246:(CMS) to automate the process of lawful interception and monitoring of telecommunications technology. The government of India on 2015 December 2 in a reply to parliament question no. 595 on scope, objectives and framework of the CMS has struck a balance between national security, online privacy and free speech informed that to take care of the privacy of citizens, lawful interception and monitoring is governed by the Section 5(2) of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 read with Rule 419A of Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007 wherein oversight mechanism exists in form of review committee under chairmanship of the Cabinet Secretary at Central Government level and Chief Secretary of the State at the state government level. Section 5(2) also allows the government to intercept messages that are public emergencies or for public safety.
755:, the U.S. House of Representatives held hearings on the legality of wiretapping for national defense. Significant legislation and judicial decisions on the legality and constitutionality of wiretapping had taken place years before World War II. However, it took on new urgency at that time of national crisis. The actions of the government regarding wiretapping for the purpose of national defense in the current war on terror have drawn considerable attention and criticism. In the World War II era, the public was also aware of the controversy over the question of the constitutionality and legality of wiretapping. Furthermore, the public was concerned with the decisions that the legislative and judicial branches of the government were making regarding wiretapping.
306:, the switching computer simply copies the digitized bits that represent the phone conversation to a second line and it is impossible to tell whether a line is being tapped. A well-designed tap installed on a phone wire can be difficult to detect. In some places, some law enforcement may be able to even access a mobile phone's internal microphone even while it isn't actively being used on a phone call (unless the battery is removed or drained). The noises that some people believe to be telephone taps are simply
102:
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520:(CALEA) related to Internet service providers. The FCC stated that “providers of broadband Internet access and voice over Internet protocol (“VoIP”) services are regulable as “telecommunications carriers” under the Act.” Those affected by the Act will have to provide access to law enforcement officers who need to monitor or intercept communications transmitted through their networks. As of 2009, warrantless surveillance of internet activity has consistently been upheld in
418:. An induction coil is usually placed underneath the base of a telephone or on the back of a telephone handset to pick up the signal inductively. An electrical connection can be made anywhere in the telephone system, and need not be in the same premises as the telephone. Some apparatus may require occasional access to replace batteries or tapes. Poorly designed tapping or transmitting equipment can cause interference audible to users of the telephone.
645:'s telephone. In the 1890s, "law enforcement agencies begin tapping wires on early telephone networks". Remote voice communications "were carried almost exclusively by circuit-switched systems," where telephone switches would connect wires to form a continuous circuit and disconnect the wires when the call ended). All other telephone services, such as call forwarding and message taking, were handled by human operators.
3779:
759:
3756:
242:
messages under sub-section (2) of
Section 5 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 shall not be issued except by an order made by the Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Home Affairs in the case of Government of India and by the Secretary to the State Government in-charge of the Home Department in the case of a state government. The government has set up the
358:
422:
may be powered from the line to be maintenance-free, and only transmits when a call is in progress. These devices are low-powered as not much power can be drawn from the line, but a state-of-the-art receiver could be located as far away as ten kilometers under ideal conditions, though usually located much closer. Research has shown that a
258:(ISI) is authorised by the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication to intercept and trace telecommunications, as stipulated under Section 54 of the relevant Act, in July 2024. Under the authorization, ISI officers of at least grade 18, subject to periodic designation, are empowered to surveil calls and messages.
1567:
786:
In 1978 the US Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) created a "secret federal court" for issuing wiretap warrants in national security cases. This was in response to findings from the Watergate break-in, which allegedly uncovered a history of presidential operations that had used surveillance
782:
become a medium for telecommunications. These fiber lines, "long, thin strands of glass that carry signals via laser light," are more secure than radio and have become very cheap. From the 1990s to the present, the majority of communications between fixed locations has been achieved by fiber. Because
648:
The earliest wiretaps were extra wires — physically inserted to the line between the switchboard and the subscriber — that carried the signal to a pair of earphones and a recorder. Later, wiretaps were installed at the central office on the frames that held the incoming wires. In late 1940, the Nazis
196:
to search a person. However, telephone tapping is the subject of controversy surrounding violations of this right. There are arguments that wiretapping invades a person's personal privacy and therefore violates their Fourth
Amendment rights. On the other hand, there are certain rules and regulations,
1597:
The FBI appears to have begun using a novel form of electronic surveillance in criminal investigations: remotely activating a mobile phone's microphone and using it to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. Kaplan's opinion said that the eavesdropping technique "functioned whether the phone was powered
870:
disclosed a "Quantico
Circuit", a 45-megabit/second DS-3 line linking a carrier's most sensitive network in an affidavit that was the basis for a lawsuit against Verizon Wireless. The circuit provides direct access to all content and all information concerning the origin and termination of telephone
653:
in
Germany. They did this by constantly monitoring the voltage on the lines, looking for any sudden drops or increases in voltage indicating that other wiring had been attached. However, the French telephone engineer Robert Keller succeeded in attaching taps without alerting the Nazis. This was done
601:. This is possible because, while the mobile phone has to authenticate itself to the mobile telephone network, the network does not authenticate itself to the phone. There is no defense against IMSI-catcher based eavesdropping, except using end-to-end call encryption; products offering this feature,
421:
The tapped signal may either be recorded at the site of the tap or transmitted by radio or over the telephone wires. As of 2007 state-of-the-art equipment operates in the 30–300 GHz range to keep up with telephone technology compared to the 772 kHz systems used in the past. The transmitter
