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163:, reasoned out why the use of pots is far more advantageous than baskets and other organic containers. He said that since potteries are commonly made in clay, heat has little to none effect on the container, and its contents, and that it protects the food from moisture and pests. Furthermore, its range of storable contents is far wider than baskets and animal skins since it can store both liquid and dry goods.
64:
802:
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22:
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Novaliches pottery can be diagnosed by its form being a shallow bowl with a high right-foot. The shallow bowl is generally plain but the feet are highly decorated. Majority of
Novaliches pottery were well polished. The form is so symmetrical that it looks as if it was made in a potter wheel, however,
228:
according to
Solheim, Kalanay, Novaliches and Bau pottery complexes. Kalanay pottery complex pertains to Beyer's Early Iron Age pottery of the Visayan Islands found in Negros and Mindoro; novaliches pottery complex to Beyer's Early Iron Age pottery from Rizal province. Bau pottery, on the other hand,
166:
Also, Rice, in his book
Pottery Analysis, classified ceramic vessels into 17 categories depending on various factors that concern the use and production of the tool. One of these is the content wherein he further divided a type of pot into four depending on the state (liquid or solid) and temperature
201:
As said, a pottery sometimes has a different actual use than intended use. This is the reason why when archaeologists study the function of a pottery, they tend to focus on how the tool was actually used. They do this by studying the alterations that the pottery has. These alterations, accretion and
146:
The pot, after the modeling stage, is then dried for a short period of time before the base is shaped. Also, after additional heating, small amounts of clay are added inside and outside the clay to maintain the evenness of the surface. A polishing step can also be done through the use of a polishing
142:
The first step in the manufacture of pots is the acquisition of the starting material, clay. The clay is then pounded, added with enough amount of water, to reach the wanted flexibility, and placed in a rotating plate. Using the hand-modeling and coil-and-scrape techniques, the height, thickness and
210:
Surface
Attrition – Skibo's study on the attrition of the pots showed how the pot was used. By looking at the trace attritions inside the vessel, the type, frequency, angle and direction of stirring for each pot was determined. Furthermore, Skibo also concluded that two pots can be differentiated
206:
Dissolved residue – This test was done to determine the organic matters that were once placed in the vessel. Through the combination of a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrophotometer, the composition of the fatty acids inside the vessel was determined. Although a complete identification of the
173:
Intended use, as the name implies, is how the tool's supposed to be used. This is the basis of the manufacture of the ceramic vessel since the form follows the function. On the other hand, actual use is how the tool was used. This sometimes disregards the pot's form as long it can do a specific
388:
Most of
Novaliches pottery can be distinguished from Bau pottery and Kalanay pottery. While it shares form and decoration with Kalanay pottery, it contains more variability compared to Bau pottery. According to Solheim (2002), “it is the most sophisticated pottery that has yet been found in the
123:
Ceramic vessels of
Kalinga are divided into three types: rice cooking (ittoyom), vegetable/meat cooking (oppaya), and water storage (immosso) pots. According to Skibo, the rice cooking pots are usually larger, thinner and have a smaller opening than vegetable/meat pots. On the other hand, water
155:
Pots are ceramic vessels that are made by molding clay into its wanted shape and then leaving it in an environment with an elevated temperature thereby making it solid and sturdy. It is widely recognized as one of better tools that humans invented since it managed to store the surplus of food
502:
Majority of the pots’ paste is red-brown in color, with gray or black as the minority. Its texture ranges from fine to medium and its thickness is usually 5–8 mm in length. The common forms of the pots are jars with wide to narrow mouths and its normally large (a body diameter of 24 to
127:
Except for water storage pots, which have a uniform size, the other two kinds can come in three different sizes, large, medium and small. Although this is true in some cases, another larger type of vegetable/meat pot and smaller water storage pot exists.
143:
shape of the pot is established. After this, the rim is designed by placing a wet rag on top of it and then rotating it in the other direction. Furthermore, scraping of the walls can also be done if the walls produced are too thick.
202:
attrition, are commonly the abrasions and scratches on the vessel. In Skibo's study of
Kalinga potteries functions, he relied on three main tests, namely (1) dissolved residue, (2) surface attrition and (3) carbon deposition.
194:
In
Kalinga, ceramic vessels can be used for two situations: daily life use and ceremonial use. Daily life uses include the making of rice from the pots and the transfer of water from nearby water bodies to their homes.
