55:
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three distinct groups: children who are learning to read, children who know how to read and are ready to learn grammar, and children who are well-trained in grammar and syntax. Melanchthon also believed that the disciplinary system of the classical "seven liberal arts", and the sciences studied in the higher faculties could not encompass the new revolutionary discoveries of the age in terms of either content or method. He expanded the traditional categorization of science in several directions, incorporating not only history, geography and poetry but also the new natural sciences in his system of scholarly disciplines.
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said not to be merely a personal desire for peace, but his conservative religious nature that guided him in his acts of conciliation. He never could forget that his father on his death-bed had besought his family "never to leave the church." He stood toward the history of the church in an attitude of piety and reverence that made it much more difficult for him than for Luther to be content with the thought of the impossibility of a reconciliation with the
Catholic Church. He laid stress upon the authority of the
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Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the
Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him in academia. Without Luther's influence he could have been "a second Erasmus", although he had a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon had the sympathy of educated people and scholars. Both Luther's strength of faith and Melanchthon's calmness, temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement.
1534:
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2164:, he wrote a study on Luke 2:52, and discussed Mary's faith. He noted that "she kept all things in her heart" which to him was a call to the church to follow her example. He believed that Mary was negligent when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin. He also believed that Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. As such, he opposed the feast of the
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2428:, and in the Leipsic Interim he was said by Cordatus and Schenk even to be Crypto-Catholic. He did not look for a reconciliation with Catholicism at the price of pure doctrine. He attributed more value to the external appearance and organization of the Church than Luther did, as can be seen from his treatment of the "doctrine of the church". The ideal conception of the church, which he expressed in
1904:(Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that "to be justified" means "to be accounted just", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of "to be made just" and "to be accounted just". Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for prestigious invitations to TĂźbingen (September 1534), France, and England but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them.
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2541:; he rejected the doctrine of the necessity of every event and named free will as a concurring cause in conversion. The doctrine of justification received its forensic form and the necessity of good works was emphasized in the interest of moral discipline. The last editions are distinguished from the earlier ones by the prominence given to the theoretical and rational element.
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promulgation of the Law by revelation became necessary and was furnished in the
Decalogue; and all law, including that in the form of natural philosophy, contains only demands, shadowings; its fulfillment is given only in the Gospel, the object of certainty in theology, by which also the philosophical elements of knowledge - experience, principles of reason, and
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2604:, is distinguished from natural law only by its greater completeness and clearness. The fundamental order of moral life can be grasped also by reason; therefore the development of moral philosophy from natural principles must not be neglected. Melanchthon therefore made no sharp distinction between natural and revealed morals.
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tried to keep the traditional church constitution and government, including the bishops. He did not want, however, a church altogether independent of the state, but rather, in agreement with Luther, he believed it the duty of the secular authorities to protect religion and the church. He looked upon the
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Melanchthon had an innate aversion to quarrels and discord; yet, often he was very irritable. His irenical character often led him to adapt himself to the views of others, as may be seen from his correspondence with
Erasmus and from his public attitude from the Diet of Augsburg to the Interim. It was
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In dividing faith into knowledge, assent, and trust, he made the participation of the heart subsequent to that of the intellect, which gave rise to the view of the later orthodoxy that the establishment and acceptation of pure doctrine should precede the personal attitude of faith. His conception of
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As a reformer, Melanchthon's work was characterized by moderation, conscientiousness, caution, and love of peace; however these qualities were sometimes said to only be lack of decision, consistence, and courage. His main priority was for the welfare of the community and for the quiet development of
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as paths, not only towards natural and ethical philosophy, but also towards divine philosophy. The ancient classics were seen as the sources of a purer knowledge, and also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his activity in educational
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The older he grew, the less he distinguished between the Gospel as the announcement of the will of God, and right doctrine as the human knowledge of it. He took pains to safeguard unity in doctrine by theological formulas of union, but these were made as broad as possible and were restricted to the
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and called him "a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe." Luther never spoke directly against
Melanchthon. However often he was dissatisfied with Melanchthon's actions, he never uttered a word against his
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Melanchthon wrote many treatises on education and learning that present some of his views on the basis, method, and goal of reformed education. In his "Book of
Visitation", Melanchthon outlines a school plan that recommends schools to teach Latin only. He suggests children should be broken up into
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servant sometimes had difficulty in managing the household. His domestic life was happy. He called his home "a little church of God", always found peace there, and showed a tender solicitude for his wife and children. A French scholar once found him rocking the cradle with one hand, and holding a
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He believed that the relation of philosophy to theology is characterized by the distinction between Law and Gospel. The former, as a light of nature, is innate; it also contains the elements of the natural knowledge of God which, however, have been obscured and weakened by sin. Therefore, renewed
2658:. For the method of interpretation, he insisted on the unity of the sense and upon the literal sense in contrast to the four senses of the scholastics. He further stated that whatever is looked for in the words of Scripture, outside of the literal sense, is only dogmatic or practical application.
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As a scholar
Melanchthon embodied the spiritual culture of his age. His writing was simple and clear; his manuals, even if they were not always original, were quickly introduced into schools and kept their place for more than a century. For him, knowledge existed only for the service of moral and
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as ecclesiastical courts which therefore should be composed of spiritual and secular judges, as he believed that the official authority of the church did not lie in a special class of priests, but rather in the whole congregation, to be represented therefore not only by ecclesiastics, but also by
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He believed that the relation of the church to God was that the church held the divine office of the ministry of the Gospel. The universal priesthood was for
Melanchthon as for Luther no principle of an ecclesiastical constitution, but a purely religious principle. In accordance with this idea he
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To your great anxiety by which you are made weak, I am a cordial foe; for the cause is not ours. It is your philosophy, and not your theology, which tortures you so, - as though you could accomplish anything by your useless anxieties. So far as the public cause is concerned, I am well content and
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Before these theological dissensions were settled, Melanchthon died. Only a few days before his death, he had written a note which gave his reasons for not fearing death. On the left hand side of the note were the words, "You will be delivered from sins, and be freed from the acrimony and fury of
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doctrine and its influence upon
Germany. He never agreed with this, and the personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for him, although he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of
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Zwingli's death and the change of the political situation changed his earlier stance in regard to a union. Bucer did not go so far as to believe with Luther that the true body of Christ in the Lord's Supper is bitten by the teeth, but admitted the offering of the body and blood in the symbols of
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and the Fall, or the fallen aspect of human nature itself, and so could not articulate or explain why humans did not always act virtuously. If virtue was the true law of human nature (having been put there by God himself) than the light of reason could only be darkened by sin. The revealed law,
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Melanchthon's importance for the
Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the
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tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a
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Melanchthon's views differed from Luther's only in some modifications of ideas. Melanchthon looked upon the law as not only the correlate of the Gospel, but as the unchangeable order of the spiritual world with its basis in God himself. He distilled Luther's view of redemption to that of legal
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satisfied; for I know that it is right and true, and, what is more, it is the cause of Christ and God himself. For that reason, I am merely a spectator. If we fall, Christ will likewise fall; and if he fall, I would rather fall with Christ than stand with the emperor.
2533:. Originally he intended a development of the leading ideas representing the Evangelical conception of salvation, while the later editions approached a plan of a text-book of dogma. At first he insisted on the necessity of every event, rejected the philosophy of
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The last years of his life were embittered by disputes over the Interim and the freshly started controversy on the Lord's Supper. As the statement "good works are necessary for salvation" appeared in the Leipzig Interim, in 1551 its Lutheran opponents attacked
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theologians"; on the right, "You will go to the light, see God, look upon his Son, learn those wonderful mysteries which you have not been able to understand in this life." The immediate cause of death was a severe cold which he had contracted on a journey to
2355:, for which reason my books are very warlike. I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philip comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts." Luther also praised Melanchthon's revised
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private character, although Melanchthon sometimes evinced a lack of confidence in Luther. In a letter to Carlowitz, before the Diet of Augsburg, he protested that Luther, with his hot-headed nature, exercised a personally humiliating pressure upon him.
2960:, whom he called the half of his soul. His extensive correspondence forms a commentary on his life. He wrote speeches and scientific treatises for others, permitting them to use their own signatures. He acknowledged his faults even to opponents like
1885:
had called the Diet of Augsburg in order to unite religious groups in the face of a potential war with the Ottoman Empire. However, despite all efforts and attempts at compromise, there was no reconciliation between Catholics and Lutherans.