184:
in most U.S. states require only one party to be aware of the recording, while twelve states require both parties to be aware. In Nevada, the state legislature enacted a law making it legal for a party to record a conversation if one party to the conversation consented, but the Nevada
Supreme Court
790:
A difference between US wiretapping in the US and elsewhere is that, when operating in other countries, "American intelligence services could not place wiretaps on phone lines as easily as they could in the U.S." Also, in the US, wiretapping is regarded as an extreme investigative technique, while
589:
because the system used an analog transmission system-like an ordinary radio transmitter. Instead, digital phones are harder to monitor because they use digitally encoded and compressed transmission. However the government can tap mobile phones with the cooperation of the phone company. It is also
452:
A problem with recording a telephone conversation is that the recorded volume of the two speakers may be very different. A simple tap will have this problem. An in-ear microphone, while involving an additional distorting step by converting the electrical signal to sound and back again, in practice
241:
In India, the lawful interception of communication by authorized law enforcement agencies (LEAs) is carried out in accordance with
Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 read with Rule 419A of Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007. Directions for interception of any message or class of
468:
terms, a major liability. For mobile phones the major threat is the collection of communications data. This data does not only include information about the time, duration, originator and recipient of the call, but also the identification of the base station where the call was made from, which
293:
were mechanical, a tap had to be installed by technicians, linking circuits together to route the audio signal from the call. Now that many exchanges have been converted to digital technology, tapping is far simpler and can be ordered remotely by computer. This central office switch wiretapping
232:
Legal protection extends to 'private communications' where the participants would not expect unintended persons to learn the content of the communication. A single participant can legally, and covertly record a conversation. Otherwise police normally need a judicial warrant based upon probable
794:
FISA distinguishes between U.S. persons and foreigners, between communications inside and outside the U.S., and between wired and wireless communications. Wired communications within the United States are protected, since intercepting them requires a warrant, but there is no regulation of US
233:
grounds to record a conversation they are not a part of. In order to be valid wiretap authorization must state: 1) the offense being investigated by the wiretap, 2) the type of communication, 3) the identity of the people or places targeted, 4) the period of validity (60 days from issue).
632:
In Canada, anyone is legally allowed to record a conversation as long as they are involved in the conversation. The police must apply for a warrant beforehand to legally eavesdrop on a conversation, which requires that it is expected to reveal evidence to a crime. State agents may record
334:
and U.S. law still refers to it under those names. Today, a list of all calls to a specific number can be obtained by sorting billing records. A telephone tap during which only the call information is recorded but not the contents of the phone calls themselves, is called a
373:
Conversations can be recorded or monitored unofficially, either by tapping by a third party without the knowledge of the parties to the conversation or recorded by one of the parties. This may or may not be illegal, according to the circumstances and the jurisdiction.
825:
providers fall within CALEA's scope. Currently, instant messaging, web boards and site visits are not included in CALEA's jurisdiction. In 2007 Congress amended FISA to "allow the government to monitor more communications without a warrant". In 2008 President
185:
issued two judicial opinions changing the law and requiring all parties to consent to the recording of a private conversation for it to be legal. It is considered better practice to announce at the beginning of a call that the conversation is being recorded.
281:
often require that the companies must provide access to tapping lines to law enforcement. In the U.S., telecommunications carriers are required by law to cooperate in the interception of communications for law enforcement purposes under the terms of
140:
activity in less intrusive ways. Oftentimes, the law and regulations require that the crime investigated must be at least of a certain severity. Illegal or unauthorized telephone tapping is often a criminal offense. In certain jurisdictions, such as
342:
For telephone services via digital exchanges, the information collected may additionally include a log of the type of communications media being used (some services treat data and voice communications differently, in order to conserve bandwidth).
476:
It is also possible to get greater resolution of a phone's location by combining information from a number of cells surrounding the location, which cells routinely communicate (to agree on the next handoff—for a moving phone) and measuring the
229:(also known as the Anti-Terrorism Act) was then released in 2015, which transformed the Canadian Security Intelligence Service from an intelligence-gathering agency to an agency actively engaged in countering national security threats.
71:-based conversations by a third party, often by covert means. The wire tap received its name because, historically, the monitoring connection was an actual electrical tap on an analog telephone or telegraph line. Legal wiretapping by a
2309:
685:, and top-ranking civil servants were found to have been illegally tapped for a period of at least one year. The Greek government concluded this had been done by a foreign intelligence agency, for security reasons related to the
791:
communications are often intercepted in some other countries. The
National Security Agency (NSA) "spends billions of dollars every year intercepting foreign communications from ground bases, ships, airplanes and satellites".
2276:
Joint resolution to authorize the
Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice to con-duct investigations in the interests of national defense, and ·for that purpose to permit wire tapping in certain
3740:
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department of the phone company. These data can be accessed by security services, often with fewer legal restrictions than for a tap. This information used to be collected using special equipment known as
2297:
An act to amend section 606 of the
Communications Act of 1934 for the pur-pose of granting to the President, in time of war or threatened war, certain powers with respect to communications by wire
377:
There are a number of ways to monitor telephone conversations. One of the parties may record the conversation, either on a tape or solid-state recording device, or they may use a computer running
294:
technology using the Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) was invented by Wayne Howe and Dale Malik at BellSouth's Advanced Technology R&D group in 1995 and was issued as US Patent #5,590,171.
