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31:
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593:, leading to a series of escalating actions by the US and Cuba. The US suspended sugar imports, Cuba nationalized American-owned businesses, and on October 19, the US imposed an embargo on US exports to Cuba except for food and medicine. Bonsal thought the Eisenhower administration was over-reacting and forcing Castro into an alliance with the Soviets.
578:
On
September 3, 1959, Bonsal met with Castro and express concern that American businesses, which had complied fully with the Land Reform Law, were concerned that government agents were acting arbitrarily and without legal sanction. He complained of anti-American comments by Guevara, who was then on a
574:
In August, he protested to
Secretary of State Herter that Cuban-American relations were being poisoned by the fact that the US was allowing several hundred Batista allies to live in the country, which appeared to the Cubans as harboring counter-revolutionaries. He urged them to be forced to "move on
499:
In
January 1957, representing the US at the United Nations General Assembly's Special Political Committee, he supported a Philippine proposal, endorsed by representatives of Peru, Nepal, and other nations, for the UN to modify its confrontational approach in fighting apartheid in South Africa and to
562:
Bonsal attempted to find a working arrangement with the leader of the new government. Bonsal admitted that "animosity was inevitable" but that he was hopeful that "at some point we can get down to a reasoned dialogue." Castro was critical of the arrival of Bonsal in the Cuban press and compared him
570:
When Bonsal testified before a closed session of the House
Committee on Foreign Relations in May 1959, he explained why the revolution had such widespread popular support: "the corruption and the sadism of many Batista henchmen united most Cubans against the regime." He described how Batista's
642:
As of 1971, he called for "disengagement from a bankrupt
Vietnam policy" by noting that China and Russia had invested comparatively modest resources in the conflict, compared to the American loss of 40,000 lives. He hoped that all the major powers would nevertheless recognize that "big-power
452:
While on the staff of the US embassy in
Bolivia in 1944, he tried without success to persuade the State Department to ignore the rhetoric of Bolivia's radical opposition parties, which he excused as reflexive opposition to the recently ousted pro-American regime of
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3302:
542:
called his appointment "a splendid choice" and described him as "a distinguished career diplomat" with "every qualification that could be asked for the difficult and gratifying task he is taking on." Bonsal's predecessor,
2643:
3427:
519:
from 1957 to 1959. He wholeheartedly supported the US economic assistance program under way there, which he later described as a "pioneer" and "solitary example" of what was required of the US in Latin
America.
448:
Bonsal joined the State
Department in 1937. He was Vice Consul and Third Secretary in the US embassy in Havana in 1938 and 1939, followed by a year in Washington as Cuban desk officer at the State Department.
1590:
2665:
551:
and was quickly recalled by the State
Department after Batista's ouster. It has been argued that the choice of Bonsal signaled an intention on the part of the State Department to defuse the
492:
confirmed the appointment on
February 11, and he presented his credentials on April 1. He maintained friendly relations with opposition politicians, angering Colombian dictator General
3601:
3611:
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1628:
1612:
3048:
2773:
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In October 1959, Castro called the US "accomplices" of Batista loyalists forces who had launched air attacks on Cuba. Bonsal lodged a formal protest with Cuban President
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as "stolen property" and objected to those who ignored the violation of government secrecy standards because the revelations supported their political judgment.
384:. The Bonsals descended from English Quakers who participated in founding the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682. His mother was Henrietta Morris, a descendant of
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Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were severed shortly afterward, and US diplomatic representation in Cuba was handled by the
3174:
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462:
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2926:
2727:
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465:(MNR) embodied the "legitimate and respectable... aspirations of certain sectors of the Bolivian people." Instead, the US forced President
429:, rising to become chief of its Latin American Division. He then entered government service as a specialist in telephone services with the
193:
643:
confrontation by proxy is so repulsively destructive of the welfare of the proxies as to render its repetition elsewhere inconceivable".
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349:
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After Castro called for a reduction in the staff of the US embassy in Havana, Bonsal was recalled to Washington in October 1960.
