418:
865:
926:
51:
761:
his demands that Philip should withdraw all his garrisons from Greece, Illyria, and Asia Minor. Philip was not prepared to go this far and he was persuaded to send an embassy to the Roman Senate. When this embassy reached Rome, the Senate demanded that Philip surrender the "fetters of Greece," Demetrias, Chalcis, and
Corinth, but Philip's envoys claimed they had no permission to agree to this, so the war continued. Over the rest of the winter, Philip mobilised all the manpower of his kingdom, which amounted to 18,000 men. To these he added 4,000
631:
355:
285:
1730:
658:, a Roman ambassador on his way back from Egypt, who urged him not to attack any Greek state or to seize any territory belonging to Ptolemy and to go to arbitration with Rhodes and Pergamon. Philip protested that he was not in violation of any of the terms of the Peace of Phoenice, but in vain. As he returned to Macedonia after the fall of Abydos, he learnt of the landing of Sulpicius' force in Epirus.
1514:
445:
604:, they nevertheless sent an appeal to the Romans for help. At around the same time, the Romans finally defeated Carthage. Although very little in Philip's recent actions in Thrace and Asia Minor could be said to concern the Roman Republic directly, the Senate passed a decree supporting Pergamum and Rhodes and
760:
in
November 198 - Philip sailed from Demetrias, but he refused to disembark and meet Flamininus and his allies on the beach, so he addressed them from the prow of his ship. To prolong the proceedings, Flamininus insisted that all his allies should be present at the negotiations. He then reiterated
616:, aided by troops which they had received from Philip V. Attalus I and Rhodes convinced the Athenians to declare war on Macedon and Philip dispatched a force of 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry under the command of Philokles to invade Attica and place the city of Athens under siege (Livy 31.14-16).
908:
paid to Philip V was passed on to Rome after 168 BC. Following the Second
Macedonian War, Philip V increased his revenues from agriculture and mines. Philip focused on consolidating power within Macedonia. He reorganised the country's internal affairs and finances. Mines were reopened, and a new
740:
was on his way to
Corcyra to assume command. At a peace conference, Flamininus announced the Romans' new peace terms. Up to this point, the Romans had merely ordered Philip to stop attacking the Greek cities. Now Flamininus demanded that he should make reparations to all the Greek cities he had
402:
Philip and his Greek allies in the
Hellenic League ultimately claimed victory against the Aetolians, Spartans and Elians at the conference of Naupactus in 217 BC (Plb. 5.102-105). During the war, Philip V was able to stabilise and increase his own authority amongst his own ministers and became
674:, one of the key Antigonid strongholds known as the 'fetters of Greece'. Philip rushed to Chalcis with a force of 5,000 men and 300 cavalry. Finding that Claudius had already withdrawn, he sped on towards Athens, where he defeated the Athenian and Attalid troops in a battle outside the
800:
In 196 BC Philip V signed a peace treaty with the Romans. As per the treaty, Philip V had to relinquish his claim to all Greek cities on the mainland and Asia Minor, including the "fetters" of Greece - Corinth, Chalcis and
Demetrias (Plb. 18.44-46). He could also no longer harvest
741:
harmed and withdraw all his garrisons from cities outside
Macedonia, including Thessaly, which had been part of the Macedonian kingdom continuously since 353 BC. Philip stormed out of the meeting in anger and Flamininus decided to attack. In the subsequent
500:
general (Plb. 7.9; Livy 23.33, 38.7). Their treaty defined spheres of operation and interest, but achieved little of substance or value for either side. Philip V became heavily involved in assisting and protecting his allies from attacks from the
480:
from the sea, but with limited success. His first expedition in 216 BC had to be aborted, while he suffered the loss of his whole fleet in a second expedition in 214 BC. A later expedition by land met with greater success when he captured
705:, which seemed inclined to support the Romans but remained neutral at this stage. In the spring, Sulpicius and the Dardanians separately invaded Upper Macedonia, while the Aetolian League joined the war on the Roman side and invaded
946:. This eventually led to a quarrel between Perseus and Demetrius which forced Philip to decide reluctantly to execute Demetrius for treason in 180 BC. This decision had a severe impact on Philip's health and he died a year later at
387:. Following the sack of Thermum, the Aetolian political and religious capital, the Aetolians agreed to peace. Philip's troops destroyed 2,000 statues and hauled away vast sums of treasure which included some fifteen thousand
516:
on the Roman side further exposed Philip's position in
Macedonia. Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and the increasing role of
941:
by force and diplomacy. However, his efforts were undermined by the pro-Roman policy of his younger son
Demetrius, who was encouraged by Rome to consider the possibility of succession ahead of his older brother,
374:
in 224 BC at the instigation of
Antigonus III Doson, the uncle and predecessor of Philip V. Philip took over leadership of the Hellenic League in 221/0 BC and led the Hellenic League on a three-year war against
537:
for the second time, destroying any remaining structures (Plb. 11.7.2), and the king was able to force the Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year (205 BC) he was able to conclude the
929:
Philip King of Macedon hearing his sons Perseus and Demetrius, illustration from 'The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, and Persians', ca. 1740.