2317:
846:
798:
In 1994, Congress approved the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), which “requires telephone companies to be able to install more effective wiretaps. In 2004, the
705:
Many state legislatures in the United States enacted statutes that prohibited anyone from listening in on telegraph communication. Telephone wiretapping began in the 1890s, and its
170:
221:. They must believe that the interception is immediately necessary to prevent an unlawful act that could cause serious harm to any person or to property. This was introduced by
807:
1793:
189:
517:
283:
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using an in-ear microphone while holding the telephone to the ear normally; this picks up both ends of the conversation without too much disparity between the volumes
2156:
1565:, Wayne Howe & Dale Malik, "Method and apparatus for communications monitoring", published 1996-12-31, assigned to Bellsouth Corporation
1235:"Is It Legal to Record a Conversation in Nevada Without the Other Party's Consent? Is It Legal to Record a Conversation in Nevada Without the Other Party's Consent?"
1598:
on or off." Some handsets can't be fully powered down without removing the battery; for instance, some Nokia models will wake up when turned off if an alarm is set.
2338:. DHS/Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties and the DHS/Privacy Office in cooperation with the DOJ, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance
1840:"Federal Cybersleuthers Armed With First Ever Computer Wiretap Order Net International hacker Charged With Illegally Entering Harvard and U.S. Military Computers"
662:(and later Allied military intelligence generally) as "Source K". They were later betrayed by a mole within the French resistance, and Keller was murdered in the
620:
Webtapping is used to monitor websites that presumably contain dangerous or sensitive materials, and the people that access them. It is allowed in the US by the
453:
gives better-matched volume. Dedicated, and relatively expensive, telephone recording equipment equalizes the sound at both ends from a direct tap much better.
834:
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678:
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mobile network. An Italian tapping case which surfaced in November 2007 revealed significant manipulation of the news at the national television company
317:
Data on the calling and called number, time of call and duration, will generally be collected automatically on all calls and stored for later use by the
3411:
1116:
605:, are already beginning to appear on the market, though they tend to be expensive and incompatible with each other, which limits their proliferation.
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1814:
482:
597:" pretends to be a legitimate base station of the mobile phone network, thus subjecting the communication between the phone and the network to a
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2791:
2747:
1890:
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in April 1945. The first computerized telephone switch was developed by Bell Labs in 1965; it did not support standard wiretapping techniques.
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standard. This additional precision must be specifically enabled by the telephone company—it is not part of the network's ordinary operation.
1959:
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1412:
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498:
1376:
1734:
1377:"Legislative Summary of Bill C-55: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (Response to the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in R. v. Tse Act)"
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2497:
2041:
803:
213:
In Canadian law, police are allowed to wiretap without the authorization from a court when there is the risk for imminent harm, such as
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3715:
1985:
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818:
513:
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with a power of a few milliwatts. Any sort of radio transmitter whose presence is suspected is detectable with suitable equipment.
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559:
528:
201:, which, in certain circumstances, gives the government permission to wiretap citizens. In addition, wiretapping laws vary per
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possible for organizations with the correct technical equipment to monitor mobile phone communications and decrypt the audio.
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1768:
1647:
961:
896:
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has decided not to consider requirements for wiretapping as part of the process for creating and maintaining IETF standards.
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equals its approximate geographical location. This data is stored with the details of the call and has utmost importance for
174:
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on February 11, 2013, and is also known as Bill C-55. The Supreme Court gave Parliament twelve months to rewrite a new law.
501:, conducted the first court-ordered Internet wiretap in the United States while investigating Julio Cesar "Griton" Ardita.
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expanded the surveillance of internet traffic to and from the U.S. government by signing a national security directive.
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393:(telephone pickup coil) attached to the handset or near the base of the telephone, picking up the stray field of the
381:. The recording, whether overt or covert, may be started manually, automatically when it detects sound on the line (
3804:
3682:
3558:
3332:
1526:
1486:
Arun, P. (2017). "Surveillance and democracy in India: Analysing challenges to constitutionalism and rule of law".
906:
842:
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admitted to violating a specific federal statute (FISA) and the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the
720:. Wiretapping has also been carried out in the US under most presidents, sometimes with a lawful warrant since the
3324:
1184:
901:
427:
3760:
3139:
3080:
2385:
1861:"Argentine Computer Hacker Agrees to Waive Extradition and Returns to Plead Guilty to Felony Charges in Boston"
769:
In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that wiretapping (or “intercepting communications”) requires a warrant in
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598:
539:
226:
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calls placed on the Verizon Wireless network as well as the actual content of calls, according to the filing.
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35:
31:
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1510:"Govt formally authorises ISI to 'trace, intercept' calls and messages in 'interest of national security'"
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741:
543:
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849:) and other provisions of the Constitution, also stating that it was necessary to keep America safe from
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1904:
1709:(Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering thesis). BRAC University. p. 14.
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101:
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more crudely and with lower quality, simply using a speakerphone and recording with a normal microphone
1562:
1153:
Privacy: An Abbreviated Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping
681:
more than 100 mobile phone numbers belonging mostly to members of the Greek government, including the
365:
connects to the wall socket while the phone being monitored is connected to the adapter's socket. The
3657:
3122:
3023:
2949:
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2786:
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2522:
1942:
1886:
1020:
854:
567:
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1679:
775:. In 1968 Congress passed a law that provided warrants for wiretapping in criminal investigations.
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272:
113:
76:
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1963:
1882:
American Council on Education v. Federal Communications Commission and Verizon Telephone Companies
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tried to secure some telephone lines between their forward headquarters in Paris and a variety of
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The conversation may be monitored (listened to or recorded) covertly by a third party by using an
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911:
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controversy was discovered in December 2005. It aroused much controversy after then President
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72:
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205:, making it even more difficult to determine whether the Fourth Amendment is being violated.