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mode of thought formed the basis of his theology so that he acknowledged moral and religious truths outside of Christianity, and brought Christian truth into closer contact with them, to mediate between Christian revelation and ancient
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In ethics he preserved and renewed the tradition of ancient morality and represented the Protestant conception of life. His books on morals were chiefly drawn from the classics, and were influenced not so much by Aristotle as by
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As a theologian, his strength lay in collecting and systematizing the ideas of others, especially of Luther, for the purpose of instruction. He kept to the practical, and did not look at the connection of the parts, and his
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and commentaries, he became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, using a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the
2330:". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon said at Luther's death, "Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!"
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2882:- receive only their final confirmation. As the law is a divinely ordered pedagogue that leads to Christ, philosophy, its interpreter, is subject to revealed truth as the principal standard of opinions and life.
2176:, Mary spoke for the whole church. Standing under the cross, Mary suffered like no other human being; as such, he believed that Christians have to unite with her under the cross, in order to become Christ-like.
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in 1557 which he had reluctantly attended, the adherents of Flacius and the Saxon theologians tried to humiliate him as a heretic. Melanchthon persevered in his efforts for the peace of the church, suggesting a
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faith corresponded with his view that the Church is the communion of those who adhere to the true belief and that her visible existence depends upon the consent of her unregenerated members to her teachings.
2141:, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. He also differed from Calvin in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification.
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1915:. The main difference is in the treatment of transubstantiation in the Lord's Supper. Many Lutheran churches specify that they subscribe to the "Unaltered Augsburg Confession", as opposed to the Variata.
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should not be considered as the presiding officer and judge. This declaration was partly due to advice from Melanchthon. As it was agreed upon to send a confession to Trent, Melanchthon drew up the
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in Germany. In the period 1536-1539 he was involved in three academic innovations: the refoundation of Wittenberg along Protestant lines, the reorganization at TĂźbingen, and the foundation of the
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Melanchthon's doctrine of the Lord's Supper lacked the mysticism of faith by which Luther united the sensual elements and supersensual realities. It did however demand their formal distinction.
1873:
articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its
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Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a âdivine necessityâ. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, "I would rather die than be separated from Luther", whom he also compared to
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in March 1560, followed by a fever that consumed his strength, although his body had already been weakened. He was pronounced dead on 19 April 1560. His body was buried beside Luther's in the
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2945:. Melanchthon was described as being dwarfish, misshapen, and physically weak, although he is said to have had a bright and sparkling eye, which kept its colour till the day of his death.
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Melanchthon exerted a wide influence in homiletics, and has been regarded in the Protestant church as the author of the methodical style of preaching. He stayed aloof from dogmatizing or
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of the dispute.Melanchthon's relationship with Luther was not changed by his mediation work, although for a time Luther suspected that Melanchthon was "almost of the opinion of Zwingli".
1406:, who suggested Philipp follow a custom common among humanists of the time and change his surname from "Schwartzerdt" (literally 'black earth'), into the Greek equivalent "Melanchthon" (
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2515:, the Spirit, and the human will, which was not passive, but resisting its own weakness. After 1548 he used Erasmus' definition of freedom, "the capability of applying oneself to
2611:, where he followed Luther in depicting the Protestant ideal of life, the free realization of the divine law by a personality blessed in faith and filled with the spirit of God.
2101:, he returned to Wittenberg, as Maurice had turned against the emperor. After his return, the condition of the Protestants became more favourable and were still more so at the
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1974:. He repudiated Cordatus' criticism in a letter to Luther and his other colleagues, stating that he had never departed from their common teachings on this subject and in the
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Philipp was 11 years old in 1508 when both his grandfather (d. 17 October) and father (d. 27 October) died within eleven days of each other. He and a brother were brought to
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In Melanchthon's last moments, he continued to worry over the desolate condition of the church. He prayed continually and listened to passages of Scripture. The words of
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religious education, and so the teacher of Germany prepared the way for the religious thoughts of the Reformation. He was an important figure in the movement known as
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4103:(2012). "Melanchthon's Doctrinal Last Will and Testament: The Responsiones ad articulos Bavaricae inquisitionis as His Final Confession of Faith". In Dingel, Irene;
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political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature.
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in 1439. He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks. He saw Mary as a representation (Typus) of the church and believed that in the
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instituted. However he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.
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3870:. By Sinning, Jens Andersen. Jacobsen, Eric (ed.). Translated by Høgel, Christian; Fisher, Peter; Stoner, David. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
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Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the
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were especially significant to him - "His own received him not; but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God." When
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in 1535, later lost its prominence when he began to emphasize the conception of the true visible church as it may be found among the Protestants.
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Unterricht der Visitatorn, an die Pfarherrn in Hertzog Heinrichs zu Sachsen FĂźrstenthum, Gleicher form der Visitation im KurfĂźrstenthum gestellet
1986:
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The controversies on the Lord's Supper embittered the last years of his life. The renewal of this dispute was due to the growing acceptance of
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is expressed in his words: "Every theologian and faithful interpreter of the heavenly doctrine must necessarily be first a grammarian, then a
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After giving up determinism and absolute predestination and ascribing a certain moral freedom to humanity, he tried to ascertain the share of
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UnitĂ e pluralitĂ nella tradizione europea della filosofia pratica di Aristotele: Girolamo Savonarola, Pietro Pomponazzi e Filippo Melantone
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His commentaries are full of theological and practical matter, confirming the doctrines of the Reformation. The most important are those on
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from Martin Luther on the recommendation of his great-uncle, and became professor of Greek there in 1518 at the age of 21. He studied the
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satisfaction. He did not focus on the mysticism running through Luther's theology, but emphasized the ethical and intellectual elements.
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Examen eorum, qui oudiuntur ante ritum publicae ordinotionis, qua commendatur eis ministerium Evangelli: Traditum Vuitebergae, Anno 1554
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2537:, and had not fully developed his doctrine of the sacraments. In 1535 he treated for the first time the doctrine of God and that of the
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4161:. By Melanchthon, Philip. Kusukawa, Sachiko (ed.). Translated by Salazar, Christine F. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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to the Door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. However, he had not met Luther at this time and Luther himself never mentioned this event.
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4012:. Archimedes: New Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Vol. 23. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 45â93.
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2089:, a repetition of the Augsburg Confession, discussing in greater detail the points of controversy with Rome. On his way to Trent at
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His contribution to Christian ethics in the proper sense can be seen in the Augsburg Confession and its Apology as well as in his
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captioned, "DĂźrer was able to draw the living Philip's face, but the learned hand could not paint his spirit" (translated from
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2113:, Melanchthon's friend and disciple. Melanchthon dropped the formula altogether, seeing how easily it could be misunderstood.
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Estes, James M. (1998). "The Role of Godly Magistrates in the Church: Melanchthon as Luther's Interpreter and Collaborator".
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and used this platform to present a new doctrine of Christianity; one where faith in God was more important than good deeds.
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Melanchthon's influence in historical theology was felt until the seventeenth century, especially in the method of treating
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Early Protestant Educators: The Educational Writings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Other Leaders of Protestant Thought
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he considers the relation of philosophy to the law of God and the Gospel. Moral principles are knowable in the light of
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laymen. In advocating church union he did not overlook differences in doctrine for the sake of common practical tasks.
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he made controversial concessions. In agreeing to various Catholic usages, Melanchthon held the opinion that they are
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Melanchthon played an important role in discussions concerning the Lord's Supper which began in 1531. He approved of
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bread and wine. Melanchthon discussed Bucer's views with Luther's adherent, but Luther himself would not agree to a
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1696:(1528) Melanchthon presented the evangelical doctrine of salvation as well as regulations for churches and schools.
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The distinction between Luther and Melanchthon is well brought out in Luther's letters to the latter (June 1530):
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1654:, 1521) was of subsequent importance to the Reformation. Melanchthon discussed the "leading thoughts" of Paul's
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After Luther's death he became seen by many as the "theological leader of the German Reformation" although the
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Regarding the Mystery of the Trinity and the Teaching of the Ancients to Philip Melanchthon and his Colleagues
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The Quotable Atheist: Ammunition for Nonbelievers, Political Junkies, Gadflies, and Those Generally Hell-Bound
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The Melanchthon window attributed to the Quaker City Stained Glass Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at
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4810:. Translated by Frazel, Thomas D. Manchester: Manchester University Press (published 2003). pp. 14â39.
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Melanchthon's formulation of the authority of Scripture became the norm for some time. The principle of his
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Human Freedom, Christian Righteousness: Philip Melanchthon's Exegetical Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam
3934:. Translated by Kellerman, James A. St. Louis, Missouri: LCMS World Relief and Human Care. Archived from
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As a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, such as
2081:, but only under the condition that the Protestants should have a share in the discussions, and that the
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Heilen, Stephan (2010). "Ptolemy's Doctrine of the Terms and its Reception". In Jones, Alexander (ed.).