529:
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3058:
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shift to tactics that would promote discussion and recognize the problem of racial discrimination in other countries as well.
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571:
security forces had killed many while "many, many more were arrested on no charges and kept in jail for indefinite periods."
3402:
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1943:
380:(1865–1951), a well-known journalist who served several years in the US diplomatic corps, wrote several books, and won a
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579:
world tour. Castro advised patience and forbearance with "the exuberances of young and inexperienced revolutionaries."
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in 1910–1911. He spent several years in the U.S. diplomatic corps and served as President Wilson's translator at the
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Bonsal's early education took place in the Philippines and Switzerland. He graduated from Yale in 1924.
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felt his attempt at a conciliatory approach to the Castro regime represented an appeasement of
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In mid-1960, the Cuban government reached an agreement to sell 700,000 tons of sugar to the
552:
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30:
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for several months as a student trainee with the Cuban Telephone Company, Bonsal worked in
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Bonsal died of pneumonia on June 28, 1995, at the age of 92. He was survived by his wife.
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63:
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2011:
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1. The U.S. and Cuba did not have bilateral diplomatic relations between 1961 and 2015.
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750:. Among his eight books, his memoir of the Versailles Peace Conference won the
3387:
3159:
3139:
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2279:
1449:
U.S. Dept. of State, Office of the Historian: Philip Wilson Bonsal (1903–1995)
670:
608:
1424:
1210:
619:
489:
407:
403:
607:. That arrangement lasted until July 20, 2015, with the culmination of the
507:
on March 18, 1957. He concluded his service in Colombia on April 24, 1957.
653:
Bonsal published a memoir, "Cuba, Castro and the United States," in 1971.
3422:
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3307:
2195:
1856:
348:(May 22, 1903 – June 28, 1995) was an American career diplomat with the
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564:
2978:
3303:
1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series
586:
on October 27 and blamed Castro for the deterioration of relations.
2175:
1213:
Wayne Smith Library of Congress country notes According to reports
422:
418:
1342:
Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia, 1933 to 1966
1315:
Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia, 1933 to 1966
1265:
Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia, 1933 to 1966
1238:
Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia, 1933 to 1966
1184:
Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism
2676:
414:
2647:
2136:
1594:
634:
from 1961 to 1962. He retired from government service in 1965.
360:
from February 1959 until October 1960, the first months of the
1186:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina press. p.
3428:
Cuban football players who defected to the United States
547:, had maintained friendly relations with Cuban dictator
496:, who persuaded the State Department to reassign him.
3241:
3183:
3009:
2799:
2736:
2695:
2425:
2251:
2184:
1957:
1864:
1830:
1789:
1757:
1711:
1662:
308:
296:
288:
271:
251:
246:
230:
218:
210:
192:
182:
170:
162:
144:
131:
119:
109:
91:
81:
69:
59:
41:
21:
3338:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
1290:
1020:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 16.
994:
971:
392:. He had three brothers, including New York judge
3125:1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft
2829:United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations
2822:Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)
3233:Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
910:"Philip W. Bonsal, 92, Last U.S. Envoy to Cuba"
469:to remove members of the MNR from his cabinet.
3500:United Nations Security Council Resolution 144
2774:Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement
2764:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
1029:
1027:
2659:
2148:
1606:
8:
3602:Ambassadors of the United States to Colombia
1223:Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58
807:"A Voice for Liberty: Dudley Baldwin Bonsal"
3612:Ambassadors of the United States to Morocco
3597:Ambassadors of the United States to Bolivia
3478:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
1297:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp.
1001:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp.
978:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp.
567:, and dialogue was not easily forthcoming.
3076:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
2666:
2652:
2644:
2155:
2141:
2133:
1613:
1599:
1591:
1453:
965:
963:
961:
959:
29:
18:
3577:Morris family (Morrisania and New Jersey)
2851:United States Military Government in Cuba
2754:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
2744:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
2723:United States Interests Section in Havana
1092:McLaughlin, Kathleen (January 17, 1957).