214:
Carbon
Deposition – This test, as said by Skibo, can determine the type of food cooked, how it was cooked and how the pot was placed on the flame. From this, another distinction between rice and vegetable/meat pots was
471:
Little care was given so the jars appear poorly made despite its well thought out designs. This can be attributed to the possibility that the certain tradition of this pot was no longer significant to the
211:
from each other, on the basis of what type of food it cooks, from the abrasions. He said that rice pots will have a little amount of stirring while the vegetable/meat pots will have numerous marks.
170:
Based from these three uses that Rice gave, Skibo further characterized the usage of ceramic vessels by dividing the tool's function into two, (1) intended use and (2) actual use.
134:
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The type of paste is the same as
Bagupantao plain, red-brown in color. It is also highly decorated on its rim with circles, punctuations and crenellations.
460:
Large observable differences in color that is associated with the inability of the potter to control the fire, causing the uneven distribution of the heat.
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Forms: jars, large with wide mouth and everted rim, or small with everted rim; bowls, deep with inslanting sides, or very shallow which turned out lip
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The paste used is the same as Bagupantao impressed and plain but it is covered with heavy red hematite slip inside and outside of the neck.
167:(hot or cold) of the food inside it. He also said that a ceramic has three main uses. These three are storage, processing, and transfer.
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207:
species of plant and animals was not possible, Skibo managed to know which pots were used for rice and vegetable/ meat cooking.
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Paired diagonals and borders, with variations including single diagonals or verticals and borders, or wavy lines and borders
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Differences in the base of the vessels (some have rounded bottom while some use a ring foot or a tetrapod for support).
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Horizontal and diagonal elements, including simple tool impressions, compound tool impressions and carved elements
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Similar clay used as the Bagupantao and Kalanay vessels. The color, red-brown, was also the same, inside and out.
241:
found in Masbate. From this site, the pottery is further subdivided into pottery types Kalanay and Bagupantao.
532:• Extraneous Pottery - Three vessels that did not belong to the Bagupantao and Kalanay style were also found.
665:
187:
97:
Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500 years ago. They used these ceramic jars to hold the deceased.
269:
Diagonals without borders, including a band of horizontal V's and alternating diagonals off a center line
716:
585:
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does not fit into the two previous complexes and could correspond instead to the Late Iron Age pottery.
77:
94:. Molding the clay required the use of wooden paddles, and the clay had to be kept away from sunlight.
633:
376:
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Poorly made because of the uneven distribution of heat to the pot (pieces break longitudinally).
47:
438:
The Kalanay cave site is a small burial cave. It is located at the northwest coast of Masbate.
115:
of the Philippines, pottery was made for water vessels, plates, cups, and for many other uses.
468:
Incised around the neck, rim of a jar or the outside of a bowl in a band of repeating elements
147:
stone. In some cases, pots are also painted with red hematite paint for some stylized design.
771:
The archaeology of central Philippines: A study chiefly of the Iron Age and its relationships
613:
112:
101:
331:
It has less variation in both form and decoration compared to the Kalanay pottery complex.
257:
Triangles, with variations including alternating triangles and borders or running triangles
266:
Punctate fieldwhere areas bonded by incised lines are emphasized by punctuations or dashes
517:
Larger (28 –31 cm body diameter) and thicker (9-14 thickness) than Bagupantao plain.
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Traditional pot-making in certain areas of the Philippines would use clay found near the
618:
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628:
91:
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pots date back to 5 BC. - 225 A.D and had pot covers shaped like human heads.
691:"Anthropomorphic Pots : Metal Age : Ayub Cave, Saranggani Province"
662:"De La Salle University : University Library : Philippine Pottery"
590:
542:
Ornamented with small crystals on the paste and black flakes on the surface.
403:
Narrow vertical elements; carved, tool impressed, or running impressed lines
285:
Kalanay complex pottery can be divided into 16 groups according to Solheim.
559:
Heavily polished and the surface color ranges from red-brown to light gray.
63:
801:
788:
556:
Used a different paste (fibrous texture and contained mineral inclusions)
506:
Difference between Kalanay Plain: Evenness of color and cleanness of clay
225:
159:
In the book Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective, the author,
608:
603:
124:
storage pots have an average and uniform size and a smaller neck size.
100:
Other pottery used to hold remains of the deceased were decorated with
82:
37:
381:
138:
Group of Igorot pottery makers, from Samoki, Mountain Province (1910)
570:
The paste used is chocolate-brown in color and its texture is fine.
581:
375:
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133:
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20:
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It is very thick (15–20 mm) when compared to the other pots.
478:
Simple tool impressing found around the jar or bowl with a flange
341:
Tool Impressed, including simple-tool and compound-tool impressed
454:
Technique used in the manufacture: Paddle-and-anvil technique
475:
Kalanay-Impressed: simple tool and simple and compound tool
713:"Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines: Art for All"
528:
Thinner (2–7 mm) and smaller than Bagupantao plain.