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The wiretaps remained in place until April 1965 at his home and June 1966 at his office.
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2279:. H.J.Res. 571. 76th Cong. 2nd sess. House Committee on the Judiciary Rept. No. 2574.
2015:
1381:
Legal and Legislative Affairs Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Service
845:. The President claimed his authorization was consistent with other federal statutes (
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42:
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Soma, John T.; Nichols, Maury M.; Maish, Lance A.; Rogers, Jon David (Winter 2005).
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758:
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2919:
2860:
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2633:
2572:
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2332:"Title III of The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Wiretap Act)"
2066:
1539:
1043:
752:
717:
650:
594:
555:
465:
461:
324:
60:
1317:"Balance of privacy vs. security: a historical perspective of the USA PATRIOT Act"
1133:
1069:
641:
The history of voice communication technology began in 1876 with the invention of
1860:
1350:"Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places and the Right to Anonymity"
1316:
724:
ruled it constitutional in 1928. On October 19, 1963, U.S. Attorney General
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3587:
3536:
3511:
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3013:
2850:
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1945:
1922:
1582:
1023:
1000:
821:(FCC) ruled in August 2005 that “broadband-service providers and interconnected
762:
714:
710:
554:. Once in, the intruder relies on a number of potential tactics, for example an
547:
494:
302:
companies also use digital switching technology. If the tap is implemented at a
218:
198:
1618:
508:, new questions are raised about law enforcement access to communications (see
3710:
3526:
3501:
3398:
3309:
3266:
3205:
2845:
2825:
2818:
2798:
2705:
2426:"Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier – Congress Reacts"
1548:
878:
614:
521:
214:
202:
153:
as evidence, but the unauthorized telephone tapping will still be prosecuted.
137:
2230:
1333:
105:
Telephone line control device "Jitka", used in late 1960s by Czechoslovakian
17:
3246:
3008:
2840:
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2582:
2517:
2506:
1701:
1398:
971:
850:
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sticker on a telephone warning users of phone tapping by the U.S. government
563:
307:
64:
2357:"Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Court of Review, 1978–present"
2107:
2090:
1151:
633:
conversations, but must obtain a warrant to use them as evidence in court.
357:
853:
and could lead to the capture of notorious terrorists responsible for the
3617:
3389:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2688:
2469:
2460:
2091:"Webtapping: Securing the Internet to save us from transnational terror?"
1700:
Biswas, Debobroto; Galib, Saad Yosuf; Mamun, Noor Hossain (August 2009).
783:
these fiber communications are wired, they are protected under U.S. law.
390:
299:
68:
173:, a court with secret proceedings, or in certain circumstances from the
3516:
3294:
2971:
2774:
1842:(Press release). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Justice. 1996-03-29
617:
of users that access certain websites is commonly called "webtapping".
318:
169:, federal intelligence agencies can get approval for wiretaps from the
142:
117:
41:
For the method of telephone dialing by depressing the hook switch, see
3629:
3349:
1937:
1015:
146:
2299:. H.R. 6263. 77th Cong., 2nd sess. House Committee on the Judiciary.
1509:
1282:
Rasmussen, Kirsten; Komperda, Jack; Baldino, Raymond (Summer 2012).
689:, by unlawfully activating the lawful interception subsystem of the
400:
fitting an in-line tap, as discussed below, with a recording output;
757:
655:
535:
133:
125:
100:
1863:(Press release). Boston, MA: US Department of Justice. 1998-05-19
1465:
369:
connects to the recording device (computer, tape recorder, etc.).
124:. In theory, telephone tapping often needs to be authorized by a
116:
is officially strictly controlled in many countries to safeguard
2991:
2888:
1611:"Fact Sheet 9: Wiretapping and Eavesdropping on Telephone Calls"
822:
505:
149:, courts will accept illegally recorded phone calls without the
2892:
2479:
3702:
3127:
737:
694:
106:
2124:"Google Wiretapping Charges Are Legit, Says US Appeals Court"
1437:
2475:
1703:
Performance Analysis of Optical CDMA in Transmission Systems
814:(DEA) wanted to expand CALEA requirements to VoIP service.”
3100:
3095:
3085:
3068:
3063:
3052:
197:
which permit wiretapping. A notable example of this is the
2194:"Internet Eavesdropping: A Brave New World of Wiretapping"
593:
To the mobile phones in its vicinity, a device called an "
2467:
Lawyers for Guantanamo Inmates Accuse US of Eavesdropping
1542:
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994
585:
through 1990) could be easily monitored by anyone with a
534:
Typically, illegal Internet wiretapping is conducted via
1672:"An example of an in-ear telephone recording microphone"
1328:(2). Newark: Rutgers University School of Law: 285–346.
385:), or automatically whenever the phone is off the hook.
441:
or sometimes even a domestic radio. Widespread digital
414:
or a direct electrical connection to the line using a
277:
The contracts or licenses by which the state controls
128:, and is again in theory, normally only approved when
2042:"Apple iOS Apps Subject to Man-in-the-Middle Attacks"
1815:"Cell Phone Location Tracking Public Records Request"
1185:"The Complicated Legality of Voice Recording in 2013"
1119: (European Court of Human Rights 1990-04-24).
1101: (European Court of Human Rights 1978-09-06).
624:, but is considered a questionable practice by many.