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
865:"Stephen Bonsal Jr., Set 1918 Air Record"
772:
770:
601:United States Interests Section in Havana
528:In January 1959, Eisenhower named Bonsal
105:March 3, 1959 – October 28, 1960
3607:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
3328:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
2718:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
2708:Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States
555:in the same way that it had defused the
158:May 10, 1957 – February 6, 1959
3617:United States Foreign Service personnel
766:
719:
433:, where he remained from 1935 to 1937.
427:International Telephone & Telegraph
206:April 1, 1955 – April 24, 1957
3175:Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
3113:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
3049:Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
463:Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
55:May 24, 1961 – August 8, 1962
3547:Category:Cuba–United States relations
3368:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
1629:United States Ambassadors to Colombia
1397:"U.S. Shift on Cuba in 1960 Detailed"
1018:The Truman Administration and Bolivia
778:"Col. Bonsal Dead; Journalist was 86"
7:
2927:Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
2728:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
2713:Embassy of the United States, Havana
1472:United States Ambassador to Colombia
1425:"Philip W. Bonsal papers, 1914-1992"
1395:Raymont, Henry (November 14, 1971).
1366:Bonsal, Philip W. (August 6, 1971).
934:Kenworthy, E.W. (January 14, 1959).
486:United States Ambassador to Colombia
194:United States Ambassador to Colombia
3622:American people of Powhatan descent
3333:Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus
3039:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1557:United States Ambassador to Morocco
1499:United States Ambassador to Bolivia
1293:Cuba, Castro, and the United States
1211:Diplomat Recalls Cuba Break in 1961
997:Cuba, Castro, and the United States
974:Cuba, Castro, and the United States
936:"U.S. Said to Pick Envoy to Havana"
632:United States Ambassador to Morocco
517:United States Ambassador to Bolivia
505:United States Ambassador to Bolivia
472:Bonsal served as an adviser at the
402:Bonsal married Margaret Lockett of
146:United States Ambassador to Bolivia
43:United States Ambassador to Morocco
3343:Cuban American National Foundation
3001:United States embargo against Cuba
2171:United States Ambassadors to Spain
1122:"Sentae Unit Vote Backs Whittaker"
1094:"U.S. Eases Stand on South Africa"
14:
2996:United States invasion of Grenada
2703:Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.
1530:March 3, 1959 – October 28, 1960
730:and many other conflicts for the
431:Federal Communications Commission
3542:
3541:
3201:Cuban Assets Control Regulations
2685:
2675:
2174:
2164:
1653:
1632:
1622:
1526:United States Ambassador to Cuba
1503:May 10, 1957 – February 6, 1959
687:
673:
530:United States Ambassador to Cuba
376:on May 22, 1903. His father was
358:United States Ambassador to Cuba
93:United States Ambassador to Cuba
3592:20th-century American diplomats
3059:Trans World Airlines Flight 106
2861:Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)
1476:April 1, 1955 – April 24, 1957
484:Eisenhower nominated Bonsal as
2839:Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
1561:May 24, 1961 – August 8, 1962
908:Binder, David (July 1, 1985).
1:
3296:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
3223:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
3069:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 455
3017:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 493
1064:"Envoy to Colombia Confirmed"
457:. He told Secretary of State
16:American diplomat (1903–1995)
3582:Diplomats from New York City
3378:Fair Play for Cuba Committee
2682:Cuba–United States relations
703:Cuba-United States relations
614:Some leading members of the
503:Eisenhower nominated him as
3473:State Sponsors of Terrorism
3453:Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
2991:Jamaican political conflict
2932:Cuban Revolutionary Council
726:Stephen Bonsal covered the
659:His papers are held by the
557:Bolivian Revolution of 1952
3638:
3383:Friends of Democratic Cuba
3170:American fugitives in Cuba
3064:Southern Airways Flight 49
1651:
1289:Bonsal, Philip W. (1971).
