481:. These snakes are capable of accurately spitting their venom at a target up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) away. The symptoms of a bite might include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Bites by the Philippine cobra produce prominent neurotoxicity with minimal to no local signs. A study of 39 patients envenomed by the Philippine cobra was conducted in 1988. Neurotoxicity occurred in 38 cases and was the predominant clinical feature. Complete Respiratory failure developed in 19 patients, and was often rapid in onset; in three cases,
230:
427:. Large rats that have been bitten by this snake and are in a position to fight back, often do so. Although rare, large rats have been known to fatally wound the snake by scratching, biting, or even poking one or both of the snake's eyes out. Of course, the rat ends up succumbing to the venom, but the snake will often sustain eye injury, potentially becoming blind, and severe bites to the snout region leave the snake vulnerable to infections and diseases.
92:
349:, are said to attain lengths of 2 metres (6.6 ft), but these are unconfirmed claims. If true, however, 2 m would be very rare and would be considered the absolute maximum for this species. The head is elliptical, depressed, slightly distinct from neck with a short, rounded snout and large nostrils. The eyes are moderate in size with dark brown and round pupils, typical of other cobra species and similar to other
50:
31:
353:
in general. It has a fairly stocky build for an elapid, and adult snakes are uniformly light to medium brown, while the juveniles tend to be a darker brown in color. They have 23-27 scale rows around the neck and 21 just above the middle part of the body; 182-193 ventrals, 36-49 subcaudals, and basal
393:
The
Philippine cobra's habitat include low-lying plains and forested regions, along with open fields, grasslands, dense jungle, agricultural fields, and human settlements. This species of cobra is particularly fond of water, so it can be found very close to ponds, rivers, or large puddles of water.
344:
The
Philippine cobra is a stocky snake of medium length with long cervical ribs capable of expanding, so when threatened, a hood can be formed. The average length of this species is 1.0 metre (3.3 ft). The species can grow to lengths of 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) However, subpopulations of the
485:
occurred within just 30 minutes of the bite. There were two deaths, both in patients who were moribund upon arrival at the hospital. Three patients developed necrosis, and 14 individuals with systemic symptoms had no local swelling at all. Both cardiotoxicity and reliable nonspecific signs of
476:
and respiratory paralysis, as the neurotoxins interrupt the transmission of nerve signals by binding to the neuromuscular junctions near the muscles. Research has shown its venom is purely a neurotoxin, with no apparent necrotizing components and no
740:
Wรผster, W. & R.S. Thorpe (1990) Systematics and biogeography of the
Asiatic cobra (Naja naja) species complex in the Philippine Islands. In G. Peters & R. Hutterer (Eds.), Vertebrates in the Tropics: 333-344. Museum A. Koenig, Bonn
406:
and small rats are their preferred prey and make up the majority of their diets. However, they will also eat other sizable snakes, small lizards, frogs, eggs, and when the opportunity arises, small birds.
840:
Watt, G.; Padre L; Tuazon L; Theakston RD; Laughlin L. (September 1988). "Bites by the
Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs".
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901:
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envenoming were absent. Bites by the
Philippine cobra produce a distinctive clinical picture characterized by severe neurotoxicity of rapid onset and minimal local tissue damage.
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Although venom toxicity values can vary greatly even among specimens of the same species, the
Philippine cobra is considered to possess one of the more toxic venoms among the
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There are 23-27 (usually 25) scale rows around neck, 21 (rarely 23) just ahead of mid-body; 182-193 ventrals, 36-49 subcaudals, basal pairs sometimes undivided.
1322:
390:. This species likely may occur in other neighboring islands, but this remains unconfirmed. Records from the Calamianes group and Palawan require confirmation.
915:
Lutz, M. (2006) Die Kobras des philippinischen
Archipels - Teil I: Die Philippinen-Kobra, Naja philippinensis Taylor, 1922, Sauria, Berlin, 28 (3): 31-37
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Lutz, M. 2006. Die Kobras des philippinischen
Archipels, Teil I: Die Philippinen-Kobra, Naja philippinensis Taylor 1922. Sauria 28 (3): 5-11
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specimens (69 males; 81 females) gave an overall average venom yield per cobra per extraction of 0.33 ml (wet) or 70.1 mg (dried).