171:
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
30:"Wiretap" redirects here. For the radio program, see
1458:"Telephone Tapping in India : Legal Provisions"
1289:. The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.
808:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
654:
through an isolated rental property just outside of
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2614:
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2192:Diffie, Whitfield; Landau, Susan (September 2008).
2016:"The price of surveillance: US gov't pays to snoop"
1375:Kirkby, Cynthia; Valiquet, Dominique (2013-02-26).
1336:. GALE|A139431581 – via Gale General OneFile.
751:and the subsequent entry of the United States into
27:
Third-party monitoring of electronic communications
1527:
1348:
1315:
1159:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
190:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
787:on domestic and foreign political organizations.
538:connection to someone's Internet by cracking the
518:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
361:A telephone recording adapter (in-line tap). The
284:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
2458:In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills
1419:. Government of India Ministry of Communications
740:to begin wiretapping the communications of Rev.
109:to signal line occupancy, and connect a recorder
2310:"Facts and Case Summary: Katz v. United States"
1735:"An Introduction to Load Coils and Bridge Taps"
1583:"FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool"
1370:
1368:
1099: (Series A, NO 28) (1979–80) 2 EHRR 214
1094:Klass and others v. Federal Republic of Germany
449:has made eavesdropping increasingly difficult.
1786:"Cellphone data spying: It's not just the NSA"
1761:Satellite communications for the nonspecialist
2904:
2491:
2407:"Text: Bush Signs Anti-Terrorism Legislation"
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
1322:Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal
481:, a correction for the speed of light in the
8:
1903:Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (2009-01-15).
1150:Stevens, Gina; Doyle, Charles (2012-10-09).
1905:"Court Affirms Wiretapping Without Warrant"
3394:
3222:
2937:
2911:
2897:
2889:
2498:
2484:
2476:
2250:Garrow, David J. (July–August 2002).
1763:. Belingham, WA: SPIE Press. p. 136.
2106:
1936:
1014:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1259:"United States Telephone Recording Laws"
954:Computer security : art and science
835:NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)
356:
1503:
1501:
937:
192:protects privacy rights by requiring a
83:monitors or records the traffic, while
2748:Chinese espionage in the United States
1037:
1035:
1033:
679:Greek telephone tapping case 2004–2005
558:attack, allowing the intruder to view
1889: (D.C. Cir. 2006-06-09),
1383:. Library of Parliament. 41-1-C-55-E.
1214:Electronic Privacy Information Center
947:"1: An Overview of Computer Security"
927:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
167:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
7:
2743:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
1893:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1488:Journal of Public Affairs and Change
578:The first generation mobile phones (
499:Naval Criminal Investigative Service
2809:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
2382:"The Instant Expert Guide to CALEA"
804:United States Department of Justice
426:can be used to receive terrestrial
314:of signals from other phone lines.
132:shows it is not possible to detect
3741:USA use restrictions while driving
3716:Legality of recording by civilians
1960:"Aircrack-ng (WEP, WPA-PSK Crack)"
1532:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1233:Parry, Zachariah B. (2014-05-09).
504:As technologies emerge, including
25:
2644:Computer and network surveillance
1361:: 213–316 – via HeinOnline.
819:Federal Communications Commission
658:. Keller's group became known to
514:Federal Communications Commission
437:could be picked up with a simple
3778:
3777:
3766:
3754:
2679:Short-range agent communications
2252:"The FBI and Martin Luther King"
2217:Stille, Alexander (2008-10-27).
2163:. September 2008. pp. 57–59
2071:(Thesis). Ruhr University Bochum
1581:McCullagh, Declan (2006-12-04).
1438:"Parliament of India, Lok Sabha"
1417:Department of Telecommunications
881:
87:alters or otherwise affects it.
34:. For the listening device, see
1796:from the original on 2014-07-22
1716:from the original on 2016-11-18
1508:Qarar, Shakeel (July 9, 2024).
1296:from the original on 2022-10-09
1166:from the original on 2022-10-09
981:from the original on 2005-12-22
812:Drug Enforcement Administration
800:Federal Bureau of Investigation
529:Internet Engineering Task Force
2122:Harper, Michael (2013-09-11).
2022:. Washington: Associated Press
1819:American Civil Liberties Union
1347:Slobogin, Christopher (2002).
897:Echelon (signals intelligence)
1:
2424:Poulsen, Kevin (2008-03-06).
2040:Messmer, Ellen (2013-10-29).
2014:Flaherty, Anne (2013-07-10).
579:
516:was asked to clarify how the
244:Centralized Monitoring System
182:telephone call recording laws
97:Telephone call recording laws
3761:Telecommunication portal
1615:Privacy Rights Clearinghouse
1494:: 47–59 – via jpac.in.
1464:. 2013-04-11. Archived from
1284:"Reporter's Recording Guide"
587:'scanning all-band receiver'
43:Pulse dialing § Tapping
2384:. VoIP News. Archived from
2336:Justice Information Sharing
2157:"A History of Listening In"
2089:Bronk, Chris (2008-11-05).
1984:Weiss, Aaron (2006-03-30).
1759:Chartrand, Mark R. (2004).
866:and other media reported a
497:, a Special Agent with the
433:Conversation on many early
256:Inter-Services Intelligence
3821:
3683:Phantom vibration syndrome
3678:Mental health from overuse
1924:IETF Policy on Wiretapping
1784:Kelly, John (2013-12-08).
1617:. May 2010. Archived from
1068:Harris, Tom (2001-05-08).
