818-92b4-e7c77fdcea2e
894:
892:
890:
867:Trevor Pendleton; Dilys Pendleton.
486:this subspecies also occurs on the
1110:. Essex Field Club. Archived from
900:"Biology of the European beewolf (
482:westwards to the Atlantic and the
25:
526:Philanthus triangulum obliteratus
498:Philanthus triangulum bimaculatus
545:Philanthus triangulum triangulum
466:Philanthus triangulum abdelcader
75:
359:(from the now obsolete synonym
935:European Journal of Entomology
689:identifies its nest by sight.
63:European beewolf paralysing a
1:
513:Philanthus triangulum diadema
904:, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)"
805:J. Smit; R. de Boer (2008).
931:(Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)"
814:Linzer Biologische Beiträge
435:Subspecies and distribution
1424:
906:. University of Regensburg
1408:Insects described in 1775
1086:10.1007/s12045-018-0690-3
1044:10.1007/s10164-009-0185-5
958:21.11116/0000-0007-E720-0
203:
196:
177:
170:
72:Scientific classification
70:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1141:, the European beewolves
474:northern Africa and the
405:Male beewolf visiting a
385:hunt various species of
275:Simblephilus triangulum
418:
417:beewolf with honey bee
410:
1403:Hymenoptera of Africa
1398:Hymenoptera of Europe
1190:Philanthus triangulum
1160:Philanthus triangulum
1139:Philanthus triangulum
1028:Philanthus triangulum
948:10.14411/eje.2016.033
929:Philanthus triangulum
902:Philanthus triangulum
871:Philanthus triangulum
844:Philanthus triangulum
416:
404:
357:bee-eating philanthus
351:), also known as the
348:Philanthus triangulum
207:Philanthus abdelcader
181:Philanthus triangulum
18:Philanthus triangulum
1274:Fauna Europaea (new)
579:Lasioglossum zonulus
267:Philanthus ruspatrix
1032:Journal of Ethology
991:10.7554/eLife.43718
361:Philanthus apivorus
240:Philanthus discolor
229:Philanthus apivorus
218:Philanthus allionii
49:A European beewolf
1137:Semiochemicals of
873:(Fabricius, 1775)"
840:G.R. Else (1997).
613:Aspergillus flavus
445:Western Palearctic
419:
411:
377:Western honey bees
369:Western Palearctic
367:that lives in the
163:P. triangulum
1380:
1379:
1365:Open Tree of Life
1152:Taxon identifiers
869:"Bee-killer Wasp
846:(Fabricius,1775)"
549:
548:(Fabricius, 1775)
533:
521:
505:
473:
363:), is a solitary
339:
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283:Sphex scutellatus
279:
278:(Fabricius, 1775)
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263:
259:Crabro androgynus
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248:Philanthus pictus
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35:European beewolf
16:(Redirected from
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1331:NHMSYS0000876577
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693:Status in the UK
672:creeping thistle
656:, pale toadflax
573:Andrena flavipes
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343:European beewolf
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329:Vespa triangulum
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522:the Afrotopics;
448:zoogeographical
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353:bee-killer wasp
332:Fabricius, 1775
318:Vespa ruspatrix
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27:Species of wasp
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1131:External links
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1114:on 2 June 2008
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1080:(8): 871–884.
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1038:(2): 295–304.
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723:Philanthotoxin
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683:Niko Tinbergen
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664:common ragwort
659:Linaria repens
567:Apis mellifera
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484:Canary Islands
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397:Identification
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298:Vespa fasciata
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307:Vespa limbata
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172:Binomial name
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1393:Philanthidae
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1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
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908:. Retrieved
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877:. Retrieved
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781:. Retrieved
747:. Retrieved
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619:Streptomyces
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139:Philanthidae
29:
1300:iNaturalist
1184:Wikispecies
941:: 271–277.
476:Middle East
452:Scandinavia
373:Afrotropics
262:Rossi, 1792
129:Hymenoptera
1387:Categories
745:. GBIF.org
729:References
687:Philanthus
490:island of
470:Lepeletier
382:Philanthus
211:Lepeletier
150:Philanthus
109:Arthropoda
1118:28 August
1094:255488910
1074:Resonance
711:Yorkshire
644:sea-holly
628:pheromone
604:Megachile
518:Fabricius
492:Lampedusa
287:maculatus
233:Latreille
189:Fabricius
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1198:BioLib:
1169:Wikidata
1052:25547620
1010:31182189
717:See also
699:aculeate
598:Halictus
592:Dasypoda
502:Magretti
407:Eryngium
301:Fourcroy
198:Synonyms
135:Family:
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
1318:1036036
1292:5760758
1240:3798401
1175:Q301297
1001:6559793
707:Suffolk
640:bramble
555:Biology
550:Europe.
535:Algeria
488:Italian
426:Habitat
355:or the
311:Olivier
285:subsp.
222:Dahlbom
191:, 1775)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
119:Insecta
115:Class:
1370:905735
1344:280486
1305:143529
1266:196312
1253:PHIHTR
1214:314685
1092:
1050:
1008:
998:
910:21 May
879:21 May
852:21 May
783:21 May
749:20 May
654:thrift
585:Nomada
504:, 1908
472:, 1845
409:flower
389:, but
324:, 1767
313:, 1792
303:, 1785
293:, 1791
291:Christ
254:, 1797
252:Panzer
235:, 1799
224:, 1845
213:, 1845
1227:4G5B4
1201:70081
1090:S2CID
1070:(PDF)
1048:S2CID
978:eLife
810:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
678:Nests
649:Erica
539:Egypt
520:1781)
507:Kenya
478:from
322:Linné
1357:1757
1339:NCBI
1313:ITIS
1287:GBIF
1248:EPPO
1209:BOLD
1120:2013
1006:PMID
912:2017
881:2017
854:2017
785:2017
751:2017
705:and
670:and
601:and
582:and
537:and
532:1917
480:Iraq
443:and
387:bees
371:and
365:wasp
341:The
1326:NBN
1235:EoL
1222:CoL
1082:doi
1040:doi
996:PMC
986:doi
953:hdl
943:doi
939:113
633:lek
530:Pic
454:to
65:bee
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