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Brosseder, Claudia (2005). "The Writing in the Wittenberg Sky: Astrology in Sixteenth-Century Germany".
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Philip Melanchthon's Last Word to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, Papal Legate at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg
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Melanchthon also produced the first Protestant work on the method of theological study, as well as his
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of the Evangelical party and drawing up the Frankfurt Recess, which he defended later against attacks.
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1375:. His mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77-1529). Bretten was burned in 1689 by French troops during the
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2168:, which at the time, was not dogma, but was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the
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After gaining a master's degree in 1516, he began to study theology. Under the influence of Reuchlin,
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4360:. Vol. 13 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. pp. 285â86 – via Wikisource.
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In 1552 the Elector of Saxony declared himself ready to send deputies to a council to be convened at
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There have been preserved original portraits of Melanchthon by three famous painters of his time -
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Meerhoff, Kees (1994). "The Significance of Philip Melanchthon's Rhetoric in the Renaissance". In
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Philip Melanchthon's Influence on English Theological Thought During the Early English Reformation
2689:(1523). Melanchthon worked with Luther in his translation of the Bible, and both the books of the
1970:(1535), he abandoned his earlier strict doctrine of determinism and instead taught what he called
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He did not value money and possessions; his hospitality was often misused in such a way that his
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He came to Wittenberg with the plan of editing the complete works of Aristotle and he edited the
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1565:(1519) as a spectator, but participated with his own comments. After his views were attacked by
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sermons prepared for George of Anhalt. He never preached from the pulpit and his Latin sermons
2697:
Bible published in 1529 at Wittenberg is designated as a joint work of Melanchthon and Luther.
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31:
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4192:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 151â154 – via Wikisource.
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2705:
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6128:
5558:
5513:
5493:
5363:
4894:
4456:"Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400â1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England"
4345:
3922:
2820:
2760:
2662:
2007:
1675:
1667:
1634:
1589:
1473:, and others, he became convinced that true Christianity was something different from the
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992:
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4898:
4288:
Rupp, Horst F. (1996). "Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)". Profiles of Famous Educators.
4197:
Lohrmann, Martin (2012). "Melanchthon, Philip, 1497-1560". In Whitford, David M. (ed.).
1966:, as he had taught that works are necessary for salvation. In the second edition of his
1545:
Already recognised as a reformer, he was opposed at TĂźbingen. He accepted a call to the
6118:
6015:
5998:
5939:
5934:
5762:
5730:
5577:
5553:
5548:
3082:
2729:
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2410:
1881:
Melanchthon represented Luther at the conference, as Luther was barred from attending.
1700:
1584:, together with his investigations into Pauline doctrine, he was granted the degree of
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1186:
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1002:
973:
893:
844:
819:
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4660:. Translated by Krotel, G. F. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston (published 2012).
4550:
Evangelical Free Will: Philipp Melanchthon's Doctrinal Journey on the Origins of Faith
4072:
3975:
2396:
1858:
in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the
6501:
6277:
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5353:
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4776:
4768:
4592:
4521:
4317:
4236:
3954:
3914:
3000:
2978:
2418:
2274:, his son-in-law, asked him if he wanted anything, he replied, "Nothing but heaven."
2271:
1975:
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1613:
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17:
4927:
4730:
4247:. Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 3â17.
3422:
2511:
in conversion, naming three causes as concurring in the work of conversion - the
1711:
to recognize the Reformation were not fulfilled. A friendly attitude towards the
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practises which were at variance with Scripture. But while Luther was absent at
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4982:. Translated by Fischer, Robert H. Cambridge, England: James Clarke & Co.
4803:
3398:
2836:
2722:
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101:
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4834:
4505:
4309:
4145:
4035:
3906:
3254:
2529:
The development of Melanchthon's beliefs may be seen from the history of the
2040:. Melanchthon bore the accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control.
1419:
to live with his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Reuter, sister of Reuchlin.
6402:
5991:
5256:
5075:
4937:
4085:. Vol. 7 (3rd ed.). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 279â86
4047:
2879:
2844:
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1502:
His first publications included a number of poems in a collection edited by
1439:
1435:
1416:
1395:
1387:
179:
4531:
Philipp Melanchthon als neulateinischer Dichter in der Zeit der Reformation
3958:
3235:
3218:
2047:
Melanchthon satisfied all parties. He took part also in a controversy with
1608:
4329:. St Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
3898:
3868:
Oration on the Philosophical Studies Necessary for the Student of Theology
1954:
During his time in TĂźbingen in 1536 Melanchthon was heavily criticised by
1893:
was produced. Melanchthon wrote a reply to this which became known as the
6234:
6009:
5064:
4463:. Volume 236: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, First Series
2748:
2386:
2116:
His opponents continued to go against him, accusing him of synergism and
2037:
1959:
1459:
1431:
1326:
4655:
4128:
The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: The Case of Philip Melanchthon
4109:
Philip Melanchthon: Theologian in Classroom, Confession, and Controversy
2815:, whose founder had been influenced by personal contacts with Melanchton
1462:. While there, he was also taught the technical aspects of astrology by
6113:
4635:
4513:
4363:
This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication.
4301:
4096:
This article incorporates material from this public-domain publication.
3969:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 88.
2934:
2849:
2768:
2736:. His was the first Protestant attempt at a history of dogma with both
2647:
2538:
2252:
2209:
2189:
2090:
1963:
1866:
1694:
Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pfarherrn im KurfĂźrstentum zu Sachssen
1522:
1470:
1391:
1368:
722:
712:
79:
4867: (1996). "Melanchthon, Philipp". In Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.).
4798: (2002). "History of the Life and Acts of Dr Martin Luther". In
3245:
2226:, a point of view that was influential in curriculum change after the
2014:, if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which
2949:
2674:
2584:
2551:
2474:, which exerted a lasting influence upon scientific life in Germany.
2323:
2105:(1555). However Melanchthon's difficulties increased from that time.
2078:
2033:
1932:
1874:
1492:
6488:
4497:
4130:. Ideas in Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
4111:. GĂśttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 141â160.
1678:
expanded upon it. Melanchthon continued to lecture on the classics.
5060:
2246:
The room in which Melanchthon died, Melanchthon's house. Wittenberg
5755:
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of ChristâAgainst the Fanatics
4963:; Hoffman, Christopher A. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.
4265:
Philip Melanchthon: The Protestant Preceptor of Germany, 1497â1560
2922:
2912:
2832:
2806:
2716:
2704:
2694:
2623:
2613:
2512:
2452:
2395:
2376:
2352:
2332:
2305:
2241:
2205:
2150:
2126:
2062:
2015:
1985:
1829:
1724:
1651:
1607:
1593:
1550:
1532:
1078:
285:
260:
30:"Melanchthon" redirects here. For the Indian Lutheran priest, see
4775:. Library of Christian Classics. Translated by Satre, Lowell J.;
1491:
and instructed younger scholars. He also lectured on oratory, on
5602:
4908:
4665:
2192:
in 1535â1536, Melanchthon expressed to students his interest in
2082:
1990:
Portrait of Philip Melanchthon, 1537, by Lucas Cranach the Elder
1626:
1623:
Didymi Faventini versus Thomam Placentinum pro M. Luthero oratio
1496:
1371:, where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459â1508) was armorer to
5606:
5112:
4682:
Melanchthon in Europe: His Work and Influence beyond Wittenberg
2212:. He was the first to print a paraphrased edition of Ptolemy's
2153:
rather critically but he developed positive commentaries about
4702:(2011). "Northern Europe, 1519-1545: The Age of Melanchthon".
4418:. In Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul (eds.).
3047:
2789:(1532), a religious manual for younger students, and a German
2601:
1889:
After the confession was discussed and official response, the
1734:
1592:(Katharina Melanchthon), (1497â1557) daughter of Wittenberg's
6413:
4571:(in German). GĂśttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
2204:. He considered that a purposeful God had reasons to exhibit
1935:
in 1534. He worked for an agreement on this question, as his
1647:
Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae
1621:
In the beginning of 1521, Melanchthon defended Luther in his
1442:, and became known as a scholar of Greek thought. Denied the
1407:
4201:. London: T&T Clark (published 2014). pp. 432â433.
