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Gross began this work at
International Alloys and, when Fulmer was founded, this became Fulmer's first contract. He speculated and then proved that aluminium has a subhalide AlCl. He devised a method by which pure aluminium can be catalytically distilled from any aluminium-containing alloy or mixture
366:
In 1968 Gross retired from his post at Fulmer though he continued to advise as a consultant. He took particular satisfaction when, in 1969, the
Philosophy Faculty of Vienna University awarded him the title of Honorary Professor. This restored to him the status that had been stripped from him by the
235:
Gross never learned to drive a car. When asked why he replied "I am a theoretician!". One consequence of this attitude was that he took particular care in building a team of skilled and expert experimentalists to test his ideas and determine the data he needed. This team was headed first by Leon
162:
in 1938, more than 2,700 mostly Jewish affiliates of the
University of Vienna - lecturers, students and administration employees - were dismissed and subsequently forced to emigrate or were murdered. Gross, as a Jew, was dismissed and was one of the more than 200 people who were stripped of their
318:
were needed for the assessment of potential rocket fuels. Fulmer established equipment and skills for very accurate measurement of heats of formation and heats of reaction. This is where the experimental skills of his team were important. Each determination presented its own challenges. Reaction
737:
343:
So far as the conception of the process is concerned, the important points are the way Gross saw significance in a chance piece of information which others consistently neglected, how he deduced the existence of AlCl from the most basic of chemical principles, and how he then applied this in an
338:
Professor Denys
Richardson of Imperial College, in his lecture "Basic Knowledge, Discovery, and Invention in the Birth of New Metallurgical Processes", took as an example Gross's discovery of AlCl and invention of the subhalide process for aluminium extraction. He concluded:
227:
founded Almin
Limited (Associated Light Metal Industries) which brought together a group of companies, including Intal, involved with the production and processing of aluminium and magnesium alloys. He founded a new company, the
950:
390:
Some long-serving members of the physical chemistry team were: Barry Bines; Jim
Bingham; Tony Bowry; Charles Campbell; John Christie; Ernest Dewing; David Greene; Peter Kent; Ron Lewin; Mike Stuart; George
205:
In
January 1940 a tribunal decided that Gross should be exempt from internment and in June 1940 he was released. and returned to Bristol University. As well as Bristol he lectured at King's College, London
319:
conditions could be extreme: burning in fluorine might have to be contained or temperatures up to 2000 °C might be needed. Often, specially designed apparatus had to be blown from glass or silica.
232:, to offer services to Government and industry as Britain's first contract R&D organization and to be Almin's R&D unit. In June 1946 he appointed Gross as Fulmer's chief scientist.
335:
Perhaps
Philipp Gross's major contribution to technology was his pioneering work in applying rigorous thermodynamic analysis to extractive metallurgy and other fields of materials science.
301:. On cooling, the reaction reverses; aluminium condenses and the trichloride can be recirculated. He went on to develop analogous methods for the extraction of beryllium and of titanium.
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In the summer of 1939 Gross came to
England to attend a scientific conference and remained after the conference, joining the physics department of Bristol University as a lecturer.
359:
He was married to Maria and had one daughter Mali. Gross was a keen student of art history with particular expertise in
Byzantine art. With his wife Maria he built a collection of
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in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry in 1930. In 1928 he was involved in the creation of the physical-chemistry department, and he was head of this department from 1929 to 1937.
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fluid temperatures were measured to 2Ă—10 K. Over the many years that this work continued, Fulmer established thermodynamic data for a wide range of metal
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315:
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735:, PHILIPP GROSS, "Process for the production and refining of aluminium", published 1949-05-17, assigned to INT ALLOYS LTD
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in the Isle of Man He was one of eight internees from the physics department of Bristol University. The Head of Department at the time.
23:
but was expelled on racial grounds in 1938 under the Nazi regime. In 1939 he sought refuge in Britain, joining the physics department at
935:
415:
Richardson, F D (1964), "Basic Knowledge Discovery and Invention in the Birth of new Metallurgical Processes", in Beeley, Peter (ed.),
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19:(September 30, 1899 – May 20, 1974) was a physical chemist born and educated in Vienna. He became Professor of Physical Chemistry at
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482:
833:
Gross, P; Levi, D L; Lewin, R H (1959), "Activities in Uranium-Bismoth Alloys and the Free Energies of Uranium-Bismuth Compounds",
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910:
31:, he returned to Bristol University and then worked in Industry. After the war he became Chief Scientist at the newly founded
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In 1943 Gross joined the staff of High Duty Alloys Limited (HDA) and in 1944 of International Alloys Limited (Intal).
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815:(Report). Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England: Fulmer Research Institute Limited. R163/38. Archived from
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under the supervision of Professor Alfons Franz Klemenc. Gross was awarded the degree of D.Phil. in 1923.
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Philipp Gross was born on 30 September 1899, Vienna, the son of Berthold Gross, chief accountant of the
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In 1937 Gross took sabbatical leave from the University of Vienna and became a visiting professor at
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675:
Fulmer Newsletter No 2 (Report). Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire: Fulmer Research Institute. July 1968.