993:Bonsal, Philip W. (1971).
970:Bonsal, Philip W. (1971).
752:Pulitzer Prize for History
3538:
3291:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
3211:Wet feet, dry feet policy
2856:Second Occupation of Cuba
2254:Minister Plenipotentiary
2185:Ministers Plenipotentiary
1853:
1782:United States of Colombia
1778:
1700:
1642:
1582:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1456:
603:, part of the embassy of
339:
332:(great-great-grandfather)
242:
199:
151:
98:
48:
37:
28:
3403:Radio y TelevisiĂłn MartĂ
3348:Cuban dissident movement
3264:Cuban migration to Miami
3108:1994 Cuban rafter crisis
2779:Tripartite Accord (1988)
2426:Ambassador Extraordinary
1958:Ambassador Extraordinary
1867:Minister Plenipotentiary
1833:Minister Plenipotentiary
1665:Minister Plenipotentiary
575:to some other country."
476:on Korea and Indochina.
425:for its parent company,
350:U.S. Department of State
3529:638 Ways to Kill Castro
3468:Third Border Initiative
3438:NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)
2252:Envoy Extraordinary and
1865:Envoy Extraordinary and
1831:Envoy Extraordinary and
1704:Republic of New Granada
1663:Envoy Extraordinary and
1368:"Perspective on Papers"
1151:"Havana and Washington"
1016:Dorn, Glenn J. (2011).
3587:Yale University alumni
3318:Brothers to the Rescue
1339:Colhoun, Jack (2013).
1312:Colhoun, Jack (2013).
1262:Colhoun, Jack (2013).
1235:Colhoun, Jack (2013).
1035:"Ambassador Nominated"
748:Paris Peace Conference
646:He also described the
488:in February 1955. The
474:1954 Geneva Conference
3433:Filibuster (military)
3408:US-Cuba Democracy PAC
3353:Cuban Liberty Council
3313:Antonio Maceo Brigade
1550:Charles Woodruff Yost
1427:. Library of Congress
836:"Mrs. Stephen Bonsal"
494:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
436:Bonsal was fluent in
394:Dudley Baldwin Bonsal
322:Gouverneur Morris Jr.
316:Dudley Baldwin Bonsal
76:Charles Woodruff Yost
3483:Luis Posada Carriles
3276:Cuban–American lobby
3269:Havana on the Hudson
3206:Cuban Adjustment Act
3027:Cuban Missile Crisis
2986:Operation Northwoods
2952:Bay of Pigs Monument
2917:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2807:Spanish–American War
2759:Good Neighbor policy
1857:Republic of Colombia
1576:Notes and references
1465:Rudolf E. Schoenfeld
738:revolution in Mexico
736:and reported on the
728:Spanish–American War
467:Gualberto Villarroel
346:Philip Wilson Bonsal
225:Rudolf E. Schoenfeld
214:Dwight D. Eisenhower
166:Dwight D. Eisenhower
114:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3228:Cuban Democracy Act
3086:Garcia-Mir v. Meese
3022:Matthew Edward Duke
2964:Operation Peter Pan
2895:La Coubre explosion
2428:and Plenipotentiary
2121:(chargé d'affaires)
1960:and Plenipotentiary
1681:(chargé d'affaires)
1536:Jeffrey DeLaurentis
1073:. February 12, 1955
661:Library of Congress
536:came to power. The
390:American Revolution
372:Bonsal was born in
325:(great-grandfather)
138:Jeffrey DeLaurentis
3495:Cuba–OAS relations
3463:Straits of Florida
3443:Silver certificate
3418:Venceremos Brigade
3358:CubaOne Foundation
2974:Operation Mongoose
2957:Bay of Pigs Museum
2947:José Antonio Llama
2878:Sugar Intervention
2834:The Paquete Habana
2789:JetBlue Flight 387
2749:Hay-Quesada Treaty
1160:. January 23, 1959
1044:. February 5, 1955
874:. October 29, 1950
444:Diplomatic service
388:, a leader in the
352:. A specialist on
3554:
3553:
3448:Troika of tyranny
3249:Americans in Cuba
3091:Cuban boat people
3054:Pan Am Flight 281
2641:
2640:
2509:
2506:chargé d'affaires
2477:
2474:chargé d'affaires
2288:
2285:chargé d'affaires
2209:
2206:chargé d'affaires
2130:
2129:
2122:
1790:Minister Resident
1758:Minister Resident
1712:Chargé d'Affaires
1682:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1564:Succeeded by
1533:Succeeded by
1506:Succeeded by
1479:Succeeded by
1457:Diplomatic posts
549:Fulgencio Batista
515:Bonsal served as
455:Enrique Peñaranda
386:Gouverneur Morris
343:
342:
329:Gouverneur Morris
140:(Acting, in 2015)
3629:
3545:
3544:
3398:Radio Free Dixie
3218:Helms–Burton Act
3191:Teller Amendment