756:"Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization"
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691:"Taxonomic changes and toxinology: Systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex)"
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This species feeds predominantly on small mammals, frogs, and even other snakes. Small rodents such as
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route for this species is 0.18 mg/kg (0.11-0.3 mg/kg). Data on venom yield of 150 milked
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The
Philippine cobra occurs mostly in the northern regions of the
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805:"Venom yields of the Philippine cobra, Naja naja philippinensis"
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is Latin and literally means "from the
Philippine Islands".
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
743:(Naja naja) species complex in the Philippine Islands
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643:"A century of confusion: Asiatic cobras revisited"
472:which affects respiratory function and can cause
468:of the Philippine cobra is a potent postsynaptic
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754:Wong, KY; Tan, CH; Tan, NH (3 January 2019).
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415:Predators of this species include humans,
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911:"Wolfgang Wรผster's - Asiatic Cobra Page"
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296:was described by American herpetologist
511:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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374:. They can be found on the islands of
265:native to the northern regions of the
1390:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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345:species, particularly specimens from
237:Distribution of the Philippine cobra
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906:- Mario Lutz`s HerpaWorld Institute"
560:"Naja philippinensis Taylor, 1922"
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269:. The Philippine cobra is called
1405:Endemic fauna of the Philippines
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354:pairs are sometimes undivided.
439:(cobra) species. According to
1:
676:"Bangor University Open Days"
710:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5
605:. The University of Adelaide
603:Clinical Toxinology Resource
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1400:Reptiles of the Philippines
890:U.S. Naval Medical Research
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1430:Reptiles described in 1922
875:Envenomation and Treatment
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854:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.306
689:Wรผster, Wolfgang (1996).
641:Wรผster, Wolfgang (1993).
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308:is a Latinisation of the
259:northern Philippine cobra
255:Philippine spitting cobra
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87:Scientific classification
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366:Distribution and habitat
328:) meaning "cobra". The
803:Salafranca, ES (1972).
566:. reptile-database.org
298:Edward Harrison Taylor
195:N. philippinensis
772:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871
599:"Naja philippinensis"
507:"Naja philippinensis"
1425:Fauna of Catanduanes
564:The Reptile Database
533:"Appendices | CITES"
1420:Fauna of Marinduque
1224:Naja_philippinensis
1210:Naja philippinensis
1180:Naja philippinensis
1112:Naja philippinensis
904:Naja philippinensis
896:Naja philippinensis
294:Naja philippinensis
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213:Naja philippinensis
40:Conservation status
1056:Naja multifasciata
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1172:Taxon identifiers
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1133:Naja senegalensis
459:N. philippinensis
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818:(3): 127โ134
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479:cardiotoxins
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1271:iNaturalist
1204:Wikispecies
1098:Naja oxiana
1091:Naja nubiae
384:Catanduanes
372:Philippines
340:Description
267:Philippines
73:Appendix II
1384:Categories
1084:Naja nivea
993:Naja ashei
822:7 November
723:1 December
660:1 December
656:(4): 14โ18
609:1 December
542:2022-01-14
490:References
470:neurotoxin
441:Tan et al.
423:, and the
421:king cobra
150:Suborder:
1063:Naja naja
1014:Naja haje
1000:Naja atra
812:Zoologica
570:7 January
537:cites.org
517:7 January
411:Predators
358:Scalation
189:Species:
154:Serpentes
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
1362:Species+
1289:10639811
1195:Q2087861
1189:Wikidata
790:27022154
650:Vivarium
453:via the
425:mongoose
332:epithet
330:specific
310:Sanskrit
289:Taxonomy
281:carasaen
181:Laurenti
164:Elapidae
160:Family:
144:Squamata
134:Reptilia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1263:2470313
1250:1055806
862:3177741
781:4889763
718:8735239
698:Toxicon
388:Masbate
380:Mindoro
351:elapids
302:generic
273:ulupong
170:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
1341:101602
1315:169768
1302:700637
860:
788:
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445:murine
443:, the
419:, the
386:, and
222:, 1922
220:Taylor
183:, 1768
1284:IRMNG
1276:73875
1237:45KXX
808:(PDF)
694:(PDF)
646:(PDF)
483:apnea
466:venom
431:Venom
376:Luzon
312:word
304:name
77:CITES
71:CITES
1395:Naja
1367:9550
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