642:
one of the consuls for 200 BC was tasked with resolving the troubles in Macedonia. He organised a formal declaration of war in March (Livy 31.4-8) then recruited troops, and crossed the
1529:
3017:
417:
588:. Philip responded by ravaging Attalid territory and destroying the temples outside the walls of Pergamon (Didodorus XXVIII 5). Their navies clashed with Philip's off
937:, led to constant interference from Rome. Feeling the threat growing that Rome would invade Macedon and remove him as king, he tried to extend his influence in the
370:(Symmachy) of Greek federations (eventually including the Achaeans, Acarnanians, Boeotians, Euboeans, Magnesians, Messenians, and Thessalians) was assembled in
864:
304:, administered the kingdom as regent and then king until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old (Plb. 4.2.5, 4.5.3-4; Just. 28.4.16, 29.1.1).
2081:
3523:
3518:
1534:
1680:
395:(Plb. 5.9). These shields were the arms taken from the enemies of the Aetolians during their previous military victories and included the shields of the
732:
replaced Sulpicius in command, but spent most of the year dealing with a mutiny. In summer 198 BC Philip marched west and encamped on both sides of the
721:, but gave up and withdrew as winter approached. He spent the winter training his army and engaging in diplomacy, particularly with the Achaean League.
266:. He died in 179 BC from illness after efforts to recover the military and economic condition of Macedonia and passed the throne onto his elder son,
736:
river where it passed through a narrow ravine. Villius marched to meet him, but was still considering what to do when he learnt that his successor,
873:
655:
279:
745:, the Macedonian force collapsed and fled, suffering 2,000 casualties. Philip gathered up the survivors and retreated to Thessaly and then to
1222:
925:
792:. Philip himself fled on horseback, collected the survivors, and withdrew to Macedonia. Philip was forced to sue for peace on Roman terms.
489:
812:
Following the peace treaty, Philip cooperated with the Romans and provided material support for their wars against the Spartans under
1570:
1464:
1439:
1401:
1376:
1351:
1326:
1082:
1027:
2074:
50:
1155:
He had been sent to Egypt to politely decline an offer by Ptolemy IV to send an army to protect Athens from Philip: Livy 31.9.
3533:
3503:
3198:
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1673:
1140:
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However, Rome continued to be suspicious of Philip's intentions. Accusations by Macedon's neighboring states, particularly
3528:
3339:
3325:
3193:
3178:
2333:
717:. There, Philip suddenly appeared and completely defeated their force. He spent some time besieging the Aetolian city of
666:
Gaius Claudius Centho was sent with 20 ships and 1,000 men to aid the Athenians, then led a surprise raid on the city of
403:
well-known and respected for his leadership and military prowess among the Greeks (Plb. 4.77.1-4; 5.104.4-11; 7.11.4-6).