2937:Operation Ortsac
2885:Cuban Revolution
2812:Ostend Manifesto
2696:Diplomatic posts
2690:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2503:
2471:
2282:
2203:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2150:
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2134:
2120:
1680:
1657:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1567:John H. Ferguson
1547:Preceded by
1541:
1519:Earl E. T. Smith
1516:Preceded by
1489:Preceded by
1462:Preceded by
1454:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1392:
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1383:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1357:
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1336:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1180:Rabe, Stephen G.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:. March 19, 1957
1126:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
990:
984:
983:
977:
967:
954:
953:
951:
949:
940:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
905:
884:
883:
881:
879:
869:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
840:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
811:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
782:
774:
755:
724:
697:
692:
691:
683:
678:
677:
676:
584:Osvaldo DorticĂłs
553:Cuban Revolution
545:Earl E. T. Smith
532:just days after
413:After living in
304:Henrietta Morris
292:Margaret Lockett
282:Washington, D.C.
278:
261:
259:
247:Personal details
233:
221:
204:
185:
173:
156:
134:
126:Earl E. T. Smith
122:
103:
87:John H. Ferguson
84:
72:
53:
33:
19:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3534:
3254:Cuban Americans
3237:
3196:Platt Amendment
3179:
3165:Havana syndrome
3081:Mariel boatlift
3005:
2873:Negro Rebellion
2795:
2732:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2642:
2637:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2131:
2126:
1959:
1953:
1866:
1860:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1785:
1774:
1753:
1707:
1696:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1010:
992:
991:
987:
969:
968:
957:
947:
945:
938:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
907:
906:
887:
877:
875:
867:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
845:. July 17, 1955
838:
834:
833:
829:
819:
817:
809:
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
780:
776:
775:
768:
764:
759:
758:
733:New York Herald
725:
721:
716:
708:History of Cuba
695:Politics portal
693:
686:
679:
674:
672:
669:
648:Pentagon Papers
640:
628:
526:
513:
482:
446:
370:
356:, he served as
335:
331:
324:
303:
280:
276:
263:
257:
255:
231:
219:
205:
200:
183:
171:
157:
152:
132:
120:
104:
99:
82:
70:
64:John F. Kennedy
54:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:BoquerĂłn, Cuba
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Varela Project
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3281:Guantánamo Bay
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Carlos Alvarez
3142:
3137:
3135:Elián González
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2432:(1913–present)
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:beginning 2015
1534:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1492:Gerald A. Drew
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:External links
1441:
1439:
1438:
1416:
1404:New York Times
1387:
1375:New York Times
1358:
1351:
1331:
1324:
1304:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1247:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1196:
1171:
1158:New York Times
1142:
1129:New York Times
1113:
1101:New York Times
1084:
1071:New York Times
1055:
1042:New York Times
1023:
1008:
985:
955:
943:New York Times
926:
914:New York Times
885:
872:New York Times
856:
843:New York Times
827:
816:. July 9, 1956
814:New York Times
798:
787:. June 9, 1951
785:New York Times
765:
763:
760:
757:
756:
743:New York Times
718:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
699:
698:
684:
668:
665:
639:
636:
627:
624:
563:to a colonial
539:New York Times
525:
522:
512:
509:
481:
478:
445:
442:
410:, circa 1929.