1042:Harris, Tom (2001-05-08).
1002:Internet Security Glossary
999:Shirey, R. (August 2007).
956:. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
907:Harvest now, decrypt later
843:United States Constitution
546:key, using a tool such as
345:
270:
120:; this is the case in all
94:
40:
29:
3749:
3362:Open-source mobile phones
3225:
2940:
2065:Wang, Zidu (2007-12-07).
902:Indiscriminate monitoring
2295:United States Congress.
2274:United States Congress.
2225:(published 2008-11-03).
1986:"Introduction to Kismet"
1739:Private Investigators UK
683:Prime Minister of Greece
599:man-in-the-middle attack
3726:Photography and the law
3721:Mobile phones in prison
2629:Covert listening device
2599:Intelligence assessment
2361:Federal Judicial Center
1355:Mississippi Law Journal
1210:"Privacy Laws by State"
1070:"How Wiretapping Works"
1044:"How Wiretapping Works"
795:wiretapping elsewhere.
709:was established in the
379:call recording software
177:without a court order.
36:Covert listening device
32:WireTap (radio program)
2219:"Girls! Girls! Girls!"
2108:10.5210/fm.v13i11.2192
766:
749:attack on Pearl Harbor
742:Martin Luther King Jr.
370:
331:trap and trace devices
110:
3773:Telephones portal
3736:Texting while driving
3673:External power supply
3372:Windows Phone devices
2878:Targeted surveillance
1641:"Telecoil Experiment"
1563:US patent 5590171
945:Bishop, Matt (2003).
772:Katz v. United States
761:
643:Alexander Graham Bell
360:
151:other party's consent
104:
3688:Radiation and health
3004:Standards comparison
2804:Industrial espionage
2604:competing hypotheses
2314:United States Courts
2221:. Letter from Rome.
1009:. pp. 335–336.
855:September 11 attacks
2413:. October 25, 2001.
2281:Cong. Rec. (bound)
2198:Scientific American
2161:Scientific American
1395:"Rules of Evidence"
1189:Versadial Solutions
728:, who served under
713:-Era conviction of
628:Telephone recording
435:cordless telephones
389:using an inductive
291:telephone exchanges
279:telephone companies
273:Lawful interception
122:liberal democracies
114:Lawful interception
81:Passive wiretapping
77:lawful interception
2755:Cold War espionage
2722:Front organization
2696:Surveillance tools
2674:Phone surveillance
2669:One-way voice link
2624:Concealment device
1909:The New York Times
1413:"Acts & Rules"
767:
687:2004 Olympic Games
667:concentration camp
562:in a tool such as
395:telephone's hybrid
371:
296:Telephone services
111:
85:active wiretapping
3805:Telephone tapping
3792:
3791:
3731:Telephone tapping
3574:
3573:
3522:Instant messaging
3380:
3379:
3109:
3108:
2886:
2885:
2540:Agent provocateur
2170:– via Issu.
1639:Kenney, Crystal.
1139:Issuance of order
912:Mass surveillance
889:Telephones portal
736:, authorized the
734:Lyndon B. Johnson
726:Robert F. Kennedy
707:constitutionality
603:secure telephones
73:government agency
57:telephone tapping
16:(Redirected from
3812:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3668:Electronic waste
3658:BlackBerry thumb
3608:Japanese culture
3395:
3355:iOS jailbreaking
3223:
3145:Operating system
2960:Network operator
2945:Channel capacity
2938:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2428:. Threat Level.
2421:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2189:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2138:
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2119:
2113:
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2110:
2086:
2080:
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2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1992:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1956:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1938:10.17487/RFC2804
1919:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
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1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:. Archived from
1645:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1572:
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1533:
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1524:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1496:
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1483:
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1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:. Archived from
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1304:
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1295:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:Parry & Pfau
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
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1165:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1016:10.17487/RFC4949
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
980:
951:
942:
922:Secure telephone
891:
886:
885:
884:
584:
581:
512:). In 2004, the
471:traffic analysis
353:Non-official use
175:Attorney General
51:, also known as
21:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3767:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3697:
3650:
3644:
3570:
3483:
3426:
3422:Cloud computing
3388:
3386:
3376:
3367:Symbian devices
3333:Android devices
3319:
3271:
3262:Satellite phone
3257:Projector phone
3217:
3210:
3115:
3105:
3028:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2887:
2882:
2856:Sting operation
2765:Black operation
2731:
2727:Limited hangout
2709:
2700:
2664:Numbers station
2616:
2610:
2587:
2527:
2509:
2504:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:Washington Post
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2380:Edwards, John.
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2308:
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2303:
2294:
2290:
2286:(June 14, 1940)
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2166:
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2155:
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2141:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1902:
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1897:
1880:
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1859:
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1813:
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1178:
1169:
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1149:
1148:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1112:Huvig v. France
1110:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1074:How Stuff Works
1067:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1048:How Stuff Works
1041:
1040:
1031:
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
978:
964:
949:
944:
943:
939:
935:
887:
882:
880:
877:
730:John F. Kennedy
703:
691:Vodafone Greece
675:
639:
630:
611:
582:
576:
491:
459:
445:technology and
443:spread spectrum
355:
350:
348:Carnivore (FBI)
310:created by the
275:
269:
264:
252:
239:
211:
159:
99:
93:
75:is also called
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3808:
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3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
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3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Driving safety
3660:
3654:
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3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
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3627:
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3409:
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3392:
3382:
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3378:
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3374:
3369:
3364:
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3357:
3347:
3342:
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3329:
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3307:
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3297:
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3287:
3281:
3279:
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3259:
3254:
3249:
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3220:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3174:Text messaging
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
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3157:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3119:
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2999:
2994:
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2796:
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2626:
2620:
2618:
2617:communications
2612:
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2609:
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2585:
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2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2536:
2534:Agent handling
2530:
2528:
2526:
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2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2495:
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2447:
2446:External links
2444:
2442:
2441:
2416:
2398:
2372:
2348:
2323:
2320:on 2015-04-03.
