Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park

1012:, like most of the caves in this area, has been continuously shaped by the Chay River. As one gets farther into the cave, the more illusory the stalactites and stalagmites look as they glitter when bright light is shone on them. The Son River flows into the mouth of the cave and keeps flowing underground, where it is referred to as the Nam Aki River, then this river emerges at a site 20 km to the south near Pu Pha Dam Mountain. The main Phong Nha cave includes 14 chambers, connected by an underwater river that runs for 1.5 km. Secondary corridors branch off in all directions. The Outer Cave and some of the Inner Caves have roofs that tower between 25 and 40 meters above the water level. From the 14th chamber there may be other corridors leading to similarly large chambers, but this area proves more dangerous for explorers because of the ongoing erosion of the limestone of the cavern. The Shallow Cave is located 800 meters from the cave mouth, where there is a spectacular landscape of sand and rock. Stalactites and stalagmites jut out like strange trees, exciting visitor's imaginations. 1890:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng park, there is a 50 m-high waterfall, Chai Waterfall. There is a bull field called Ran Bo (Bull Field) because wild bulls usually comes and reproduce in mating season. There are also some interesting tourist attractions in this park like Nước Ngang ("Horizontal Spring"), a spring runs horizontally instead of vertically as usual; Ðá Nằm (Crouching Stone), a stone blockading a stream current; Chân Thớt (Chopping Board), a chopping-board-shaped stone. But above all, the most spectacular scene is this area is Nước Trồi (Surfacing Stream), a stream surfacing from the ground. Several streams here run for a long distance, then disappear under the ground. The provincial Centre for Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng's Ecotourism and Culture currently has 248 boats, creating jobs for 500 locals. Every boat has two trained boatmen earning VND70,000 per day. This income is relatively high for locals in this province. This centre also launched a programme in 2000 to train former loggers to work as photographers taking pictures for tourists and about 300 former loggers are now doing this.

1771:) recommended the Vietnamese prime minister that Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park be submitted to UNESCO second time for recognition as a world natural heritage for biodiversity. In 2003 this park was listed in UNESCO's world heritage sites for criteria viii "outstanding geological, geomorphical, and geographical values". Vietnamese and international experts believed that if Vietnam timely submits the proposal documents to UNESCO and meet this UNESCO's criteria, this national park will be recognized for a second time in 2008. Since the recognition by UNESCO in 2003, the government of Vietnam has continued to compile scientific documentation to seek recognition of the park as a world natural heritage in terms of biodiversity in addition to geographical values. According to World Wildlife Foundation report in 2000, Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park is one of 200 biodiversity centres of the world and one of the 60 significant sanctuaries of Vietnam. It has a unique forest type in the world: green tropical forest. The park also has 15 other types of forests. 1303:

forest on limestone rocks at the elevation of under 800 m; 8.5% (126 km) is evergreen tropical wet forest on limestone rocks at an elevation higher than 800 m; 8.3% (122.2 km) evergreen tropical wet forest on soil mounts at the elevation of under 800 m; evergreen tropical wet forest on limestone rocks at the elevation of under 800 m; 0.7% (10.7 km) evergreen tropical wet forest on limestone rocks at the elevation of above 800; 1.1% impacted evergreen tropical wet forest on limestone rocks; 2.8% (42.12 km) impacted evergreen tropical wet forest on soil mounts; 1.3% (1,925) grass, bush on limestone rocks; 2% (29.5 km) grass, bush on soil mounts; permanent wetland forest: 1.8 km; rattan and bamboo forest: 1.5 km; and agricultural plants: 5.21 km or 0.3%. According to the results of initial surveys, the primary tropical forest in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng consists of 140 families, 427 genera, and 751 species of vascular plants, of which 36 species are endangered and listed in the