3044:
2778:. In this book, he includes the image of Luther nailing the
1681:
On a journey in 1524 to his native town, he encountered the
5079:
4598:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
4586:
Kusukawa, Sachiko (2004). "Melanchthon". In Bagchi, David;
3038:
3026:
1450:, where he continued humanistic studies but also worked on
4808:
Luther's Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther
1994:
Melanchthon faced controversies over the Interims and the
5173:
Issues / people / publications involved
3035:
2285:
on 16 February, his birthday, and in the calendar of the
1943:
had made him doubt the correctness of Luther's doctrine.
1588:, and transferred to the theological faculty. He married
3528:
3526:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3184:
3182:
1625:(Wittenberg, n.d.). He argued that Luther rejected only
1569:, he replied based on the authority of Scripture in his
1367:
He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497 at
4929:
Observations upon the Handwriting of Philip Melanchthon
2642:, and finally a witness." By "grammarian" he meant the
2591:
in human nature by God, so also the law of nature. The
1762:
5016:
Wengert, Timothy J.; Graham, M. Patrick, eds. (1997).
4629:(PhD dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3434:
3432:
2771:
students at Wittenberg who did not understand German.
2351:(1529), Luther wrote, "I had to fight with rabble and
6628:
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
6379:
4829:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House.
4706:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 104â135.
4082:
New SchaffâHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
4058:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 434â435
3056:
3041:
2992:, disproven theory disseminated by Philip Melanchthon
2848:
institutions and his compilations of Latin and Greek
2006:
wished to impose. During negotiations concerning the
1394:, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to
1383:
was built on the site of his place of birth in 1897.
4779:. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. pp. 18â152.
3032:
2587:. Melanchthon calls these the law of God, and being
1715:
at the Diet was something he later changed, calling
1692:, who tried to draw him from Luther's cause. In his
6354:
6329:
6243:
6182:
6066:
5910:
5857:
5658:
4439:(in Italian). Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino.
4397:
Der Humanist: Was Philipp Melanchthon Europa lehrte
4354:; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (eds.).
4001:
The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany
3029:
3023:
2093:in March 1552, he saw the military preparations of
1348:, and influential designer of educational systems.
172:
158:
150:
140:
112:
90:
68:
45:
27:
German Lutheran reformer and theologian (1497â1560)
5739:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
4842:Scheible, Heinz (1990). "Luther and Melanchthon".
5018:Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) and the Commentary
4422:. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House
2738:Sententiae veterum aliquot patrum de caena domini
1891:Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession
1325:; 16 February 1497 â 19 April 1560) was a German
4748:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 46â62.
4093:– via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
3556:
2402:St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
2289:on 25 June, the date of the presentation of the
1978:of 1537 Melanchthon was in harmony with Luther.
1446:in 1512 on the grounds of his youth, he went to
4594:The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology
4199:T&T Clark Companion to Reformation Theology
4107:; Kuropka, Nicole; Wengert, Timothy J. (eds.).
3393:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 79â103.
2365:
1596:, on 25 November 1520. They had four children:
6553:Academic staff of the University of Wittenberg
5683:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
4380:(in Italian). Padova, Italy: Cusl Nuova Vita.
4327:Philip Melanchthon and the English Reformation
3866:Billeskov Jansen, F. J. (1991). "Postscript".
3851:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
5618:
5591:Articles identified (IâXII) according to the
5530:The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ
5124:
4533:(in German). TĂźbingen, Germany: Gunter Narr.
4430:– via Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod.
3849:The Cambridge Companion to Natural Law Ethics
2681:(edited in 1522 against his will by Luther),
2491:were in the form of isolated paragraphs. His
1299:
364:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
8:
4704:A History of Renaissance Rhetoric, 1380â1620
1907:In 1540, he produced a revised edition, the
1767:introducing citations to additional sources
1525:(1516), and a book of Greek grammar (1518).
4712:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199597284.003.0006
3219:"Philipp Melanchthon: A short introduction"
2713:, early 18th century, engraving and etching
2618:Crest of Philip Melanchthon, featuring the
2566:Enarrationes librorum Ethicorum Aristotelis
1865:While the confession was based on Luther's
1515:
1484:
1478:
1386:In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at
6533:16th-century German Protestant theologians
5854:
5625:
5611:
5603:
5131:
5117:
5109:
4980:Melanchthon: The Enigma of the Reformation
4869:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
4827:Philip Melanchthon: Reformer without Honor
4492:(3). Cambridge University Press: 463â483.
3990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3346:
3217:Wyk, Van; (Natie), Ignatius W. C. (2017).
3188:
3123:For an example of this from Chemnitz, see
1306:
1292:
256:
187:
53:
42:
6558:Burials at All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
5691:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
4634:
4296:(3). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 610â21.
3350:
3294:
3244:
3234:
2933:with one version in the Royal Gallery of
2693:in Luther's Bible are ascribed to him. A
2043:In his controversy on justification with
2021:Melanchthon later regretted his actions.
1931:and discussed the question with Bucer in
1902:Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos
1355:as a reformer, theologian, and shaper of
3838:Bäumer, Remigius (1992). "Reformation".
3592:
3580:
3342:
3318:
3124:
2554:. His principal works in this line were
1757:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1637:, during the disturbances caused by the
6426:
6386:
5020:. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
4684:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books.
3474:Tondo, Douglas J. Del (February 2008).
3387:Wengert, Timothy J. (24 October 2012).
3362:
3330:
3200:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3142:
3011:
2424:His attitude in matters of worship was
1662:contributed to the gradual rise of the
1398:. He was influenced by his great-uncle
507:
379:
314:
284:
259:
199:
3983:
3731:
3568:
3532:
3517:
3374:
2776:History of the Life and Acts of Luther
2326:, and called him "the man full of the
2314:, Melanchthon House Museum, Wittenberg
2287:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
2222:, in his view, was directly linked to
1477:taught at the university. He became a
6056:Die LĂźgend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo
5771:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
5001:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4900:The Life and Letters of Martin Luther
4625:Laitakari-PyykkĂś, Anja-Leena (2013).
4399:(in German). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag.
3204:
3101:
3068:
2297:Estimation of his works and character
2149:Melanchthon viewed any veneration of
1699:In 1529, Melanchthon accompanied the
1666:tradition, and the later theologians
7:
6653:Translators of the Bible into German
6638:People from the Margraviate of Baden
5043:Works by or about Philip Melanchthon
4903:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
4877:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001
4465:. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. pp.
4159:Orations on Philosophy and Education
3787:
3762:
3719:
3690:
3666:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3544:
3500:
3461:
3438:
3306:
2917:Engraving of Melanchthon in 1526 by
2742:De ecclesia et auctoritate verbi Dei
2055:only according to his human nature.
1390:, where the rector, Georg Simler of
6528:16th-century German Lutheran clergy
5150:
4871:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4654:Ledderhose, Karl Friedrich (1855).
4552:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4048:"Scholasticism in the Luth. Church"
3678:
2981:, notable descendant of Melanchthon
2595:had not yet developed the ideas of
2310:Melanchthon with Luther behind, by
1939:studies and the Dialogue (1530) of
1541:with Christ crucified in the middle
1373:Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine
5707:Against Henry, King of the English
4569:Philipp Melanchthon und seine Zeit
2337:Portrait of Philip Melanchthon by
1895:Apology of the Augsburg Confession
335:Apology of the Augsburg Confession
25:
6548:16th-century Lutheran theologians
6050:Propaganda during the Reformation
2909:Personal appearance and character
2381:The statue of Melanchthon at the
2186:Librorum de judiciis astrologicis
2032:accused him and his followers of
1848:The composition now known as the
6538:16th-century German male writers
6480:
6463:
6446:
6429:
6401:
6389:
5897:Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
5849:Weimar edition of Luther's works
5089:Post-Reformation Digital Library
5068:
4461:Dictionary of Literary Biography
3019:
2985:List of Erasmus's correspondents
2757:Conciones in Evangelium Matthaei
2345:In the preface to Melanchthon's
2283:Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
1750:relies largely or entirely on a
1739:
1644:The appearance of Melanchthon's
1600:, Philipp, Georg, and Magdalen.
1377:War of the Palatinate Succession
1344:, an intellectual leader of the
381:Distinctive theological concepts
207:
178:
6583:German male non-fiction writers
6523:16th-century German astronomers
5675:Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
5105:, at Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa
4732:Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer
4268:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
4262:Richard, James William (1898).
3887:Journal of the History of Ideas
3842:(in German). St. Ottilien: EOS.
3800:Huberman, Jack (3 March 2008).
2051:, who held that Christ was our
1571:Defensio contra Johannem Eckium
6568:Critics of the Catholic Church
6190:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
5882:Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
5817:On the Councils and the Church
5723:The Adoration of the Sacrament
4675:– via Project Gutenburg.