2301:
2288:
2267:
2242:
2223:The New Yorker
2209:
2173:
2139:
2114:
2081:
2057:
2032:
2006:
1976:
1951:
1914:
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1873:
1852:
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1806:
1776:
1769:
1751:
1726:
1692:
1663:
1631:
1602:
1573:
1554:
1519:
1497:
1478:
1449:
1429:
1404:
1401:on 2017-02-07.
1386:
1364:
1339:
1306:
1274:
1250:
1225:
1201:
1176:
1142:
1121:
1103:
1085:
1060:
1029:
991:
962:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
892:
876:
873:
839:George W. Bush
828:George W. Bush
780:optical fibers
778:In the 1970s,
702:
699:
674:
671:
638:
635:
629:
626:
610:
607:
575:
572:
510:VoIP recording
490:
487:
479:timing advance
458:
455:
412:induction coil
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
354:
351:
304:digital switch
271:Main article:
268:
265:
263:
260:
251:
248:
238:
235:
210:
207:
158:
155:
95:Main article:
92:
89:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3817:
3806:
3803:
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3785:
3776:
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3748:
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3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:BlackBerry 10
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Feature phone
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:Manufacturers
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:airplane mode
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3155:phone cloning
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
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3089:
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3079:
3075:
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3065:
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3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
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3010:
3007:
3005:
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2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:Mobile phones
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
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2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:interrogation
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:Eavesdropping
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
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2744:
2741:
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2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2684:Steganography
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Invisible ink
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Sleeper agent
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2388:on 2012-07-11
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
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2278:
2271:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2246:
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2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2068:Crypto Phones
2061:
2058:
2047:
2046:Network World
2043:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
1996:on 2014-07-27
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1966:on 2006-11-01
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
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1762:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1682:on 2012-09-05
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1653:on 2010-06-13
1649:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1621:on 2012-01-11
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1555:
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1545:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1468:on 2015-04-30
1467:
1463:
1462:Gangothri.org
1459:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1408:
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1215:
1211:
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1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117: 11105/84
1113:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
992:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
955:
948:
941:
938:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Phone hacking
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
879:
874:
872:
869:
865:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
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781:
776:
774:
773:
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Supreme Court
719:
716:
712:
708:
701:United States
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
665:
664:Bergen-Belsen
661:
657:
652:
651:Fuhrerbunkers
646:
644:
636:
634:
627:
625:
623:
618:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
474:
472:
467:
463:
462:Mobile phones
457:Location data
456:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:radio scanner
436:
431:
429:
428:transmissions
425:
419:
417:
413:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
387:
386:
384:
380:
375:
368:
364:
359:
352:
349:
344:
340:
338:
333:
332:
327:
326:
325:pen registers
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
287:
285:
280:
274:
266:
261:
259:
257:
254:In Pakistan,
249:
247:
245:
236:
234:
230:
228:
224:
223:Rob Nicholson
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
195:
191:
186:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:United States
157:United States
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
108:
103:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Phone tapping
3588:Box breaking
3559:address book
3412:Distribution
3277:Form factors
3242:Camera phone
3229:
3206:Web browsing
3057:
3041:
2861:Surveillance
2649:Cyber spying
2634:Cryptography
2573:Resident spy
2558:Double agent
2538:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:the original
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2318:the original
2313:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2256:The Atlantic
2255:
2245:
2234:. Retrieved
2222:
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:
2165:. Retrieved
2160:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2117:
2098:
2095:First Monday
2094:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2067:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1990:Wi-Fi Planet
1989:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1931:. May 2000.
1923:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1887: 05-1404
1881:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1821:. 2013-03-25
1818:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1741:. 2011-07-22
1738:
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1702:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1675:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1614:
1605:
1596:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1576:
1557:
1547:– via
1541:
1522:
1513:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1399:the original
1389:
1380:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1191:. 2019-05-24
1188:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1152:
1145:
1138:
1124:
1111:
1106:
1093:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1001:
994:
983:. Retrieved
953:
940:
861:
859:
832:
816:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
770:
768:
753:World War II
746:
718:Roy Olmstead
704:
676:
647:
640:
631:
619:
615:IP addresses
613:Logging the
612:
595:IMSI-catcher
592:
577:
574:Mobile phone
556:ARP spoofing
533:
526:
503:
492:
475:
466:surveillance
460:
451:
432:
420:
409:
376:
372:
341:
337:pen register
336:
329:
323:
316:
298:provided by
288:
276:
267:Official use
253:
240:
231:
212:
187:
179:
165:, under the
160:
112:
91:Legal status
84:
80:
56:
53:wire tapping
52:
48:
47:
3649:Environment
3623:silent mode
3467:contactless
3450:advertising
3407:Development
3325:Smartphones
3034:Generations
2950:Frequencies
2851:Stay-behind
2760:Recruitment
2717:Canary trap
2615:Devices and
2563:Field agent
2472:May 7, 2008
2463:May 5, 2008
1263:Call Corder
1134:§ 1805
1050:. p. 3
868:lamplighter
810:(ATF), and
763:CrimethInc.