1159:. The entry mouth of Tiên Sơn is 1 km from Phong Nha cave, at an altitude of 200 m. This cave is 980 m in length. A 10 m deep hole is situated 400 m from the entry mouth, then a 500 m long cave, dangerous for tourists and open to professional expeditionists only. Like Phong Nha cave, this cave features spectacular stalactites and stalagmites shaped like several fairy-tales. Stalactite and stalagmite columns and walls here create strange sounds like that of gong and drum if they are knocked with the hand. According to British cave scientists, Tiên Sơn cave was created tens of million years ago when a water current holed this limestone mount in Kẻ Bàng. Following a series of landforms and movement of rocks, this mass was levered or lowered, blocking the current and creating what is now Tiên Sơn cave while the underground river redirected its current to Phong Nha cave. Although Phong Nha and Tiên Sơn caves are located next to each other, there are no linking grottos between them. 1743:(IUCN) conducted a field survey in January and February. At the meeting in July 1999, Evaluation Bureau concluded that Phong Nha Nature Reserve would meet with criteria I and IV as a world heritage nominee on the condition that this nature reserve was expanded to include the larger Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng parkland with an associated fully integrated management structure. This bureau stated that the site was part of an extremely complex and ancient karst plateau with high geodiversity which also encompasses Kẻ Bàng and Hin Namno karsts. The reserve is largely covered in tropical forest with a high level of biodiversity and endemic species. Lack of research means that the true significance of the biodiversity and geology of the area cannot be fully assessed. The evaluation bureau concluded that the nominated area on its own is not considered to meet World Heritage criteria. The Bureau decided to defer the nomination of Phong Nha Nature Reserve. 1430:) mounts with about 2,500 trees, 60,000 per km. This is the largest forest with this tree in Vietnam. Most of the trees here are 500–600 years old. These trees are listed in group 2A (rare, precious and limited exploitation) of the official letter 3399/VPCP-NN dated 21 June 2002, an amendment to the Decree 48 by the Government of Vietnam. Hanoi National University, in combination with the Research Center of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, has discovered 1,320 additional species in this park, of which some groups are assessed as specially rare and precious. Biologists have discovered three rare orchid species. Orchids found here include: 843:

continuous range along Laotian-Vietnamese borderline, of which notable summits above 1000 m are: Phu Tạo (1174 m), Co Unet (1150 m), Phu Canh (1095 m), Phu Mun (1078 m), Phu Tu En (1078 m), Phu On Chinh (1068 m), Phu Dung (1064 m), Phu Tu Ôc (1053 m), Phu Long (1015 m), Phu Ôc (1015 m), Phu Dong (1002 m). Inserting into these summits are 800–1000 m high summits of Phu Sinh (965 m), Phu Co Tri (949 m), Phu On Boi (933 m), Phu Tu (956 m), Phu Toan (905 m), Phu Phong (902 m) and núi Ma Ma (835 m).

1148: 1751:

Phong Nha Nature Reserve, and many international organization like IUCN, Flora and Fauna International called on Vietnamese government to reconsider its plan. They also advised of the negative impact of these road and construction activities on biodiversity. Due to this plan of road construction, the evaluation bureau did not proceed further consideration of nomination from Vietnamese government at that time. The government of Vietnam provided the bureau with additional information in May 2002, announcing the decision of the

59: 847:

are some narrow valleys along streams such as Am creek, Cha Lo creek, Chua Ngút creek and a valley along Rao Thuong river in the southernmost edge. In the north–south direction, there exists notable summits: Phu Toc Vu (1000 m), Mã Tác (1068 m), Cổ Khu (886 m), U Bò (1009 m), Co Rilata (1128 m); The highest summit in the non-karstic area and also the highest summit of this national park is Co Preu (1213 m), a summit in the southernmost edge of the park.

2072:

in the formation of a slum at the entrance of the park. This has been compounded by some investors who do not develop their lots but hold them for future sale. The planning scheme for 2 km of land adjacent to the park was criticized by many experts as having been done "without future vision". Quảng Bình's provincial government responded by declaring their intention to recruit internationally recognised planners to help draft tourism development plans for the adjacent areas.

1277:. This cave has the potential to be the second biggest cave in the world, following the first biggest cave also located in a Phong Nha. In 2017, the first tourists explored the cave, guided by the man who found it. One of over 300 caves in Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park, this cave is probably the least-explored of the many caves open to tourists. Greenland Tour company is the only company that offers access to the cave. The tours are led by the man who discovered the cave. 814: 688:

fall from June to August, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82 °F), and the coldest months from December to February with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F). Annual rainfall is about 2,000 to 2,500 mm (79 to 98 in). 88% of the rainfall falls during the monsoon, from July to December, however, there is more than 160 rainy days per year, and some rain still falls throughout the dry season. Mean annual relative humidity is 84%.

1472: 1977:

livelihoods. The increase of visitors to this park is also a problem to the park since unexpected pollution (water pollution, rubbish), human impacts on caves and grottos may cause damage to them and especially threaten biodiversity. Hunting is a significant threat to the wildlife because local people have a great consumption demand on wild meat and this has contributed to the significant decrease of species such as the wild pig,

1461: 864: 548: 710:

PNKB is extremely complex with high geodiversity and many geomorphic features of considerable significance. There is also strong evidence that sulphurous solution and hydrothermal action have played an important role in shaping the broad-scale landscape and the caves, though this has not yet been properly assessed. The Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area today is the result of five stages of Earth's crust development and movement:

4167: 66: 901:, "The karst formation of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park has evolved since the Palaeozoic (some 400 million years ago) and so is the oldest major karst area in Asia" and "Phong Nha displays an impressive amount of evidence of earth's history. It is a site of very great importance for increasing our understanding of the geologic, geomorphic and geo-chronological history of the region." 1291: 822: 1784: 1168: 994: 856: 830: 43: 1759:

worldwide in the list of world heritage sites. Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park meets with criteria viii in accordance with UNESCO's appraisal scale as it displays an impressive amount of evidence of earth's history and is a site of very great importance for increasing human understanding of the geologic, geomorphic and geo-chronological history of the region.