4657:The Life of Philip Melanchthon
4458:. In Malone, Edward A. (ed.).
4414:Caemmerer, Richard R. (2000).
4357:New International Encyclopedia
4344:Whiton, James Maurice (1905).
3127:, which is excerpted from his
1707:. His hopes of persuading the
805:John Christian Frederick Heyer
660:International Lutheran Council
1:
6543:16th-century writers in Latin
6164:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
5699:On the Freedom of a Christian
5650:Resources about Martin Luther
5098:Mathematics Genealogy Project
4947:– via Internet Archive.
4918:– via Internet Archive.
4763:Melanchthon, Philip (1969). "
4729:Manschreck, Clyde L. (1958).
4548:Graybill, Gregory B. (2010).
4276:– via Internet Archive.
4216:Manschreck, Clyde L. (2011).
4157: (1999). "Chronology".
4066:– via Internet Archive.
4003:. Cambridge University Press.
3271:Encyclopedia of Protestantism
2813:Lessing-Gymnasium (Frankfurt)
2811:Head of Melanchton statue at
2445:needs of practical religion.
2404:in Charleston, South Carolina
1839:
1513:), the preface to Reuchlin's
1507:
1422:The next year he entered the
1351:He stands next to Luther and
6603:Heidelberg University alumni
6593:German Renaissance humanists
6220:Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
5930:Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
5890:A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
4997:Wengert, Timothy J. (1998).
4978:Stupperich, Robert (2006) .
4806:; Frazel, Thomas D. (eds.).
4347:"Melanchthon, Philipp"
3960:"Melanchthon, Philipp"
2797:As professor and philosopher
2581:Epitome philosophiae moralis
2570:Epitome philosophiae moralis
1069:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
830:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
6588:German Protestant Reformers
6578:German Lutheran theologians
6215:Martin Luther's Death House
6210:Martin Luther's Birth House
6073:Hans and Margarethe Luther
5986:Priesthood of all believers
5479:Augsburg Confession Variata
5085:Works by Philip Melanchthon
5067:(public domain audiobooks)
5061:Works by Philip Melanchthon
5052:Works by Philip Melanchthon
4735:. New York: Abingdon Press.
4454:DeCoursey, Matthew (2001).
4376:Andreatta, Eugenio (1996).
4179:"Philipp Melanchthon"
4054:; Haas, John A. W. (eds.).
4018:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_3
2383:Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral
2180:Views on natural philosophy
469:Priesthood of all believers
36:Melancthon (disambiguation)
6669:
6613:Lutheran biblical scholars
6174:Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
5825:On the Jews and Their Lies
5747:On the Bondage of the Will
5423:On the Bondage of the Will
4608:10.1017/CCOL0521772249.007
4243:: Editor's Introduction".
4126:Kusukawa, Sachiko (1995).
3750:World History Encyclopedia
3268:Melton, J. Gordon (2005).
2903:Ethicae doctrinae elementa
2800:
2574:Ethicae doctrinae elementa
2277:He is commemorated in the
2059:Controversies in the 1550s
1982:Controversies in the 1540s
1919:Controversies in the 1530s
1576:Following lectures on the
1561:doctrine. He attended the
1517:Epistolae clarorum virorum
1408:
1212:Charles Porterfield Krauth
1177:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
790:Johann Heinrich Callenberg
29:
6225:St. Augustine's Monastery
5976:Theology of Martin Luther
5966:Augsburg Confession, 1530
5640:
5589:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
4825:Rogness, Michael (1969).
4680:Maag, Karin, ed. (1999).
4176:LĂśffler, Klemens (1911).
3847:Angier, Tom, ed. (2019).
3477:Jesus' Words on Salvation
3399:10.13109/9783666550478.79
2899:Initia doctrinae physicae
2774:In 1548 he published the
2753:Annotationes in Evangelia
2701:As historian and preacher
2463:Lucas Cranach the Younger
2339:Lucas Cranach the Younger
665:Lutheran World Federation
652:Global Confessional &
391:Theology of Martin Luther
177:
168:
133:
52:
6518:16th-century astrologers
6028:Eucharist in Lutheranism
5954:Decet Romanum Pontificem
4765:Loci Communes Theologici
4567:Jung, Martin H. (2010).
4529:Fuchs, Thorsten (2008).
4325:Schofield, John (2006).
4241:Loci Communes Theologici
4077:Jackson, Samuel Macauley
2931:Hans Holbein the Younger
2600:necessitated because of
2312:Johann Gottfried Schadow
2302:Relationship with Luther
2162:Annotations in Evangelia
2145:Views on the Virgin Mary
1998:(1547). He rejected the
1836:Hans Holbein the Younger
1547:University of Wittenberg
1424:University of Heidelberg
1363:Early life and education
922:Johann Phillip Fabricius
795:Johann Phillip Fabricius
753:Confessional Lutheranism
654:Missional Lutheran Forum
643:Confessional Evangelical
460:Two states of the Church
230:Start of the Reformation
120:University of Heidelberg
6623:Lutheran sermon writers
6230:Veste Coburg (Fortress)
5779:On War Against the Turk
4435:Cuttini, Elisa (2005).
4395:Birnstein, Uwe (2010).
4222:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
4056:The Lutheran Cyclopedia
3974:Eby, Frederick (1931).
3966:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3423:"World History website"
3223:HTS Theological Studies
3103:[ËĘvaĘtsĘeËÉĚŻt]
2956:His closest friend was
2943:Lucas Cranach the Elder
2711:Portrait of Melanchthon
2709:Anonymous Netherlands,
1641:, Melanchthon wavered.
1529:Professor at Wittenberg
1336:, the first systematic
1026:Norwegian Bible Society
1008:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
914:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
840:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
780:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
61:Lucas Cranach the Elder
6648:Systematic theologians
6303:Martin Luther, Heretic
6195:Stadtkirche Wittenberg
5961:Marburg Colloquy, 1529
4416:"Melanchthon, Philipp"
4073:"Melanchthon, Philipp"
4010:Ptolemy in Perspective
3999:Heal, Bridget (2007).
3236:10.4102/hts.v73i1.4672
3086:
2926:
2816:
2767:were prepared for the
2725:
2721:Melanchthon's room in
2714:
2626:
2466:
2405:
2389:
2370:
2342:
2315:
2247:
2228:Protestant Reformation
2074:
1991:
1976:Antinomian Controversy
1941:Johannes Oecolampadius
1911:, which was signed by
1860:Protestant Reformation
1845:
1618:
1563:disputation of Leipzig
1542:
1521:(1514), an edition of
1516:
1485:
1479:
1342:Protestant Reformation
1197:August Hermann Francke
1041:Stanislovas Rapolionis
1036:Samuel Ludwik Zasadius
904:Kristian Osvald Viderø
693:History of Lutheranism
125:University of TĂźbingen
34:. For other uses, see
6418:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
6109:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
6104:Albert of Brandenburg
5981:Theology of the Cross
5867:First Lutheran hymnal
5795:Articles of Schwabach
4924:Sotheby, Samuel Leigh
4773:Melanchthon and Bucer
4245:Melanchthon and Bucer
4218:"Philipp Melanchthon"
4189:Catholic Encyclopedia
3899:10.1353/jhi.2005.0049
3557:Billeskov Jansen 1991
3411:– via CrossRef.
3099:German pronunciation:
3087:Philippus Melanchthon
3066:German pronunciation:
2916:
2891:Erotemata dialectices
2831:, who represented an
2810:
2801:Further information:
2720:
2708:
2617:
2456:
2399:
2380:
2336:
2309:
2245:
2232:University of Leipzig
2166:Immaculate Conception
2097:, and after reaching
2066:
1989:
1854:was presented at the
1833:
1611:
1582:Epistle to the Romans
1536:
1031:Swedish Bible Society
955:GuĂ°brandur ĂorlĂĄksson
748:High church Lutherans
675:Lutheranism by region
573:Anointing of the Sick
508:Other relevant topics
491:Theology of the Cross
253:Doctrine and theology
159:Tradition or movement
6038:Words of Institution
5935:Leipzig Debate, 1519
5359:Nicolaus von Amsdorf
4746:Renaissance Rhetoric
4420:Christian Cyclopedia
4052:Jacobs, Henry Eyster
4044:Jacobs, Henry Eyster
3746:"Philip Melanchthon"
3070:[meËlançtÉn]
2887:De dialecta libri iv
2373:His work as reformer
2184:In lecturing on the
1778:"Philip Melanchthon"
1763:improve this article
1672:Mathias Haffenreffer
1656:Letter to the Romans
1604:Theological disputes
1586:bachelor of theology
1573:(Wittenberg, 1519).