382:Pulitzer Prize
378:Stephen Bonsal
369:
366:
341:
340:
337:
336:
334:
333:
326:
319:
312:
310:
306:
305:
301:Stephen Bonsal
298:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
279:(aged 92)
273:
269:
268:
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
197:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
177:Gerald A. Drew
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
149:
148:
142:
141:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
96:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3634:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:The Cuba Wars
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:Orlando Bosch
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
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3449:
3446:
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3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Little Havana
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Kendall Myers
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Regan v. Wald
3101:
3099:
3098:Sandy Pollack
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Zemel v. Rusk
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
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2854:
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2809:
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2805:
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2798:
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2726:
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2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
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2669:
2664:
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2657:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
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2328:
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2323:
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2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
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2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
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275:June 28, 1995
274:
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265:New York City
254:
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237:John M. Cabot
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32:
27:
23:Philip Bonsal
20:
3540:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3150:Elsa Alvarez
2969:Operation 40
2922:Brigade 2506
2910:Golden exile
2900:Cuban exodus
2505:
2495:
2473:
2284:
2205:
2116:
1996:
1855:
1780:
1702:
1676:
1644:
1575:
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1524:
1497:
1470:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1361:
1345:. OR Books.
1341:
1334:
1318:. OR Books.
1314:
1307:
1292:
1284:
1268:. OR Books.
1264:
1257:
1241:. OR Books.
1237:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1070:
1058:
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1041:
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996:
988:
973:
946:. Retrieved
942:
929:
917:. Retrieved
913:
876:. Retrieved
871:
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847:. Retrieved
842:
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818:. Retrieved
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789:. Retrieved
784:
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645:
641:
629:
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598:
595:
591:Soviet Union
588:
581:
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573:
569:
561:
537:
534:Fidel Castro
527:
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498:
483:
471:
459:Cordell Hull
451:
447:
435:
412:
401:
398:
371:
345:
344:
277:(1995-06-28)
262:May 22, 1903
232:Succeeded by
201:
184:Succeeded by
153:
133:Succeeded by
100:
83:Succeeded by
50:
3572:1995 deaths
3567:1903 births
3373:Engage Cuba
3363:Cuban Power
3184:Legislation
2942:Polita Grau
2905:Cuban exile
2868:Banana Wars
2583:Bartholomew
2258:(1825–1913)
2189:(1779–1825)
1431:January 31,
1409:January 30,
1380:January 30,
1225:Hugh Thomas
1164:January 30,
1135:January 30,
1106:January 30,
1077:January 30,
1048:January 30,
948:January 30,
919:January 21,
878:January 30,
849:January 30,
820:January 30,
791:January 30,
681:Cuba portal
638:Later years
630:Bonsal was
616:US Congress
605:Switzerland
368:Early years
220:Preceded by
172:Preceded by
121:Preceded by
71:Preceded by
3561:Categories
3388:Havana Jam
3160:Alan Gross
3140:Ana Montes
3130:Cuban Five
3120:Bill Gaede
3032:Crateology
2844:Propaganda
2784:Cuban thaw
2769:El Diálogo
2501:Culbertson
2201:Carmichael
2097:Brownfield
1992:Schoenfeld
1944:Whitehouse
1197:0807842044
762:References
609:Cuban Thaw
258:1903-05-22
3508:Overthrow
3010:Incidents
2890:Aftermath
2817:USS Maine
2800:Conflicts
2737:Diplomacy
2633:PantaleĂłn
2352:Fairchild
2302:Barringer
2218:Humphreys
2087:Patterson
2077:Frechette
2062:Gillespie
1949:W. Dawson
1914:Northcott
1909:T. Dawson
1729:Blackford
620:communism
490:US Senate
461:that the
408:Tennessee
404:Knoxville
318:(brother)
309:Relatives
297:Parent(s)
211:President
202:In office
163:President
154:In office
110:President
101:In office
60:President
51:In office
3522:Balseros
3423:ZunZuneo
3323:Balseros
3308:Alpha 66
3286:Timeline
2618:Solomont
2538:Woodward
2518:MacVeagh
2469:Matthews
2459:Laughlin
2430:to Spain
2397:Woodford
2297:Saunders
2270:Van Ness
2256:to Spain
2223:Pinckney
2187:to Spain
2118:Palmieri
2112:Goldberg
2107:Whitaker
2102:McKinley
2067:McNamara
2007:McIntosh
1924:Thompson
1884:McKinney
1802:Sullivan
1687:Harrison
1672:Anderson
1182:(1988).