1714:, he stated that: "What remains here proves to be valuable for history. To keep it is to help science". In the early 20th century, cave explorers and researchers from France and the UK discovered several ancient Champa and Vietnamese relics, such as altar, steles, hieroglyphic script, sculptures, stone statues, Buddha statues, and Chinese artifacts. King 1089:): a 15.05 km long, 145 m high grotto with several underground rivers, pools. This grotto features several spectacular stalagmite and stalactites. In the recent exploring of British Cave Research Association, the scientists have found an abyss in Vom Grotto named Tang hole with the deep of over 255m. This hole is the deepest hole in Vietnam. 474: 470:. Before 1990, several explorations were conducted by Vietnamese and foreign groups but the mystery of this area still remained. From 1990 on, there marked a turning point in discovering activities, from exploration to research, thus full documents for submission to UNESCO for World Natural Heritage nomination were made available. 1939:

attracting a growing number of visitors and that the cable car would be the most environmentally friendly means of managing the crowds. Opponents say that construction of the cable car system could damage the fragile caves, and once it is operational it would attract more visitors than the park can sustainably handle.

2055:

Due to poor management by the local government, many areas of forest in the buffer zone were cleared heavily, some completely. Limestone in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area has been exploited for commercial purposes by local inhabitants, but the local authority has taken no countermeasures to prevent this.

758:

In general, there are two groups of landforms in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area, namely non-karstic and karstic landforms. Non-karstic landforms includes three types: The middle and low dome-block mountains developed in intrusive magmatic massifs; The middle denudation-structural mountain belts developed

2087:

donated US$ 132,000 to Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park Management Board for the protection of primates in this national park as well as in the buffer zone. In 1998, FFI conducted a training project for the management staff of the park. The British Commission for International Development sponsored a

2071:

The land management and regulation of the commercial activities in the area surrounding the park have been carried out by the provincial authorities in a disorganized manner. Blocks of land have been sold to local investors and inhabitants for building service utilities in a haphazard way, resulting

1976:

There are two villages of Arem an Ma Coong ethnic groups in the core zone of the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park. Within the buffer zone, there is a population of 52,000. They are mainly Kinh people and other minority groups of Chut and Van Kieu, many of them exploit forest products as part of their

1952:

The Park Management Board includes 115 people, composed of zoologists, botanists, silviculturists, and socio-economists. Some say the management staff lacks the authority to fine violators and lacks equipment like helicopters and sufficient funds, thus it's hard to efficiently deal with natural and

1774:

At the final conference of the National Council for Cultural Heritage held in Vietnam in 2007, scientists attending the meeting highly praised the scientific documentation of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng park. Accordingly, the park is second to no other national parks listed in UNESCO's world heritage sites as

1938:

In October 2014, Quang Binh province announced plans by Sun Group to build a cable car system linking caves in the park. The plan was met with a great deal of opposition from conservationists, and the government backtracked, saying that the plan was not yet approved. Proponents say that the area is

1889:

One of the adventure tour sites is boating upward on the Chay River into primitive forests, as the river becomes sinuous with several waterfalls and whirlpools until tourists arrive at Tro Mong. This tour sites have been surveyed and included in local travel agents besides cave exploration tour. In

1193:

At 31 km long, Thiên Đường cave is longer than Phong Nha cave, previously considered the longest cave in this national park. The height can reach to 100 m and 150 wide. The limestone formation is also more spectacular than that of Phong Nha Cave. The British cave explorers was impressed by the

846:

Non-karstic topographical area accounts for a low percentage, distributing mainly in outer circle of limestone in the north, northeast and southeast of this national park. The height of these summits varies from 500 to 1000 m with the deep divisions and high sloping level from 25 to 30°. There

709:

area in Asia. It has been subject to massive tectonic changes, and comprises a multitude of rock types that are interbedded in complex ways. As many as seven different major levels of karst development have occurred as a result of tectonic uplift and changing sea levels, thus the karst landscape of

1758:

It was recognized as a world natural heritage site at the UNESCO's 27th general assembly session being held in Paris, from 30 June to 5 July 2003. At the session, delegates from over 160 member countries of UNESCO World Heritage Convention agreed to include Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng parkland and 30 others

687:

in particular, the climate in Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng national park is tropically hot and humid. The annual mean temperature is 23–25 °C (73–77 °F), with a maximum of 41 °C (106 °F) in the summer and a minimum of 6 °C (43 °F) in the winter. The hottest months in this region

1838:

upstream to the Phong Nha and Paradise caves. The number of tourists has increased dramatically since the park was listed in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Quảng Bình Province has invested in upgrading the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng visitor site to turn it into one of Vietnam's major tourist destinations.