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35:, a post which he occupied for more than twenty years. He was one of the first to apply rigorous
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Elemental Germans – Klaus Fuchs, Rudolf Peierls and the making of British Nuclear Culture 1939-59
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Gross's twenty-year career at Fulmer was devoted to two main inter-related research programmes:
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On release from military service in 1918, he studied Chemistry at Vienna Technical University, (
190:, described this loss as a 'bombshell'. Anticipating the requirements of what would become the
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He joined the university research staff in 1922, receiving the highest teaching qualification,
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he did military service in Serbia and in 1917 was briefly interned in Cattaro, present day
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Gross, P; Hayman, C; Stuart, M C (1966). "Heat of formation of phosphorus pentafluoride".
657:"Male Enemy Alien - Exemption from Internment - Refugee, 20 January 1940: Philipp Gross",
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77:
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Memorial Book for the Victims of National Socialism at the University of Vienna in 1938
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Gross, P; Lewin, R H (1973), "Transport of beryllium in beryllium dichloride vapour",
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441:"Alternative Al production methods: Part 1 - a review of indirect carbothermal routes"
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The forward reaction is favoured at high temperature and low partial pressure of AlCl
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419:, Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited (published 2015), pp. 15–17,
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810:
Heats of Formation of Light Element Compounds, 1 September 1960 - 31 December 1969
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Vertriebene Vernunft - Emigration und Exil österreichischer Wissenschaft 1930-1940
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and was the inventor of the sub-chloride process for the extraction of aluminium.
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in honour of its most famous pupil, and matriculated with distinction in 1917.
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202:'a spanner is thrown in the works if all these friendly aliens are excluded'.
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Rhamdhani, M A; Dewan, M A; Brooks, G A; Monaghan, B J; Prentice, L (2013),
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The Physical Chemistry of Metallic Solutions and Intermetallic Compounds
627:"Naturalisation Certificate AZ39179, 23 February 1948: Philipp Gross",
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The sub-halide catalytic distillation method for extractive metallurgy.
88:
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De Barr, A E (1967). "The Fulmer Research Institute: Open Days 1966".
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Friedman, Hans (1987). "Philipp Gross". In Stadler, Friedrich (ed.).
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In 1938 or 1939 He was made a full professor at Istanbul University.
62:. He attended the Erzherzog-Rainer-Realgymnasium, since renamed the
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Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft
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Theory of strong electrolytes, especially in non-aqueous solutions
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Determination of thermodynamic data by high accuracy calorimetry.
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or from scrap aluminium using the following reversible reaction:
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642:"Germans Interned in the UK, Golds-Grz, 1939: Philipp Gross",
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Gross was to become naturalised as a British Subject in 1948.
477:(in German). Vienna: Austrian National Library. para 3537.
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prize and in 1936 he was promoted to Associate Professor.
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Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
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Professor F D Richardson, Hatfield Memorial lecture (1964)
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In 1931 the Austrian Academy of Sciences awarded him the
27:. On the outbreak of war, after a brief internment as an
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Levi, D. L. (29 May 1974). "OBITUARY Dr Philipp Gross".
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Thermodynamics of strong electrolytes, experiments with
269:
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Duckworth, W E (1986). "Fulmer Research Institute".
331:, mixed oxides and other compounds. See for example
194:project, he lobbied for their release. He wrote to
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8:
278:{\displaystyle {\ce {\rightleftharpoons }}}
926:Academic staff of the University of Vienna
543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
417:The Hatfield Memorial Lectures Volume III
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99:He studied physics and chemistry at the
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523:(in German). Vienna. pp. 756–759.
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686:"Announcing Formation of Almin Ltd".
374:Gross died in London on 20 May 1974.
363:, prints and contemporary paintings.
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808:Gross, P; Hayman, C (March 1970).
606:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 27.
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789:(1). Institute of Physics: 9–13.
120:His work in the 1930s included:
875:"AWARD TO AUSTRIAN SCIENTIST".
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659:The National Archives of the UK
644:The National Archives of the UK
629:The National Archives of the UK
588:. Vienna: University of Vienna.
371:more than thirty years before.
236:Levi and then by Colin Hayman.
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766:"Fulmer Research Institute".
921:University of Vienna alumni
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473:de Gruyter, Walter (2002).
53:Austrian North West Railway
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936:Austrian physical chemists
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602:Laucht, Christoph (2012).
344:utterly different context.
316:free energies of formation
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941:British physical chemists
230:Fulmer Research Institute
219:Fulmer Research Institute
213:Fulmer Research Institute
178:The war years 1939 - 1945
33:Fulmer Research Institute
770:: 677. 12 November 1954.
753:Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc.
225:Colonel Wallace Devereux
47:Early life and education
883:(2): 11. February 1969.
91:), graduating in 1920.
64:Sigmund Freud Gymnasium
911:Scientists from Vienna
580:Posch, Herbert (ed.).
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37:thermodynamic analysis
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41:extractive metallurgy
862:10.1039/tf9666202716
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101:University of Vienna
145:Istanbul University
128:Acid-base catalysis
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312:Heats of formation
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198:, chairman of the
115:Rudolf Wegscheider
25:Bristol University
850:Trans Faraday Soc
255:2Al(solid) + AlCl
167:Refuge in Britain
163:academic titles.
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184:enemy alien
138:heavy water
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29:enemy alien
895:Categories
856:: 2716–8.
530:3224165251
426:1845691148
399:References
567:The Times
539:cite book
272:⇌
160:Anschluss
154:Expulsion
136:and with
134:deuterium
347:—
259:(vapour)
223:In 1945
391:Wilson.
325:halides
89:TU Wien
76:In the
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820:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
378:Notes
361:icons
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