754:in 1945.
740:for the
667:See also
480:Colombia
364:regime.
3393:Omega 7
3242:Related
2613:Aguirre
2608:Argyros
2598:Gardner
2588:Zappala
2568:Stabler
2513:Griffis
2481:Weddell
2454:Hammond
2439:Willard
2412:Collier
2387:Snowden
2372:Belmont
2342:Cushing
2337:Sickles
2327:Koerner
2317:Preston
2265:Everett
2238:Forsyth
2047:Asencio
2042:Sanchez
2022:Carlson
2012:Freeman
1987:Waynick
1982:Beaulac
1939:Caffery
1904:Barrett
1899:Russell
1894:Beaupre
1840:Scruggs
1817:Dichman
1812:Scruggs
1807:Hurlbut
1734:Bidlack
626:Morocco
565:viceroy
511:Bolivia
438:Spanish
2979:JMWAVE
2628:Buchan
2623:Costos
2603:Romero
2578:Enders
2573:Todman
2558:Rivero
2548:Wagner
2533:Biddle
2496:Bonsal
2491:Armour
2464:Bowers
2402:Storer
2392:Taylor
2377:Palmer
2362:Foster
2357:Hamlin
2347:Lowell
2322:Schurz
2292:Irving
2243:Nelson
2233:Erving
2228:Erving
2082:Kamman
2052:Boyatt
2032:Saccio
2027:Vaughn
2017:Oliver
1997:Bonsal
1967:Braden
1929:Philip
1919:DuBois
1879:Abbott
1797:Burton
1765:Bowlin
1724:Semple
1719:McAfee
1349:
1322:
1272:
1245:
1194:
362:Castro
289:Spouse
284:, U.S.
267:, U.S.
2593:Capen
2528:Lodge
2486:Hayes
2449:Moore
2444:Woods
2407:Hardy
2382:Grubb
2367:Curry
2312:Dodge
2307:Soulé
2275:Eaton
2213:Short
2072:Busby
2057:Tambs
2002:Cabot
1977:Wiley
1934:Piles
1874:Maury
1845:Jacob
1822:Maney
1770:Jones
1749:Green
1739:Foote
1692:Moore
1678:Watts
1400:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
714:Notes
423:Chile
419:Spain
2563:Penn
2553:Hill
2543:Duke
2523:Dunn
2332:Hale
2280:Vail
2092:Wood
2037:Vaky
1972:Lane
1889:Hart
1744:King
1433:2016
1411:2016
1382:2016
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1301:–91.
1270:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1166:2016
1137:2016
1108:2016
1079:2016
1050:2016
950:2016
921:2016
880:2016
851:2016
822:2016
793:2016
524:Cuba
421:and
415:Cuba
272:Died
252:Born
2417:Ide
2196:Jay
1188:126
982:–7.
3563::
1402:.
1373:.
1299:89
1190:.
1156:.
1127:.
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912:.
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841:.
812:.
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406:,
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260:)
256:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