1750:

and government of Vietnam also announced that it would be constructing the north–south Hồ Chí Minh Highway and a link road between the Highway and Route 20 that bisects part of the core area of the Phong Nha Nature Reserve. The news of this road construction raised concern over its impacts on the

1302:

eco-region. By far the largest vegetation type is tropical dense moist evergreen forest on limestone under 800 m above sea level. 96.2% of this national park is covered with forest, 92.2% of which is intact primary forest. 74.7% (1104.76 km) of the park is covered with evergreen tropical wet

842:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng contains two dozens of mountain peaks with over 1,000 metres in height. Noteworthy peaks are the Peak Co Rilata with a height of 1,128 m and the Peak Co Preu with a height of 1,213 m. Mounts in karstic area of the park rise at typical height of above 800 m constitute a

1735:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park was first nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. Dossiers was first submitted by Vietnamese government to UNESCO for recognition of Phong Nha nature reserve as a world natural heritage under the name "Phong Nha Nature Reserve". The reason given for the

1755:(December 2001) on upgrading Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng to the Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng National Park with a total area of 857.54 km; providing information on projects for the conservation and development of the park and revised maps. The revised nominated site has a smaller area than the 2000 nomination. 879:

are the main rivers in this national park. Most of caves here have been shaped by Son and Chay Rivers. The Son River flows into the mouth of the Phong Nha cave and keeps on underground, where it is called the Nam Aki River. It emerges 20 km to the south near Pu-Pha-Dam Mountain. There are

896:

was regarded by British Caving Association as the top cave in the world due to its top four records: the longest underground river, the highest and longest cave, broadest and most beautiful fine sand beaches inside the caves, and the most spectacular stalagmites and stalactites. In the survey

665:

Before becoming a national park, this area had been a nature reserve. The Phong Nha Nature Reserve with an area of 50 km was officially declared by the Vietnamese government on 9 August 1986 and was extended to 411.32 km by 1991. On 12 December 2001, the Vietnamese Prime Minister by

1706:

remarked that Phong Nha cave is probably an extremely important archeological site. This organization suggested that what remained in Bi Ky grotto may have been a Champa mosque from the 9th to 11th century. Inside Phong Nha cave, many Champa style ceramics, earthware vases with lotus-shaped

310:

from its borderline point. Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park is in a limestone zone of 2,000 km in Vietnamese territory and borders another limestone zone of 2,000 km of Hin Namno in Laotian territory. The core zone of this national park covers 857.54 km and a buffer zone of

2080:

On November 3, 2005, the German government announced funding valued at 12.6 million euros for the park's management board for the purpose of protecting the biodiversity of the park. In 2007, the German government donated a further 1.8 million euros to Vietnam for protection of the park.

502:

also conducted zoological and botanical surveys in the Kẻ Bàng area. Based on the results of these three explorations, more information about the caves and grottoes made available to the Vietnamese and local government for the protection, planning, and tourism development of this park.

670:

region, especially rare species native to this region. The park covers a total area of 857.54 km which are divided into three zones, a "strictly protected zone" (648.94 km), an "ecological recovery zone" (174.49 km), and an "administrative service zone" (34.11 km).

1981:

and primates. While local authorities have taken no legal action, nevertheless, some civil servants and policemen are the owners of restaurants that serve wild animal meats hunted in this national park. Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park is currently not meaningful for protection of

759:

in terrigenous rocks of Cretaceous age; and The low block-denudational mountain belts developed in other terrigenous rocks. Karstic landforms in this area are of typical tropical karst which are divided into two groups of forms: The karstic forms on the surface including cone and

346:, which was discovered in the 2009 survey by British and Vietnamese explorers, is considered the largest cave in the world. Even before this discovery, Phong Nha held several world cave records, including the longest river as well as the largest combined caverns and passageways. 1834:, the entrance of this center is located by Hồ Chí Minh Highway. Tourists are required to buy entrance ticket for package services, including entrance fee, boat service. Ecotourism tour (if needed) requires additional service fee. Tourists then are transported by boat along the 533:

to take the title of the world's largest cave. At the same time they found new caves and grottoes in the park and adjacent area. In this survey, the cave British explorers discovered 20 new caves with total length of 56 km, including world's largest cave, Sơn Đoòng.