1404:Renaissance humanist
1346:Lutheran Reformation
1332:, collaborator with
1323:Philipp Schwartzerdt
1207:Lars Levi Laestadius
1182:Johann Wilhelm Baier
979:Nils Vibe Stockfleth
950:Johannes Avetaranian
835:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
613:Lutheran hymnwriters
84:Electoral Palatinate
73:Philipp Schwartzerdt
6633:People from Bretten
6598:German evangelicals
6563:Christian humanists
6368:Theologia Germanica
6134:Johann von Staupitz
5948:Diet of Worms, 1521
5833:Vom Schem Hamphoras
4800:Vandiver, Elizabeth
4588:Steinmetz, David C.
4378:Lutero e Aristotele
4352:Gilman, Daniel Coit
4184:Herbermann, Charles
4071:Kirn, Otto (1910).
3693:, pp. 283â284.
3583:, pp. 185â186.
3559:, pp. 107â108.
3503:, pp. 281â282.
2953:book in the other.
2787:Catechesis puerilis
2759:(1558), and in his
2732:in connection with
2291:Augsburg Confession
1851:Augsburg Confession
1731:Augsburg Confession
1719:'s doctrine of the
1664:Lutheran scholastic
1483:(repentant) in the
1475:scholastic theology
1426:, where he studied
1272:Wolfhart Pannenberg
1267:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1122:Johannes Bugenhagen
960:Ludvig Olsen Fossum
645:Lutheran Conference
618:Normative principle
598:Liturgical calendar
326:Augsburg Confession
18:Philipp Melanchthon
6573:German astrologers
6416:Philip Melanchthon
6169:Frederick the Wise
6154:Philip Melanchthon
6080:Katharina von Bora
5874:Erfurt Enchiridion
5667:Ninety-five Theses
5593:Formula of Concord
5474:Philip Melanchthon
5452:Victorinus Strigel
5402:Victorinus Strigel
5392:Philip Melanchthon
5331:Victorinus Strigel
5316:Philip Melanchthon
5311:Francesco Stancaro
5266:Philip Melanchthon
5094:Philip Melanchthon
4844:Lutheran Quarterly
4302:10.1007/BF02195060
3765:, pp. 284â85.
3644:, pp. 282â83.
2974:Dimitrije LjubaviÄ
2958:Joachim Camerarius
2927:
2835:conception of the
2829:Rodolphus Agricola
2817:
2803:Melanchthon Circle
2726:
2715:
2627:
2472:Christian humanism
2467:
2465:, Wittenberg, 1539
2417:, but also of the
2406:
2390:
2343:
2316:
2279:Calendar of Saints
2248:
2220:Natural philosophy
2087:Confessio Saxonica
2075:
2068:Melanchton's house
1992:
1929:Wittenberg Concord
1846:
1619:
1543:
1319:Philip Melanchthon
1117:Philip Melanchthon
1112:Katharina von Bora
1089:Johann Ernst GlĂźck
1049:Laurentius Andreae
940:George Constantine
884:Casiodoro de Reina
708:Lutheran orthodoxy
603:Calendar of saints
372:Formula of Concord
47:Philip Melanchthon
6377:
6376:
6341:, Washington D.C.
6149:Andreas Karlstadt
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6033:Sacramental union
5906:
5905:
5810:Smalcald Articles
5600:
5599:
5584:
5583:
5499:Maximilian MĂśrlin
5484:Albert Hardenberg
5397:Johann Pfeffinger
5241:Descent into Hell
5233:Descent into Hell
5202:Johannes Agricola
5056:Project Gutenberg
5027:978-1-85075-684-2
5008:978-0-19-511529-1
4989:978-0-227-17244-5
4970:978-1-4955-0336-8
4953:Servetus, Michael
4886:978-0-19-506493-3
4817:978-0-7190-6802-7
4786:978-0-664-24164-3
4755:978-0-312-10184-8
4721:978-0-19-959728-4
4691:978-0-8010-2223-4
4646:978-952-10-9447-7
4617:978-0-521-77662-2
4578:978-3-525-55006-9
4559:978-0-19-958948-7
4540:978-3-8233-6340-8
4476:978-0-7876-4653-0
4446:978-88-498-1575-7
4406:978-3-88981-282-7
4387:978-88-8260-010-5
4336:978-0-7546-5567-1
4254:978-0-664-24164-3
4208:978-0-567-15366-1
4168:978-0-521-58677-1
4137:978-0-521-47347-7
4118:978-3-525-55047-2
4027:978-90-481-2787-0
3877:978-87-7289-144-6
3858:978-1-108-42263-5
3806:. PublicAffairs.
3595:, p. xxxiii.
3487:978-0-7414-4357-1
3408:978-3-525-55047-2
3333:, pp. 57â58.
3281:978-0-8160-6983-5
2734:political history
2646:who is master of
2387:Helsinki, Finland
2348:Kolosserkommentar
2194:Greek mathematics
2122:Colloquy of Worms
2103:Peace of Augsburg
2095:Maurice of Saxony
1828:
1827:
1813:
1709:Holy Roman Empire
1690:Lorenzo Campeggio
1578:Gospel of Matthew
1464:Johannes StĂśffler
1316:
1315:
1222:Søren Kierkegaard
872:Bible Translators
850:Paul Olaf Bodding
733:Finnish Awakening
523:
522:
499:Sacramental Union
478:Divine Providence
355:Smalcald Articles
186:
185:
32:G. D. Melanchthon
16:(Redirected from
6660:
6493:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6406:
6405:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6331:Luther Monuments
6144:Karl von Miltitz
6124:Johann Cochlaeus
6098:
6090:
6088:Magdalena Luther
6082:
6074:
5855:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5604:
5524:Gnesio-Lutherans
5504:Johannes Saliger
5489:Joachim Westphal
5463:Crypto-Calvinist
5442:Matthias Flacius
5417:Gnesio-Lutherans
5407:Matthias Flacius
5374:Gnesio-Lutherans
5326:Andreas Musculus
5321:Matthias Flacius
5301:Andreas Osiander
5281:Gnesio-Lutherans
5271:Matthias Flacius
5246:Johannes Aepinus
5217:Matthias Flacius
5169:
5151:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5110:
5072:
5071:
5047:Internet Archive
5031:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4959:. Translated by
4948:
4946:
4944:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4895:Smith, Preserved
4890:
4866:
4859:
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4427:
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4065:
4063:
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4004:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3970:
3962:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3941:on 18 March 2009
3940:
3933:
3923:Chemnitz, Martin
3918:
3881:
3862:
3843:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3813:978-1-56858419-5
3797:
3791:
3785:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3744:Mark, Joshua J.
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3694:
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3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3645:
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3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3016:
2990:Lotharian legend
2843:and a classical
2825:Jakob Wimpfeling
2218:in Basel, 1554.