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3188:
3173:
3148:
3125:
3105:
437:
551:
349:
243:
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3372:
3183:
3168:
3153:
3138:
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2278:
2067:
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337:
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163:
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129:
113:
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3158:
3133:
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2901:
1689:
737:
56:
1344:
A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2: The Customs and Laws of War with Regards to Civilians in Times of Conflict
608:
was sent to investigate (Livy 31.3). Simultaneously, Philip's relationship with Athens suddenly deteriorated. The
3115:
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1842:
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833:
729:
605:
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Over the winter of 200-199 BC, the diplomatic efforts of Philip, Sulpicius, and the Athenians centred on the
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3377:
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2155:
2122:
1869:
1830:
1784:
817:
781:
639:
561:
293:
259:
195:
825:
307:
Philip was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was compared to
296:
and Chryseis. Philip was nine years old when his father died in 229 BC. His elder paternal half-sister was
263:
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3311:
3143:
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1987:
1918:
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630:
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2117:
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625:
513:
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224:
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2909:
2484:
2464:
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2338:
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2193:
2165:
2145:
2107:
1982:
1953:
1948:
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1854:
1809:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1754:
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580:. This expansion of Macedonian influence created alarm in a number of neighbouring states, including
412:
312:
251:
93:
512:
in 211 BC effectively neutralised Philip's advantage on land (Livy 26.24.6-11). The intervention of
284:
3405:
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3047:
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2934:
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2514:
2449:
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1859:
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139:
83:
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2002:
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954:
943:
789:
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Over the winter of 198/197 BC, Philip declared his willingness to make peace. The parties met at
267:
151:
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3440:
3395:
3042:
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2816:
2454:
2414:
2229:
2175:
2160:
1974:
1959:
1943:
1923:
1835:
1710:
1609:
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1492:
1460:
1435:
1397:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1136:
1078:
1023:
609:
539:
185:
146:
780:, Apollonia, and Athamania. Philip marched south into Thessaly and the two armies met at the
3218:
3037:
2688:
2572:
2474:
2267:
2242:
2025:
1933:
784:(Plb. 18.18-27; Livy 33.5-11). In what proved to be the decisive engagement of the war, the
706:
581:
482:
354:
326:
1075:
Creating a Common Polity: Religion, Economy, and Politics in the Making of the Greek Koinon
978:
638:
In light of reports from Laevinus and further embassies from Pergamon, Rhodes, and Athens,
2914:
2871:
2806:
2766:
2582:
2459:
2401:
2366:
2358:
2237:
1938:
914:
821:
813:
753:
702:
509:
453:
421:
65:
472:, forming alliances or lending patronage to certain island and coastal provinces such as
3291:
2861:
2801:
2489:
2099:
1741:
880:
113 BC, with Philip V on the obverse, wearing the traditional helmet with goat's horns.
530:
526:
465:
449:
332:
After ascending to the throne, in the first year of his reign Philip V pushed back the
247:
235:
215:
170:
3497:
3259:
3248:
2746:
2736:
2693:
2658:
2386:
1525:
1520:
746:
425:
17:
805:
on the territory under his control. This effectively meant he could not build up an
3301:
3264:
3228:
2881:
2866:
2781:
2721:
2683:
2663:
2648:
2323:
785:
766:
675:
469:
429:
384:
325:) because of his benevolent conduct towards them. He had a close relationship with
765:
from Thrace and Illyria, and 2,500 mercenaries. All these forces were gathered at
888:
on the population of Macedonia and the exploitation of royal property, including
258:
Macedonian Wars. While he lost the latter, Philip later allied with Rome against
2841:
2836:
2776:
2761:
2698:
2643:
2620:
2615:
2590:
2328:
1563:
Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories : Politics, History, and Fiction
897:
853:
773:
690:, and Athens. Then he ravaged the sanctuaries throughout Attica and withdrew to
518:
3400:
3367:
3233:
2891:
2751:
2638:
2605:
2567:
2559:
1928:
947:
849:
710:
679:
651:
569:
125:
1501:(translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
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3253:
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2821:
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2668:
2600:
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2348:
2343:
2218:
2140:
2018:
1887:
841:
829:
698:
sanctuaries of Attica was severe and marked the permanent end of their use.
522:
461:
444:
297:
2846:
2771:
2756:
1488:
934:
910:
905:
893:
869:
837:
718:
714:
654:. During the siege of Abydos, in the autumn of 200 BC, Philip was met by
643:
601:
600:. Although the Rhodians and Attalids successfully blockaded his fleet at
557:
497:
493:
155:
41:
828:
the Romans allowed Philip V to keep territory he had conquered, such as
3415:
2811:
958:
938:
845:
806:
762:
733:
691:
687:
683:
667:
593:
577:
534:
477:
376:
371:
333:
180:
1432:
Soldiers and Silver: Mobilizing Resources in the Age of Roman Conquest
634:
Kingdom of Macedon on the eve of the Second Macedonian War, c. 200 BC.
2826:
2059:
889:
802:
777:
757:
671:
613:
585:
502:
388:
380:
366:
The Social War (220–217 BC) began following the establishment of the
1133:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
1658:
1519:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1062:. Historia - Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte, 67. p. 434-453.