666:

Decision 189/2001 189/2001/QĐ-TTG turning then a nature reserve into a national park. The purpose of this protected area is to protect forest resources, biodiversity within the boundary of this national park and to preserve scientific values of fauna and flora in

493:, led by Howard Limbert. They completed research of a large part of Vom Cave. In 1992, the second exploration was conducted by a group of 12 British scientists, six professors from Hanoi University. This time, this group completed their exploration of 7,729 m of 1272:

Ruc Mon Cave, named after the indigenous people who made a home at the entrance until the 80s, was discovered in 2016 by a local man. The cave is 17 km in length, with one entrance in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park and the other at the border of

489:. They combined efforts in exploring and researching caves and grottoes in the area comprehensively. The first exploration was conducted in 1990 by a group from the British Cave Research Association and Faculty for Geology and Geography of 953:

A third hypothesis suggests that Phong Nha derived its name from the imagination that mounts in this region standing in line looks similar to the scene of mandarins in front of the king in royal courts, therefore, it was named Phong Nha.

341:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng is noted for its cave and grotto systems as it is composed of 300 caves and grottos. A 2009 survey brought the total discovered length of the cave system to about 126 km, with many areas still not well explored.

2063:, 40 km northeast of this national park. This project has deeply concerned many environmentalists as it will probably cause air and water pollution to the park. Wildfire during the dry season is a recurring threat to the forest. 1842:

Numerous ecotourism projects have been licensed for development and the area is being heavily developed by the province to turn it into a major tourist site in Vietnam. Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng is part of a tourism promotion campaign,

438:

cave, where he discovered Champa scripts. He proclaimed Phong Nha cave "The number one cave of Indochina". In July 1924, an English expeditionist (surnamed Barton) stated that Phong Nha cave is second to none of famous caves of

353:, containing many rock formations, and Kẻ Bàng forest. The plateau on which the park rests is one of the finest and most distinctive examples of a complex karst landform in Southeast Asia. This national park was listed in 1006:". This cave is 7729 m long, contains 14 grottos, with a 13,969 m-long underground river. The scientists have surveyed 44.5 km of grottos in this cave so far, but tourists can only penetrate to a distance of 1500 m. 1622:. Further research has increased the species numbers markedly, and the number of recorded amphibian species is now 50 and that of reptile species 101. The 72 fish species include 4 species endemic to the area, including 1215:(in Vietnamese: Hang Sơn Đoòng, meaning Mountain River Cave) is a relatively recently discovered cave in the national park. Found by a local man and explored and publicly announced by the British cave scientists of the 497:

and 13,690 m of Vom Cave and adjacent caves and grottos. In 1994, a third exploration was carried out by a group of 11 British scientists and five Vietnamese professors of Hanoi University. In 1999 scientists from the

1227:

to take the title of world's largest cave. Because the fast flowing underground river in the cave deterred the explorers from going farther, they were only able to estimate the length of the cave using a flashlight.

3261:

Oheimb, Katharina C. M. von; Oheimb, Parm Viktor von; Hirano, Takahiro; Do, Tu Van; Ablett, Jonathan; Luong, Hao Van; Pham, Sang Van; Naggs, Fred (2019). "Cryptic diversity of limestone karst inhabiting land snails

1219:, it is regarded as the largest cave in the world. The biggest chamber of Sơn Đoòng is over five kilometers in length, 200 meters high and 150 meters wide. With these tremendous dimensions, Sơn Đoòng overtakes 4007:

Ovel, C. and Nguyen Thi Dao. (1998). "LINC: linking Him Namno and Phong Nha through parallel conservation: phase 1 Phong Nha Ke-Bang Nature Reserve, Vietnam" Draft project document. WWF Indochina Programme,

524:

conducted survey in this park and adjacent areas. The biggest chamber of Sơn Đoòng is more than five (5) kilometers in length, 200 meters high and 150 meters wide. With these dimensions, Sơn Đoòng overtakes

1001:

This cave, from which the name to the whole system and the park is derived, is famous for its rock formations which have been given names such as the "Lion", the "Fairy Caves", the "Royal Court", and the

1023:): located upstream of Son River running to the branch of Chay River on the left. This cave is 5,258 m long and with a height of 83 m. The entry is high and wide with heavy forest around the cave mouth 1250:, previously considered the biggest cave in Vietnam. The biggest chamber of Sơn Đoòng is over five kilometers in length, 200 meters high and 150 meters wide. With these dimensions, Sơn Đoòng overtook 1353:. Seedlings can only grow in holes and cracks in the limestone where soil has accumulated, so in general regeneration after disturbance is slow. The forest type in this national park is dominated by 3175: 2920: 743:

regions. In comparison with 41 other world heritage sites which have karsts, Phong Nha has dissimilar geomorphic, geologic and biotic conditions. The karsts of Phong Nha can be traced back to

4434: 1178:

is a newly found cave in this area. Prior to the discovery of Sơn Đoòng cave, it was regarded as the largest and longest cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng. Some of the most beautiful and spectacular