2170:Council of Basel
2045:Andreas Osiander
2030:Matthias Flacius
2026:Gnesio-Lutherans
2000:Augsburg Interim
1856:Diet of Augsburg
1844:
1843: 1530-1535
1841:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1771:
1743:
1735:
1717:Huldrych Zwingli
1650:(Wittenberg and
1639:Zwickau prophets
1553:, especially of
1537:Melanchthon and
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:Jakob Wimpfeling
1490:
1482:
1411:
1410:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1232:Wilhelm Herrmann
1227:Albrecht Ritschl
1217:C. F. W. Walther
1202:Henry Muhlenberg
1172:Abraham Calovius
1157:Matthias Flacius
1142:Laurentius Petri
1079:MikoĹaj Jakubica
1074:Antonio Brucioli
988:Laurentius Petri
865:Jens Christensen
860:Christian Keyser
825:F. C. D. Wyneken
703:Gnesio-Lutherans
698:Crypto-Lutherans
306:Athanasian Creed
257:
211:
188:
182:
135:Theological work
106:Electoral Saxony
97:
76:16 February 1497
57:
43:
21:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6618:Lutheran saints
6608:Lay theologians
6498:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6475:from Wikisource
6469:
6464:
6462:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6421:sister projects
6420:
6412:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6380:
6378:
6373:
6350:
6345:Luther Monument
6339:Luther Monument
6325:
6239:
6235:Wartburg Castle
6178:
6129:Johann Reuchlin
6062:
6021:Marian theology
5912:
5902:
5853:
5803:Large Catechism
5787:Small Catechism
5654:
5636:
5631:
5601:
5596:
5585:
5559:Girolamo Zanchi
5514:Sacramentarians
5494:Martin Chemnitz
5465:
5364:Nicolaus Gallus
5196:
5164:
5144:
5137:
5069:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5015:
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4585:
4579:
4566:
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4547:
4541:
4528:
4498:10.2307/3170941
4483:
4477:
4453:
4447:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4407:
4394:
4388:
4375:
4371:
4369:Further reading
4366:
4362:
4343:
4337:
4324:
4287:
4281:Forgotten Books
4278:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4239:, ed. (1969). "
4235:
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3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3445:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3347:Manschreck 2011
3345:, p. 432;
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3203:, p. 151;
3199:
3195:
3189:Manschreck 2011
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3129:Loci Theologici
3122:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3009:
2970:
2911:
2870:(1519) and the
2805:
2799:
2703:
2632:
2593:virtuous pagans
2547:
2484:
2451:
2375:
2304:
2299:
2240:
2182:
2147:
2061:
2008:Leipzig Interim
1984:
1921:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1772:
1770:
1756:
1744:
1733:
1676:Leonhard Hutter
1668:Martin Chemnitz
1635:Wartburg Castle
1606:
1590:Katharina Krapp
1531:
1510:
1444:master's degree
1400:Johann Reuchlin
1381:Melanchthonhaus
1365:
1312:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1252:Rudolf Bultmann
1247:Ernst Troeltsch
1237:F. W. Stellhorn
1162:Martin Chemnitz
1152:Mikael Agricola
1098:
1094:William F. Beck
1064:Jonas BretkĹŤnas
1022:
1018:Mikael Agricola
1013:Sebastian Krelj
993:Martti Rautanen
930:William Tyndale
918:
889:Kjell Magne Yri
869:
815:Martti Rautanen
766:
758:
757:
718:Radical Pietism
688:
680:
679:
656:
653:
647:
644:
637:
629:
628:
627:
542:
541:
525:
524:
503:
487:
483:Marian theology
473:
464:
455:
441:
427:
409:
395:
375:
368:
359:
347:Large Catechism
339:
330:
316:Book of Concord
310:
296:Apostles' Creed
280:
254:
246:
245:
244:
219:
129:
113:Alma mater
108:
99:
95:
86:
77:
75:
74:
64:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6477:
6460:
6458:from Wikiquote
6443:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6398:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6259:
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6248:
6241:
6240:
6238:
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6232:
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6222:
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6207:
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6126:
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6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6058:(1537 edition)
6052:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6016:Law and Gospel
6013:
6007:
6002:
5999:Sola scriptura
5995:
5988:
5983:
5973:
5971:Luther's canon
5968:
5963:
5958:
5950:
5945:
5941:Exsurge Domine
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5893:
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5878:
5870:
5863:
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5851:
5846:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5763:Deutsche Messe
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5731:Formula missae
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
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5660:
5656:
5655:
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5637:
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5629:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5578:Georg Calixtus
5574:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5554:Johann Marbach
5551:
5549:Predestination
5545:
5542:
5541:Predestination
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5466:and Saligerian
5460:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5426:
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5323:
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5308:
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5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5250:
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5248:
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5237:
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5209:
5204:
5197:
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5191:
5187:
5185:
5180:
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5175:
5170:
5162:
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5138:
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5135:
5128:
5121:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5058:
5049:
5038:
5037:External links
5035:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4975:
4969:
4961:Hillar, Marian
4949:
4920:
4891:
4885:
4860:
4850:(3): 317â339.
4839:
4822:
4816:
4791:
4785:
4777:Pauck, Wilhelm
4769:Pauck, Wilhelm
4760:
4754:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4696:
4690:
4677:
4651:
4645:
4622:
4616:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4558:
4545:
4539:
4526:
4486:Church History
4481:
4475:
4451:
4445:
4432:
4411:
4405:
4392:
4386:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4341:
4335:
4322:
4285:
4259:
4253:
4237:Pauck, Wilhelm
4233:
4213:
4207:
4194:
4173:
4167:
4150:
4136:
4123:
4117:
4097:
4068:
4040:
4026:
4005:
3996:
3971:
3957:, ed. (1911).
3955:Chisholm, Hugh
3951:
3919:
3893:(4): 557â576.
3882:
3876:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3812:
3792:
3790:, p. 285.
3767:
3755:
3736:
3734:, p. 161.
3724:
3722:, p. 284.
3695:
3683:
3671:
3669:, p. 283.
3646:
3634:
3632:, p. 142.
3622:
3620:, p. 282.
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 425.
3522:
3520:, p. 424.
3505:
3493:
3486:
3466:
3464:, p. 281.
3443:
3441:, p. 280.
3428:
3414:
3407:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3351:Schofield 2006
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3295:Brosseder 2005
3287:
3280:
3260:
3209:
3193:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 379.
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3116:
3091:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2939:Albrecht DĂźrer
2919:Albrecht DĂźrer
2910:
2907:
2895:Liber de anima
2798:
2795:
2730:church history
2702:
2699:
2654:, and ancient
2631:
2628:
2620:bronze serpent
2546:
2543:
2483:
2480:
2450:
2447:
2413:, not only of
2411:Church Fathers
2374:
2371:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2239:
2236:
2181:
2178:
2146:
2143:
2060:
2057:
1983:
1980:
1920:
1917:
1826:
1825:
1761:. Please help
1747:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1705:Diet of Speyer
1631:ecclesiastical
1617:, 1552 edition
1605:
1602:
1530:
1527:
1364:
1361:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
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1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Philipp Spener
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Johann Gerhard
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Johannes Brenz
1124:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:Olaf M. Norlie
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:Jurij Dalmatin
1000:
995:
990:
981:
976:
974:Otto Fabricius
971:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
925:
924:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Onesimos Nesib
891:
886:
881:
875:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Onesimos Nesib
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Wilhelm Sihler
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
775:John Campanius
771:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
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745:
740:
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730:
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720:
715:
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689:
686:
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641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:Divine Service
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
544:
543:
540:
539:
532:
531:
530:
527:
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485:
480:
474:
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463:
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456:
454:
453:
448:
442:
440:
439:
437:Sanctification
434:
428:
426:
425:
422:Sola scriptura
418:
410:
408:
407:
405:Law and Gospel
402:
396:
394:
393:
387:
384:
383:
377:
376:
374:
369:
367:
366:
360:
358:
357:
351:
350:
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343:Luther's Small
338:
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331:
329:
328:
322:
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318:
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98:(aged 63)
92:
88:
87:
78:
72:
70:
66:
65:
58:
50:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
6665:
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6536:
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6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6492:from Wikidata
6491:
6490:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6427:
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6417:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6387:
6383:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6271:Martin Luther
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6255:Martin Luther
6252:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
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6211:
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6185:
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6175:
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6162:
6160:
6157:
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6150:
6147:
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6140:
6137:
6135:
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6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
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6102:
6097:
6094:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
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6059:
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6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
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5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5949:
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5944:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
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5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5859:List of hymns
5856:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5634:Martin Luther
5628:
5623:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5594:
5588:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:Ubiquitarians
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Simon Musaeus
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Justus Menius
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5257:Adiaphoristic
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Andreas Poach
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:controversies
5142:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3928:On Almsgiving
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3840:Marienlexikon
3836:
3835:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:Kusukawa 1999
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:Kusukawa 1995
3577:
3574:
3571:, p. 70.
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3547:, p. 25.
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3365:, p. 71.
3364:
3359:
3356:
3353:, p. 20.
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:Lohrmann 2012
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3319:Chisholm 1911
3315:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:, p. 11.