924:
629:
597:
589:
573:
443:
416:
396:
353:
283:
109:
242:
from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the
1106:
Mikhail Rostovtzeff, A History of the Ancient World: Rome, pp 67
901:
695:
473:
392:
2063:
1662:
391:
and suits of arms with which the Aetolians had decorated their
885:
329:, who until 213 BC held a prestigious position at his court.
320:
1728:
1538:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
646:
in autumn (Livy 31.12-14). Meanwhile, Philip was besieging
246:(220-217 BC) and a struggle with the emerging power of the
1097:
Victor Parker, A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC, pp 393
816:
in 195 BC. Philip V also supported the Romans against
564:
to capture Egyptian-held territory from the boy king
1060:"Polybios, the Laws of War, and Philip V of Macedon"
3386:
3217:
3124:
3066:
2979:
2900:
2707:
2629:
2581:
2558:
2400:
2357:
2228:
2174:
2131:
2098:
2011:
1973:
1911:
1878:
1740:
1696:
1591:
The Last Kings of Macedonia and the Triumph of Rome
229:
201:
191:
179:
169:
145:
135:
119:
103:
99:
89:
79:
71:
64:
34:
1196:. Berkeley/London: University of California Press.
884:Philip V was able to generate revenue by imposing
568:(Plb. 15.20), Philip invaded their territories in
456:, a town which was sacked by the army of Philip V.
1120:. American Journal of Philology 73. p. 1-23.
772:In June 197 BC, Flamininus marched north through
322:κοινός τις...ἐρώμενος...τῶν Ἑλλήνων; Plb. 7.8.11
1135:. University of California Press. p. 307.
1077:. University of California Press. p. 214.
428:, possibly a depiction of Philip V of Macedon,
399:who had raided Greece in the 3rd century BC.
2075:
1674:
8:
1459:. Oxford University Press. p. 228-233.
1321:. Oxford University Press. p. 214-217.
682:, made a series of unsuccessful assaults on
250:. He would lead Macedon against Rome in the
1420:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 307, 308.
1007:. Edizioni dell'Orso. p. 13-29, 39-41.
2082:
2068:
2060:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1600:
1457:Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories
1434:. University of Texas Press. p. 150.
1396:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
1371:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
1319:Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories
1221:sfn error: no target: CITEREFErdkamp1998 (
1020:Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories
542:with Rome and its allies (Livy 29.12.14).
49:
31:
809:of weapons, such as large naval vessels.
468:influence along the eastern shore of the
315:, and is said by Polybius to have become
1022:. Oxford University Press. p. 104.
863:
533:, the religious and political centre of
1216:
970:
280:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
3014:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1346:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10.
464:in 217 BC, Philip V tried to replace
7:
3482:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
2048:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
1047:. Edizioni dell'Orso. p. 29-31.
27:King of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC
1565:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
953:He was succeeded by his eldest son
900:. According to the Roman historian
476:on Crete. He first tried to invade
3524:2nd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
3519:3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
25:
1554:Rome and the Third Macedonian War
1394:Rome and the Third Macedonian War
1369:Rome and the Third Macedonian War
596:) in 201 BC. Philip then invaded
407:First Macedonian War (214–205 BC)
336:and other tribes in the north of
317:a universal beloved of the Greeks
1512:
957:, who ruled as the last king of
788:of Flamininus defeated Philip's
556:Following an agreement with the
432:, circa 200 BC, originally from
852:, and a number of towns in the
529:. Philip and his troops sacked
505:, the Romans and their allies.
288:Didrachm of Philip V of Macedon
1271:Diodorus XXVIII 11; Livy 32.10
1194:Religion in Hellenistic Athens
694:. The damage to the rural and
490:Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty
358:The Mediterranean world in 218
234:; 238–179 BC) was king of the
1:
3486:in most of their territories.
2284:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
1584:. Cambridge University Press.
1556:. Cambridge University Press.
1342:Gillespie, Alexander (2011).
488:In 215 BC, Philip V signed a
2033:Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus
1530:Philip V., king of Macedonia
1182:Diodoros 28.7; Livy 31.23-26
1164:Diodorus 28.6; Livy 31.16-17
950:towards the end of 179 B.C.