4097: 447:(Spain). In 1935, a local inhabitant accidentally discovered a beautiful cave 1 km from the mouth of Phong Nha cave, at an elevation of 200 meters. It was called Tien Son cave (lit.: 2296: 1555:. It is undoubtedly the largest population of these species in the world, and probably the only population represented in a protected area. Other endangered large mammals include the 2044:

crossing the edge zone and the connection road linking these two roads crossing the core zone also contribute danger to the wildlife in this national park, especially populations of

897:

conducted in April 2009, the British cave explorers discovered 20 new caves with total length of 56 km, including world's largest cave Son Doong. According to the assessment of

880:

spectacular streams, springs and waterfalls in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng, namely: Gió waterfall, Madame Loan waterfall, Mọc stream erupting from a limestone mount range, and Trạ Ang stream.

1198:

in Vietnamese). Access road and tourist facilities was built by Truong Thinh Group, it was opened up to tourists on 3 September 2010 with a 1.1 km path to see the formations.

108: 3906: 755:

territory) was to be combined with the national park in a continuous reserve, the combined reserve would be the largest surviving karst forest in southeastern Asia (317,754 ha).

4198: 3958:

Le Xuan Canh, Truong Van La, Dang thi Dap, ho Thu Cuc, Ngo Anh Dao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Vu Van Dung, Pham Hnat, Nguyen Tahia Tu, Nguyen Quoc Thang and Tran Minh Hien. (1997).

3326: 2101: 2979: 3746: 1768: 4414: 4409: 1925:, is listed as a candidate for seven new world natural wonders vote. On 12 February 2008 it was ranked 10th in the voting list In January 2009, the United States-based 779: 1155:

Tiên Sơn cave is located in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park. The cave was discovered by a local inhabitant by accident in 1935. It is located in Sơn Trach Commune in

3716: 2005:

have been caught and consumed in large numbers by the local residents and served as specialities in restaurants because local inhabitants believe they are "natural

649:. There is a small airport near the park accessible by helicopter or small aircraft (Khe Gat Airbase), an airbase used by the North Vietnamese Air Force during the 435: 3664: 58: 3303: 2889: 2837: 2511: 4090: 4044:

Preliminary Assessment of the Conservation Importance and Conservation Priorities of the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng Proposed National Park, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam

1914:

beginning from 1 July 2009. Besides Đồng Hới, Huế is another base city which tourists begins their journey from. Day tours running from Huế are highly common.

1186:

in the park are found within Thiên Đường. The cave was discovered by a local man in 2005. The first 5 km of this cave was explored by explorers from the

598: 380:

and Buddhist altars in the cave dating from the 9th century demonstrate that people had inhabited the cave long before the area was annexed by Vietnam in the

4424: 3479: 2599: 3594: 2858: 1956:

A semi-wild zone of 0.18 km, surrounded by electrical wire fence, saved for the primate species was created in this park. This project is sponsored by

1711: 1510:

and one species of eel have been discovered in this park. Ten new species never seen before in Vietnam were discovered by scientists in this national park.

3447: 3179: 2998: 1672:) recorded 259 butterfly species of 11 families. Almost all major butterfly taxa in Vietnam can be found in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng park. The land snail species 517:

On June 1, 2006, the Ministry of Culture and Information of Vietnam issued a stamp collection of depicting various landscapes found in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng.

3059: 3032: 2924: 2655: 1884:

Mountain climbing, trekking: There are extreme sloping mountains here with a height of over 1,000 m, which is a real challenge for adventurous climbers.

2755: 2381: 4032:

Meijboom, M. & Ho Thi Ngoc Lanh. (2002). He Dong - Thuc Vat / O Phong Nha – Ke Bang Va Hin Namno. Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park with WWF, Hanoi.

2817: 3850: 4394: 4083: 1710:

In 1899, a French missioner, Léopold Cadière surveyed the customs and culture of the local inhabitants living along the Son River. In the letter to

4191: 4106: 3218:

Luu, Vinh Quang; Truong Quang Nguyen; Cuong The Pham; Kien Ngoc Dang; Thanh Ngoc Vu; Sladjana Miskovic; Michael Bonkowski; Thomas Ziegler (2013).

2036:

has cause an exhaustion of these plants in many areas of the park. Bat population in caves and grottos also face disturbance by human activities.