747:Before the
711:Prohibition
622:Patriot Act
583: 1978
548:Aircrack-ng
495:Peter Garza
219:bomb threat
199:Patriot Act
49:Wiretapping
3711:Carrier IQ
3651:and health
3566:Television
3417:Management
3310:Smartwatch
3267:Smartphone
2955:Multi-band
2846:Sexpionage
2826:COINTELPRO
2819:safe house
2799:False flag
2736:Operations
2710:techniques
2706:Tradecraft
2435:2010-06-01
2392:2010-06-01
2366:2014-07-22
2342:2012-03-20
2261:2010-06-01
2236:2019-11-03
2203:2018-10-05
2167:2010-06-01
2133:2013-09-11
2075:2014-07-22
2051:2014-07-22
2026:2019-11-03
2000:2014-07-22
1970:2014-07-22
1867:2019-11-03
1846:2019-11-03
1825:2014-07-22
1800:2014-07-22
1770:0819451851
1745:2014-07-22
1720:2014-07-22
1686:2011-12-20
1657:2011-12-20
1625:2011-12-20
1592:2010-06-24
1549:Wikisource
1472:2018-01-20
1443:2016-03-06
1423:2016-03-06
1300:2018-01-20
1268:2011-12-20
1244:2015-01-24
1219:2018-01-20
1195:2018-01-20
1170:2018-01-29
1079:2011-12-20
1054:2011-12-20
985:2011-12-20
963:0201440997
933:References
715:bootlegger
609:Webtapping
522:FISA court
447:encryption
367:audio plug
363:phone jack
346:See also:
215:kidnapping
138:subversive
61:monitoring
3693:Recycling
3640:Wallpaper
3618:Ringtones
3479:Ticketing
3455:campaigns
3445:Marketing
3247:Car phone
3162:Telephony
3116:operation
3009:Tethering
2934:protocols
2770:black bag
2654:Dead drop
2583:Spymaster
2507:Espionage
2451:RFC
2231:0028-792X
1790:USA Today
1334:0735-8938
1130:50 U.S.C.
860:In 2008,
857:in 2001.
851:terrorism
564:Wireshark
493:In 1995,
424:satellite
416:beige box
308:crosstalk
286:(CALEA).
227:Bill C-51
65:telephone
59:, is the
3799:Category
3784:Category
3527:Learning
3507:Gambling
3497:Blogging
3472:donating
3462:Payments
3432:Commerce
3390:software
3387:specific
3237:3D phone
3201:Tracking
3150:Security
3133:services
3123:Features
3074:adoption
3042:Analogue
3024:XHTML-MP
2997:SIM lock
2987:dual SIM
2982:SIM card
2930:networks
2836:SHAMROCK
2689:microdot
2592:Analysis
2470:NY Times
2461:NY Times
2128:Redorbit
1891:archived
1794:Archived
1711:Archived
1514:DAWN.COM
1291:Archived
1161:Archived
976:Archived
972:50251943
875:See also
568:Ettercap
489:Internet
464:are, in
391:coil tap
312:coupling
300:cable TV
250:Pakistan
134:criminal
130:evidence
69:Internet
3635:Txt-spk
3580:Culture
3489:Content
3440:Banking
3338:rooting
3295:Phablet
3218:devices
3140:History
3114:General
3058:Digital
2972:Roaming
2831:MINARET
2775:wetwork
2020:AP News
1676:Olympus
1536:103–414
1528:Pub. L.
806:(DOJ),
802:(FBI),
677:In the
637:History
560:packets
319:billing
262:Methods
194:warrant
161:In the
143:Germany
118:privacy
3782:
3630:Selfie
3613:Novels
3603:Dating
3598:Comics
3593:Charms
3554:Social
3542:Search
3517:Health
3512:Gaming
3385:Mobile
3350:iPhone
3300:Slider
3216:Mobile
2977:Signal
2928:Mobile
2866:Global
2792:MASINT
2787:SIGINT
2639:Cutout
2523:Assets
2518:Agents
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147:France
3547:local
3532:Music
3502:Email
3305:Slate
2551:Agent
2546:Cover
2430:WIRED
2277:cases
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1707:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1644:(PDF)
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1157:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
863:Wired
656:Paris
536:Wi-Fi
339:tap.
289:When
237:India
217:or a
203:state
126:court
3537:News
3399:Apps
3315:Fold
3290:Flip
3196:Spam
3091:4.5G
3081:3.5G
3014:VoIP
2992:eSIM
2965:list
2871:Mass
2841:FVEY
2568:Mole
2453:2804
2283:8300
2227:ISSN
1946:2804
1929:IETF
1765:ISBN
1587:CNET
1330:ISSN
1024:4949
1007:IETF
968:OCLC
958:ISBN
847:AUMF
833:The
823:VoIP
817:The
732:and
527:The
506:VoIP
328:and
188:The
180:The
145:and
67:and
3703:Law
3285:Bar
3189:RCS
3184:MMS
3179:SMS
3128:GSM
3019:WAP
2708:and
2103:doi
1943:RFC
1933:doi
1021:RFC
1011:doi
738:FBI
695:RAI
660:SOE
566:or
550:or
544:WPA
542:or
540:WEP
483:GSM
383:VOX
136:or
107:StB
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3096:5G
3086:4G
3069:3G
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