776:, with allies from Aetolia,
725:Campaigns against Flamininus
438:Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
55:Bust of Philip V inside the
2279:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1543:D'Agostini, Monica (2019).
1430:Taylor, Michael J. (2020).
1043:D'Agostini, Monica (2019).
1003:D'Agostini, Monica (2019).
713:, then continued to ravage
662:Campaigns against Sulpicius
230:
3555:
1593:. Oxford University Press.
738:Titus Quinctius Flamininus
623:
549:
410:
347:
321:
277:
3480:
2184:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2046:
2012:Post-Conquest Rebel Kings
1860:Alexander III (the Great)
1726:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1603:
1589:Worthington, Ian (2023).
1192:Mikalson, Jon D. (1998).
1116:Bickerman, E. J. (1952).
508:Rome's alliance with the
219:
48:
39:
2545:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2344:Cleopatra VII Philopator
1561:Nicholson, Emma (2023).
1455:Nicholson, Emma (2023).
1418:Roman Republican Coinage
1416:Michael Crawford (1974)
1392:Burton, Paul J. (2017).
1367:Burton, Paul J. (2017).
1317:Nicholson, Emma (2023).
1058:Nicholson, Emma (2018).
1018:Nicholson, Emma (2023).
904:, less than half of the
874:Lucius Marcius Philippus
730:Publius Villius Tappulus
606:Marcus Valerius Laevinus
424:bust of a man wearing a
300:. Philip's great-uncle,
3342:'s attempted rule with
3023:Mithridates V Euergetes
2435:Antiochus III the Great
2248:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2189:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
2113:Alexander III the Great
1580:Walbank, Frank (1940).
1535:Encyclopædia Britannica
979:"Demetrius II - Livius"
818:Antiochus III the Great
782:Battle of Cynoscephalae
656:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
640:Publius Sulpicius Galba
552:Cretan War (205–200 BC)
546:Expansion in the Aegean
350:Social War (220–217 BC)
294:Demetrius II of Macedon
3126:Monarchs of Cappadocia
3028:Mithridates VI Eupator
2550:Philip II Philoromaeus
2535:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2525:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2520:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2505:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2445:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2440:Seleucus IV Philopator
2425:Seleucus II Callinicus
2324:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
2199:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1734:
1073:Mackil, Emily (2013).
930:
881:
796:Peace treaty with Rome
635:
457:
441:
363:
311:, modelled himself on
292:Philip was the son of
289:
196:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3534:Second Macedonian War
3504:3rd-century BC births
3068:Monarchs of Commagene
2989:Mithridates I Ctistes
2530:Philip I Philadelphus
2510:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2500:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2495:Seleucus V Philometor
2480:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2470:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2430:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2329:Berenice IV Epiphanea
2274:Ptolemy VI Philometor
2258:Ptolemy IV Philopator
2253:Ptolemy III Euergetes
2118:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1732:
1552:Burton, Paul (2017).
1547:. Edizioni dell'Orso.
1235:Livy 31.41-43, 32.4-5
1131:Green, Peter (1990).
1118:"Hannibal's Covenant"
928:
867:
633:
626:Second Macedonian War
620:Second Macedonian War
514:Attalus I of Pergamum
447:
436:, now located in the
420:
357:
287:
278:Further information:
18:Philip V of Macedonia
3529:First Macedonian War
2902:Monarchs of Bithynia
2485:Alexander II Zabinas
2465:Demetrius II Nicator
2382:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2349:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
2314:Ptolemy XI Alexander
2289:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2194:Antigonus II Gonatas
1605:Philip V of Macedon
1545:The Rise of Philip V
1499:Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
1045:The Rise of Philip V