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:Chemnitz 2004
3120:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:Ubiquitarians
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:Gottlob Frege
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:He published
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:. He saw the
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2482:As theologian
2481:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2461:, woodcut by
2460:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2419:Greek Fathers
2416:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:Caspar Peucer
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2053:justification
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780: â
1779:
1775:
1774:Find sources:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1752:single source
1748:This section
1746:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:Lord's Supper
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Loci communes
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1614:Loci Communes
1610:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:jurisprudence
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:. The town's
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:Protestantism
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Martin Luther
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:Robert Jenson
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Hermann Sasse
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:Martin Luther
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:PrimoĹž Trubar
996:
994:
991:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:Jozef RohĂĄÄek
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Martin Luther
877:
876:
874:
873:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Johann Flierl
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Neo-Lutherans
741:
739:
738:Old Lutherans
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
670:Denominations
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
649:
646:
640:
639:
633:
632:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Lutheran hymn
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
537:
534:
533:
529:
528:
517:
516:Homosexuality
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
466:
461:
458:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
411:
406:
403:
401:
400:Justification
398:
397:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
382:
378:
373:
370:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
352:
348:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
327:
324:
323:
321:
320:
317:
313:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:
287:
283:
277:
276:New Testament
274:
272:
271:Old Testament
269:
268:
266:
265:
262:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:Protestantism
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
215:
214:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
181:
176:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:19 April 1560
93:
89:
85:
81:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6487:
6470:
6453:
6441:from Commons
6436:
6415:
6408:Christianity
6366:
6319:Luther and I
6318:
6310:
6302:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6270:
6262:
6254:
6205:Lutherstädte
6183:Luther sites
6153:
6139:Justus Jonas
6055:
6045:Antisemitism
6005:Two kingdoms
5997:
5990:
5953:
5940:
5880:
5872:
5841:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5801:
5793:
5785:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5718:(1522, 1534)
5715:Luther Bible
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5645:Bibliography
5570:Syncretistic
5528:
5473:
5421:
5391:
5315:
5306:Johann Funck
5265:
5172:
5165:
5159:
5154:
5080:Open Library
5017:
4998:
4979:
4956:
4941:. Retrieved
4928:
4912:. Retrieved
4899:
4868:
4847:
4843:
4826:
4807:
4772:
4764:
4745:
4731:
4703:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4656:
4626:
4593:
4568:
4549:
4530:
4489:
4485:
4459:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4419:
4396:
4377:
4355:
4326:
4293:
4289:
4270:. Retrieved
4264:
4244:
4240:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:
4198:
4187:
4158:
4127:
4108:
4105:Kolb, Robert
4101:Kolb, Robert
4087:. Retrieved
4080:
4060:. Retrieved
4055:
4009:
4000:
3976:
3964:
3943:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3927:
3890:
3886:
3867:
3848:
3839:
3817:. Retrieved
3802:
3795:
3758:
3749:
3739:
3727:
3686:
3674:
3637:
3625:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3496:
3480:. Infinity.
3476:
3469:
3417:
3389:
3382:
3370:
3363:Richard 1898
3358:
3338:
3331:Richard 1898
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3274:. Infobase.
3270:
3263:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3207:, p. 4.
3201:LĂśffler 1911
3196:
3174:Richard 1898
3169:
3164:, p. 3.
3162:Richard 1898
3157:
3150:Richard 1898
3145:
3128:
3119:
3094:
3014:
2955:
2947:
2928:
2902:
2901:(1549), and
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2841:liberal arts
2818:
2786:
2784:
2775:
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2764:
2756:
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2752:
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2727:
2710:
2685:(1527), and
2660:
2640:dialectician
2636:hermeneutics
2633:
2608:
2606:
2597:Original Sin
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:(1538); and
2569:
2565:
2559:
2558:to Cicero's
2555:
2548:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
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2502:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2458:
2457:Detail from
2443:
2438:consistories
2434:
2429:
2426:conservative
2423:
2407:
2393:the church.
2391:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2321:
2317:
2276:
2268:John 1:11-12
2267:
2265:
2257:SchloĂkirche
2249:
2213:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2131:
2118:Zwinglianism
2115:
2107:
2076:
2042:
2023:
2020:
2002:, which the
1993:
1967:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1922:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1880:
1864:
1849:
1847:
1834:Portrait by
1816:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1749:
1723:"an impious
1698:
1693:
1683:papal legate
1680:
1659:
1645:
1643:
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1620:
1612:
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1570:
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1487:contubernium
1468:
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1366:
1350:
1322:
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1317:
1257:Paul Tillich
1192:David Hollaz
1132:Justus Jonas
1116:
1110: /
1100:
1099:
1084:Matthias Bel
986: /
967: /
871:
870:
769:Missionaries
768:
636:Organization
623:Lutheran art
563:Confirmation
446:Two kingdoms
420:
413:
345: /
301:Nicene Creed
225:Christianity
134:
96:(1560-04-19)
59:Portrait by
40:
6643:Philippists
6513:1560 deaths
6508:1497 births
6362:Luther rose
6321:(2017 film)
6313:(2003 film)
6305:(1983 film)
6297:(1974 film)
6289:(1964 film)
6281:(1961 play)
6273:(1953 film)
6265:(1928 film)
6257:(1923 film)
6247:and theatre
6119:Georg RĂśrer
6096:Paul Luther
5925:Lutheranism
5920:Reformation
5509:Philippists
5412:Philippists
5384:Synergistic
5369:Philippists
5349:Georg Major
5276:Philippists
5222:Philippists
5160:Controversy
4804:Keen, Ralph
4742:Mack, Peter
4700:Mack, Peter
4636:10138/41764
4089:18 February
3980:. New York.
3831:Works cited
3819:14 February
3732:Angier 2019
3569:Heilen 2010
3533:Bäumer 1992
3518:Bäumer 1992
3375:Jacobs 1899
2996:Philippists
2740:(1530) and
2652:archaeology
2644:philologist
2561:De officiis
2556:Prolegomena
2545:As moralist
2215:Tetrabiblos
2139:mastication
2134:Calvinistic
2111:Georg Major
1913:John Calvin
1559:evangelical
1511: 1511
1456:mathematics
1353:John Calvin
1242:Rudolf Otto
1147:Olaus Petri
1137:Hans Tausen
1101:Theologians
1054:Hans Tausen
984:Olaus Petri
935:John Rogers
899:Aster Ganno
800:Paul Henkel
765:Key figures
728:Laestadians
578:Holy Orders
538:and worship
451:catholicity
432:Christology
415:Sola gratia
235:Reformation
201:Lutheranism
163:Lutheranism
145:Reformation
6502:Categories
6455:Quotations
6200:Lutherhaus
6159:Pope Leo X
6091:(daughter)
5913:and events
5842:Table Talk
5341:Majoristic
5292:Osiandrian
5212:Anton Otto
5183:Antinomian
5166:Resolution
4943:5 November
4932:. London.
4914:5 November
4671:5 November
4426:5 November
4272:4 November
4227:5 November
4062:4 November
3945:5 November
3246:2263/62958
3229:(1): 1â8.
3205:Pauck 1969
3138:References
2837:humanities
2765:(Postilla)
2723:Wittenberg
2683:Colossians
2630:As exegete
2498:philosophy
2493:humanistic
2449:As scholar
2328:Holy Ghost
2261:Wittenberg
2224:Providence
2174:Magnificat
2072:Wittenberg
1819:March 2024
1789:newspapers
1567:Johann Eck
1551:Scriptures
1428:philosophy
1338:theologian
969:Paul Egede
965:Hans Egede
909:JĂĄkup Dahl
810:Karl Graul
785:Hans Egede
558:Confession
536:Sacraments
218:Background
102:Wittenberg
6396:Biography
6075:(parents)
5992:Sola fide
5840:Luther's
4955:(2015) .
4856:0024-7499
4835:905626473
4522:162335827
4506:0009-6407
4318:189873577
4310:1573-9090
4290:Prospects
4279:(also at
4146:0962-4945
4036:1385-0180
3986:cite book
3915:170230348
3907:0022-5037
3788:Kirn 1910
3763:Kirn 1910
3720:Kirn 1910
3691:Kirn 1910
3667:Kirn 1910
3642:Kirn 1910
3630:Kolb 2012
3618:Kirn 1910
3545:Heal 2007
3501:Kirn 1910
3462:Kirn 1910
3439:Kirn 1910
3307:Rupp 1996
3255:0259-9422
2880:syllogism
2872:Dialectic
2845:education
2791:catechism
2780:95 Theses
2769:Hungarian
2691:Maccabees
2656:geography
2535:Aristotle
2509:free will
2415:Augustine
2341:, c. 1562
2202:astrology
2198:astronomy
2120:. At the
2099:Nuremberg
2012:adiaphora
1996:Adiaphora
1972:Synergism
1937:patristic
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1871:Schwabach
1759:talk page
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1440:astrology
1436:astronomy
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1409:ÎξΝΏγĎθĎν
1396:Aristotle
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568:Matrimony
553:Eucharist
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6010:Beerwolf
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4909:11015608
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2968:See also
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2867:Rhetoric
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2850:grammars
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1960:preacher
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1432:rhetoric
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713:Pietists
193:a series
191:Part of
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2648:history
2589:endowed
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2253:Leipzig
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2160:In his
2091:Dresden
2028:led by
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6287:Luther
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6067:People
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5943:, 1520
5911:Topics
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