73:
used for burial, topped with two figures, Manunggul Cave
545:
As thin (3–8 mm) as the Bagupantao painted vessel.
319:
Spherical jars with small mouths, without angle at rim
562:
As thick as the Bagupantao plain jars (5–12 mm).
237:
The type site of the Kalanay pottery complex is the
111:
Filipino pottery had other uses as well. During the
715:. Metmuseum.ph. September 1, 2012. Archived from
685:
683:
396:Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:
334:Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:
244:Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:
656:
654:
448:Majority (80 per cent) of the excavated vessels.
553:Same size and structure as the Bagupantao pots.
745:Pottery Function: A use-alteration perspective
224:There are three major complexes in Philippine
198:• Determining actual function of Kalinga pots
8:
584:became especially esteemed and was used in
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736:
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764:
762:
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756:
754:
186:A jar from the Philippines housed at the
650:
639:Earthenware ceramics in the Philippines
316:Jars with angle between side and bottom
429:Jars with short necks and everted rims
7:
409:Horizontal broadline impressed lines
393:examinations showed that it wasn't.
417:Shallow bowls with high ring stands
131:• Manufacture of Kalinga potteries
489:Some were polished, some were not.
420:Shallow bowls with low-ring stands
275:Impressed or carved scallop design
40:designed or produced as a form of
14:
361:Small heavy jars with flat bottom
251:Curvilinear scrolls and triangles
800:
787:
104:designs. These anthropomorphic
358:Small jars without everted rim
310:Shallow bowls with ring stands
1:
664:. Dlsu.edu.ph. Archived from
413:Vessel forms are as follows:
380:Carriers with water pots, in
281:Carved cutouts in ring stands
52:Prehistory of the Philippines
451:Variations in size and shape
355:Small jars with everted rims
292:Large jars with narrow necks
178:Kalinga Pottery and its Uses
807:Ceramics of the Philippines
794:Ceramics of the Philippines
156:Neolithic humans gathered.
848:
773:. Manila: Bureau of Print.
372:Novaliches Pottery Complex
289:Large jars with wide necks
54:late metal age in a museum
769:Solheim, William (2002).
747:. New York: Plenum Press.
423:Jars with low-ring stands
190:, dated from 100–1400 CE.
16:Ceramic art in Philippine
510:• Bagupantao Impressed
347:Applique ribbons of clay
260:Rectangles and diagonals
693:. Nationalmuseum.gov.ph
580:In Japan, pottery from
233:Kalanay Pottery Complex
832:Philippine handicrafts
385:
272:Impressed crenelations
191:
188:Honolulu Museum of Art
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87:
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809:at Wikimedia Commons
586:Japanese tea ceremony
521:• Bagupantao Painted
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796:at Wikimedia Commons
719:on December 15, 2012
668:on November 20, 2012
827:History of ceramics
634:Vietnamese ceramics
498:• Bagupantao Plain
367:Jars with ring feet
364:Cups with ring feet
351:In terms of forms:
327:Bau Pottery Complex
30:Philippine ceramics
822:Philippine pottery
743:Skibo, J. (1992).
494:Bagupantao Pottery
482:• Kalanay slipped
464:• Kalanay Incised
441:• Kalanay Pottery
386:
304:Very shallow bowls
254:Rectangular scroll
192:
140:
88:
75:
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25:Pottery from Vigan
805:Media related to
792:Media related to
434:Kalanay Cave Site
151:Pottery Functions
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338:Paddle Impressed
220:Iron Age pottery
113:Neolithic period
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344:Stamp Impressed
322:Angular Vessels
119:Kalinga Pottery
102:anthropomorphic
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721:. Retrieved
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697:February 22,
695:. Retrieved
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
624:Lao ceramics
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503:35 cm).
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549:Second pot
161:James Skibo
106:earthenware
34:ceramic art
816:Categories
645:References
566:Third pot
535:First pot
426:Angle jars
298:Deep bowls
295:Small jars
174:function.
32:refers to
723:August 1,
672:August 1,
591:shimamono
313:Tetrapods
263:Zoomorphs
598:See also
226:Iron Age
609:Tapayan
604:Palayok
400:Cutouts
384:(1899).
83:Tapayan
59:History
38:pottery
382:Iloilo
582:Luzon
86:jars
725:2013
699:2015
674:2013
307:Lids
36:and
588:as
818::
753:^
733:^
682:^
653:^
594:.
44:.
727:.
701:.
676:.
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