1005:The Rise of Philip V
413:First Macedonian War
244:Social War in Greece
175:Φίλιππος (Philippos)
3484:Hellenistic satraps
2515:Antiochus X Eusebes
2450:Antiochus V Eupator
2392:Cleopatra Selene II
2319:Ptolemy XII Auletes
2304:Ptolemy X Alexander
2299:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
2263:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
2204:Antigonus III Doson
1634:Antigonus III Doson
1582:Philip V of Macedon
612:launched a raid on
460:After the Peace of
309:Alexander the Great
302:Antigonus III Doson
256:Second (200-196 BC)
84:Antigonus III Doson
3388:Monarchs of Epirus
3221:Cimmerian Bosporus
2981:Monarchs of Pontus
2540:Cleopatra Selene I
2420:Antiochus II Theos
2410:Seleucus I Nicator
2377:Demetrius the Fair
2359:Monarchs of Cyrene
1880:Antipatrid dynasty
1735:
931:
882:
826:Roman–Seleucid War
790:Macedonian phalanx
743:Battle of the Aous
636:
458:
442:
364:
290:
268:Perseus of Macedon
264:Roman-Seleucid War
252:First (212-205 BC)
3539:Antigonid dynasty
3491:
3490:
2971:Socrates Chrestus
2460:Alexander I Balas
2455:Demetrius I Soter
2415:Antiochus I Soter
2161:Antipater Etesias
2057:
2056:
1975:Antigonid dynasty
1964:
1912:Dynastic conflict
1837:Ptolemy of Aloros
1825:
1657:
1656:
1648:Succeeded by
1610:Antigonid dynasty
1506:Secondary sources
610:Acarnanian League
540:Peace of Phoenice
228:
209:
208:
186:Antigonid dynasty
16:(Redirected from
3546:
3283:
3199:Ariobarzanes III
2573:Ptolemy Epigonos
2475:Diodotus Tryphon
2268:Cleopatra I Syra
2243:Ptolemy Keraunos
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2027:Pseudo-Alexander
1958:
1934:Ptolemy Ceraunus
1819:
1690:Kings of Macedon
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1631:Preceded by
1626:
1619:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:Livy 31.14, 22-3
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
975:
860:Internal reforms
678:and encamped at
582:Attalid Pergamum
361:
327:Aratus of Sicyon
324:
323:
233:
223:
221:
123:179 BC (aged 59)
53:
32:
21:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3476:
3382:
3373:Mithridates III
3277:
3220:
3219:Monarchs of the
3213:
3194:Ariobarzanes II
3179:Ariarathes VIII
3120:
3106:Mithridates III
3062:
3004:Mithridates III
2975:
2896:
2703:
2631:Greco-Bactrians
2625:
2577:
2554:
2396:
2353:
2238:Ptolemy I Soter
2224:
2170:
2127:
2094:
2088:
2058:
2053:
2042:
2007:
1969:
1907:
1874:
1736:
1724:
1692:
1687:
1653:
1644:
1641:King of Macedon
1636:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1528:, ed. (1911). "
1524:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1485:
1483:Primary sources
1480:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
977:
976:
972:
967:
923:
862:
822:Aetolian League
798:
727:
703:Aetolian League
664:
628:
622:
592:and Lade (near
554:
548:
510:Aetolian League
454:Aetolian League
452:capital of the
415:
409:
368:Hellenic League
359:
352:
346:
282:
276:
162:
158:
154:
124:
108:
66:King of Macedon
60:
57:Palazzo Massimo
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Neoptolemus II
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3326:Mithridates II
3323:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Paerisades III
3289:
3284:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Ariobarzanes I
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Ariarathes VII
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Ariarathes III
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Mithridates II
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Mithridates II
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Apollodotus II
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Cleopatra Thea
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1742:Argead dynasty
1738:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1607:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1526:Chisholm, Hugh
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1447:
1440:
1422:
1409:
1402:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1352:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:, p. 144.
1209:
1200:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1123:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1065:
1050:
1035:
1028:
1010:
995:
983:www.livius.org
969:
968:
966:
963:
922:
919:
861:
858:
797:
794:
726:
723:
663:
660:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
576:and capturing
550:Main article:
547:
544:
527:Achaean League
411:Main article:
408:
405:
348:Main article:
345:
344:The Social War
342:
275:
272:
248:Roman Republic
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
149:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
121:
117:
116:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3551:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:179 BC deaths
3512:
3510:
3509:238 BC births
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Neoptolemus I
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Mithridates I
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Paerisades IV
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Paerisades II
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Spartokos III
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Ariarathes IX
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Ariarathes VI
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Ariarathes IV
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Ariarathes II
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Antiochus III
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Mithridates I
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Nicomedes III
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Demetrius III
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Antimachus II
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Apollodotus I
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Eucratides II
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Euthydemus II
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Ptolemy Apion
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
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1289:Livy 32.32-37
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1280:Livy 32.10-13
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836:coastline of
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448:The ruins of
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3446:Alexander II
3302:Paerisades V
3265:Spartokos IV
3229:Paerisades I
3204:Ariarathes X
3159:Ariarathes V
3134:Ariarathes I
3116:Antiochus IV
3101:Antiochus II
3033:Pharnaces II
2994:Ariobarzanes
2966:Nicomedes IV
2956:Nicomedes II
2882:Apollophanes
2867:Hippostratos
2782:Heliokles II
2742:Demetrius II
2722:Antimachus I
2684:Eucratides I
2679:Demetrius II
2664:Antimachus I
2649:Euthydemus I
2334:Ptolemy XIII
2309:Berenice III
2208:
2156:Antipater II
2123:Alexander IV
2049:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2019:
1997:
1988:Demetrius II
1983:Antigonus II
1960:
1954:Antigonus II
1944:Antipater II
1870:Alexander IV
1848:
1836:
1831:Alexander II
1821:
1785:Perdiccas II
1718:
1711:
1704:
1639:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1562:
1553:
1544:
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1493:
1456:
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1387:
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1231:
1217:Erdkamp 1998
1212:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1004:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:
973:
952:
932:
883:
877:
824:. After the
811:
799:
771:
751:
728:
700:
676:Dipylon Gate
665:
637:
572:, besieging
555:
507:
498:Carthaginian
487:
470:Adriatic Sea
459:
430:copper alloy
401:
365:
331:
316:
306:
291:
211:
210:
40:
29:
3467:Pyrrhus III
3451:Olympias II
3421:Alexander I
3278: [
3275:Spartokos V
3144:Ariamnes II
3091:Antiochus I
3053:Pythodorida
3009:Pharnaces I
2930:Zipoetes II
2925:Nicomedes I
2842:Artemidoros
2837:Menander II
2777:Antialcidas
2762:Agathokleia
2717:Demetrius I
2709:Indo-Greeks
2699:Heliocles I
2654:Demetrius I
2644:Diodotus II
2621:Eumenes III
2616:Attalus III
2591:Philetaerus
2560:Lysimachids
2372:Berenice II
2339:Ptolemy XIV
2221:(pretender)
2151:Alexander V
2133:Antipatrids
2091:Hellenistic
1919:Demetrius I
1903:Alexander V
1898:Antipater I
1815:Amyntas III
1780:Alexander I
1750:Perdiccas I
1733:Vergina Sun
1645:221–179 BC
1298:Livy 33.3-4
1262:Livy 32.5-6
921:Final years
898:agriculture
854:Malian Gulf
848:, parts of
844:, parts of
840:, parts of
774:Thermopylae
519:Philopoemen
485:in 212 BC.
422:Hellenistic
238:kingdom of
80:Predecessor
3498:Categories
3457:Pyrrhus II
3436:Alcetas II
3401:Tharrhypas
3368:Gepaepyris
3340:Scribonius
3234:Satyros II
3164:Orophernes
3076:Ptolemaeus
3058:Polemon II
2951:Prusias II
2920:Zipoetes I
2892:Strato III
2817:Theophilos
2797:Philoxenus
2752:Menander I
2732:Agathocles
2674:Agathocles
2639:Diodotus I
2611:Attalus II
2606:Eumenes II
2568:Lysimachus
2176:Antigonids
1929:Lysimachus
1865:Philip III
1849:Amyntas IV
1822:Argaeus II
1805:Amyntas II
1800:Aeropus II
1142:0520056116
965:References
948:Amphipolis
850:Perrhaebia
711:Perrhaebia
680:Cynosarges
652:Hellespont
570:Asia Minor
496:Barca the
440:, Richmond
274:Early life
140:Polycratia
126:Amphipolis
75:221–179 BC
3441:Pyrrhus I
3406:Alcetas I
3312:Pharnaces
3287:Kamasarye
3270:Leukon II
3254:Hygiainon
3209:Archelaus
3048:Polemon I
2946:Prusias I
2887:Strato II
2877:Zoilos II
2872:Dionysios
2852:Archebius
2822:Peukolaos
2787:Polyxenos
2727:Pantaleon
2669:Pantaleon
2601:Attalus I
2596:Eumenes I
2402:Seleucids
2230:Ptolemies
2219:Philip VI
2166:Sosthenes
2146:Philip IV
2141:Cassander
2108:Philip II
2038:Euephenes
2020:Andriscus
1949:Sosthenes
1893:Philip IV
1888:Cassander
1855:Philip II
1810:Pausanias
1790:Archelaus
1775:Amyntas I
1765:Aeropus I
1755:Argaeus I
1697:Legendary
1494:Histories
1307:Livy 33.3
1253:Livy 32.3
1244:Livy 32.1
876:, minted
842:Athamania
834:Magnesian
830:Demetrias
566:Ptolemy V
523:strategos
462:Naupactus
434:Macedonia
338:Macedonia
313:Philip II
298:Apama III
231:Philippos
225:romanized
164:Philippus
160:Demetrius
130:Macedonia
114:Macedonia
90:Successor
3472:Deidamia
3453:(regent)
3426:Aeacides
3363:Aspurgus
3256:(regent)
3239:Prytanis
3081:Sames II
2937:(regent)
2910:Boteiras
2857:Telephos
2847:Hermaeus
2802:Diomedes
2772:Strato I
2757:Zoilos I
2583:Attalids
2270:(regent)
2209:Philip V
1998:Philip V
1939:Meleager
1760:Philip I
1719:Tyrimmas
1489:Polybius
935:Pergamon
911:currency
906:tributum
894:forestry
870:denarius
838:Thessaly
820:and the
763:peltasts
719:Thaumaci
715:Thessaly
707:Magnesia
644:Adriatic
602:Bargylia
558:Seleucid
503:Spartans
494:Hannibal
220:Φίλιππος
212:Philip V
205:Chryseis
156:Apame IV
42:Basileus
35:Philip V
3462:Ptolemy
3416:Arybbas
3396:Admetus
3378:Cotys I
3358:Polemon
3353:Polemon
3349:Dynamis
3344:Dynamis
3335:Dynamis
3331:Asander
3321:Dynamis
3317:Asander
3244:Eumelos
3043:Arsaces
3018:Laodice
2941:Ziaelas
2935:Etazeta
2812:Epander
2807:Amyntas
2214:Perseus
2100:Argeads
2050:italics
2003:Perseus
1961:Pyrrhus
1924:Pyrrhus
1795:Orestes
1770:Alcetas
1705:Caranus
1651:Perseus
1523::
1478:Sources
1198:, ch.6.
988:5 April
959:Macedon
955:Perseus
944:Perseus
939:Balkans
846:Dolopia
807:arsenal
786:legions
692:Boeotia
688:Piraeus
684:Eleusis
668:Chalcis
650:in the
594:Miletus
578:Miletus
535:Aetolia
531:Thermum
525:of the
478:Illyria
389:shields
377:Aetolia
372:Corinth
334:Dardani
262:in the
240:Macedon
227::
152:Perseus
94:Perseus
59:, Rome.
3038:Darius
2832:Nicias
2827:Thraso
2767:Lysias
2093:rulers
1712:Coenus
1625:179 BC
1621:
1618:238 BC
1569:
1517:
1463:
1438:
1400:
1375:
1350:
1325:
1139:
1081:
1026:
915:minted
890:mining
868:Roman
832:, the
803:timber
778:Gortyn
758:Locris
754:Nicaea
672:Euboea
648:Abydos
614:Attica
586:Rhodes
521:, the
483:Lissus
450:Thermo
381:Sparta
360:
202:Mother
192:Father
136:Spouse
107:238 BC
3351:with
3333:with
3319:with
3282:]
3016:with
2689:Plato
2367:Magas
1623:Died:
1616:Born:
886:taxes
878:circa
814:Nabis
747:Tempe
598:Caria
590:Chios
574:Samos
560:king
492:with
466:Roman
397:Gauls
393:stoas
216:Greek
181:House
171:Greek
147:Issue
110:Pella
72:Reign
1567:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1223:help
1137:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1024:ISBN
990:2018
913:was
902:Livy
896:and
767:Dion
734:Aoös
709:and
696:deme
584:and
474:Lato
385:Elis
383:and
254:and
120:Died
104:Born
2915:Bas
1532:".
872:of
769:.
756:in
670:in
362:BC.
3500::
3280:ru
1497:,
1491:,
981:.
961:.
917:.
892:,
856:.
749:.
686:,
379:,
340:.
270:.
222:,
218::
128:,
112:,
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2076:t
2069:v
2052:.
1682:e
1675:t
1668:v
1575:.
1469:.
1444:.
1406:.
1381:.
1356:.
1331:.
1225:)
1145:.
1087:.
1032:.
992:.
319:(
214:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