2938: 2533: 1690:

axe heads and similar artifacts found in some of the caves. Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng is home to archeological and historical relics, such as a medieval

4151: 2483: 3193: 1047:): This grotto has an underground river of 3351 m, with the height in some part exceed 133. This river receives water resources from Rao Thuong 3800: 3742: 3526: 3129: 2798: 2300: 514:). The newly discovered cave was acclaimed by the British scientists as "the largest and the most beautiful cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area". 2153: 1812: 1231:

The cave was found by a man named Hồ Khanh in 1991. The local jungle men were afraid of the cave for the whistling sound it makes from the

1103:): This is a connection of Dai Cao Grotto with the length of 3.927 km and height of 45 m. There are some fine sand fields inside. 1239:, led by Howard and Deb Limbert, conducted a survey in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng from 10 to 14 April 2009. Their progress was stopped by a large 3914: 3244: 2630: 4348: 4318: 4293: 3513: 2400: 4399: 4184: 3220:"No end in sight? Further new records of amphibians and reptiles from Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam" 1911: 1703: 482: 3097: 1816: 642: 4207: 4156: 4058: 1476: 1236: 1216: 1187: 486: 4278: 4243: 4117: 3690: 3643: 2779: 1484:

The forest is also home to 98 families, 256 genera and 381 species of vertebrates. Sixty-six (66) animal species are listed in the

4233: 3771: 3569: 4273: 4248: 3881: 3333: 2353: 1736:

nomination was that this nature reserve satisfied criteria of biodiversity, unique beauty and geodiversity (criteria I and iv).

3352: 2266: 1674: 4363: 2149: 1767:

The National Council for Cultural Heritage, an organization under the Ministry of Culture and Information of Vietnam (now the

3553: 3429: 2462: 1665: 654: 499: 28: 4328: 4298: 4283: 4122: 3627: 2680: 1611:), called locally "thỏ van". Ten bat species listed in the IUCN List of Threatened Species have been recorded in this park. 4313: 3951:

Eames J. C., Lambert F. R. and Nguyen Cu. (1995). "Rediscovery of the Sooty Babbler Stchyris herberti in central Vietnam".

2060: 2052:. During the construction of this road, blasts and other activities kept several primates away from their regular habitat. 1175: 4404: 4268: 2084: 1903: 1645: 810:, karst in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng is older, has more complicated geological structure; diverse and complex underground rivers. 4333: 4228: 4127: 3720: 3551:

Thú rừng Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng ngắc ngoải kêu cứu...trong nồi (wild animals in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng forest are dying in cooks)

2730: 2705: 2574: 2059:

The provincial government approved a 3600MW coal-fueled thermalelectrical plant in Vĩnh Sơn village, Quảng Đông commune,

4263: 4018:

Pham Nhat, Do Tuoc and Truong Van La. (1996–1997). "Preliminary Survey for the Hatinh Langur in north-central Vietnam".

1957: 1895: 1827: 1820: 1629: 1530: 1147: 592: 4358: 4343: 4303: 4258: 3825: 3668: 431: 4429: 3300: 2899: 2834: 2515: 1747: 1746:

In 2000, the government of Vietnam submitted a revised nomination with a much larger area. At this time, however, the

1518: 1138:): This the habitat of Arem ethnic group. They live in the caves, grottos and on hunting, harvesting natural products. 357:'s World Heritage Sites in 2003 for its geological values as defined in its criteria viii. In April 2009, the world's 4368: 3154: 1637: 3398: 3372: 1831: 1156: 684: 568: 560: 279: 271: 82: 4338: 4323: 4253: 2089: 1844: 1792: 1669: 1615: 1485: 1304: 634: 521: 362: 3476: 2952: 2659: 2609: 2104:

to implement a campaign targeted at increasing awareness about biodiversity protection among tourists and locals.

1068:): located south of Phong Nha. The grotto is where the long Khe Ry stream (13.817 km or 8.585 miles) runs out 4419: 4389: 4353: 4288: 3604: 3006: 2868: 1752: 1503: 771: 4238: 3444: 770:

In comparison with three other national parks listed in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia, namely

2821: 1740: 1547:

in Vietnam, including two different forms of the species. The area is highly significant for its population of

1432: 1377: 888:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng is home to the largest cave in the world and covers 300 different grottoes and caves. Before

211: 4218: 4141: 3056: 1664:) species at Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng area. An initiative survey conducted by Russian and Vietnamese scientists from 1539: 455: 4146: 1331: 3960:

A report of field surveys on Biodiversity in Phong Nha Ke Bang forest (Quảng Bình Province, central Vietnam)

3775: 2759: 1633: 1604: 295: 4002:

Ket qua dieu tra nghien cuu khu he thu o Phang Nha – Ke Bang (survey results of fauna in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng)

1403: 1325: 1212: 1207: 889: 358: 343: 4223: 3860: 3599: 3082: 1894:Đồng Hới is the closest city to Phong Nha. To facilitate the increasing flow of tourists to the site, the 1444: 1438: 1409: 1365: 2783: 2028: 1544: 1502:) was discovered here by a group of Vietnamese biologists together with biologists working for the park, 1498: 1359: 2795: 1868: 1349: 1343: 1319: 791: 667: 3495: 2041: 1874:

Tourist activities in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park are organized by local travel agencies and vary:

451:), or Dry cave because its inside landscape is similar to fairy-tales and it has no underground river. 385: 4166: 1471: 1235:. However, not until 2009 was it made known to the public when a group of British scientists from the 2487: 2438: 2187: 1804: 1624: 1526: 572: 564: 389: 275: 96: 3197: 2236: 2240: 2037: 1835: 1796: 1649: 1337: 872: 680: 638: 576: 335: 299: 283: 267: 252: 187: 179: 86: 4136: 3804: 3750: 3530: 3133: 2188:"World Heritage Nomination, IUCN Technical Evaluation; Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng National Park, pp. 53–55" 2049: 1552: 1267: 813: 506:

In 2005, scientists from the British Cave Research Association discovered a new cave and named it

393: 3972:

Nguyen Binh. (1961). "Brief Introduction of Mountainous Minority People of Quảng Bình Province".

1995: 795: 3855: 3266:

spp.) in northern Vietnam, their evolutionary history and the description of four new species".

1190:

in 2005; later they in 2010 the whole 31 km was explored and announced by the association.

876: 3826:"Đức giúp Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng (Germany donates to Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park)" 2957: 2894: 2604: 2401:"Decision by the Vietnamese Prime Minister on establishment of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park" 1096:): this grotto is a connection of Vom Grotto. This grotto is 1645 m long, 28 m high.. 4054: 3276: 2953:"Động Thiên Đường "Hoàng cung" trong lòng đất (Paradise Cave – an "underground royal palace")" 2463:"Phát hiện hang động lớn nhất tại Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng (Largest cave found in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng)" 1927: 1878:

Tour for expedition of caves and grottos in boats and with professional cave expedition means.

1699: 1657: 1232: 1031: 3962:. IEBR / FIPI / Forestry College / University of Vinh / WWF Indochina Programme. Unpublished. 3248: 2634: 3284: 2404: 2022: 2001: 1965: 1907: 1580: 807: 715: 490: 467: 444: 4132: 1918: 1864: 4037:

A survey for Hatinh Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi hatinhensis) in North Central Vietnam

3631: 3557: 3483: 3451: 3433: 3356: 3307: 3219: 3107: 3063: 2841: 1371: 646: 630: 307: 384:

or southward expansion. The cave was first mentioned in literature in 1550, appearing in

3573: 1881:

Ecotourism, discovering the flora and fauna in this national park in the Kẻ Bàng Forest.

1460: 1117:): A connection of Ca Grotto with the length of 1,616 m and the height of 46 m 863: 747:

era, 400 million years ago. This makes Phong Nha the oldest major karst in Asia. If the

547: 4070: 3694: 2863: 1987: 1596: 1556: 1415: 1299: 1247: 1009: 893: 494: 463: 350: 331: 3779: 1856: 1628:. The park is home to over 200 bird species, inclusive of several rare birds such as: 871:

Besides the grotto and cave systems, Phong Nha has the longest underground river. The

767:, valleys and dolines, border polje, etc.; The underground karst consisting of caves. 414: 4383: 3885: 3463: 3102: 2802: 2484:"Phát hành bộ tem "Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" (Collection of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng stamp issued)" 2045: 1961: 1691: 1641: 1619: 1564: 1548: 1522: 1489: 260: 32: 1960:(Germany) in order to provide a sanctuary for 10 species of primates, including the 1517:

in Vietnam, with ten species and sub-species. These include the globally vulnerable

1124:): a 3,244 m long, 103 m high grotto, with the width from 30 to 50 m. 922: 381: 3349: 2157: 1823:

45 km south of the park. Tourists are served at the Tourism Service Center at

4075: 3550: 3426: 1294:

Trees on the limestone mounts, a typical florae in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park

4025:

Lippold, L. K. (1993). "Distribution and status of the Douc Langurs in Vietnam".

3990:(The Wonders of Vietnamese Caves). Trung Tam Ban Do Va tranh Anh Giao Duc, Hanoi. 3624: 3288: 2631:"SGGP English Edition- British explorers confirm world's largest cave in Vietnam" 2684: 1719: 1715: 1695: 787: 760: 650: 1860: 1290: 821: 555:

Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng National Park is in the territories of communes (Vietnamese:

2734: 2709: 2578: 2006: 1783: 1398: 1183: 1179: 1167: 1003: 993: 936: 932: 855: 829: 42: 3373:"Tourists flock to Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng bringing alternative to illegal loggers" 1194:

beauty of the rock formation inside the cave, they named it "Paradise Cave" (

613: 600: 123: 110: 4176: 2237:"Di sản thiên nhiên thế giới – Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng (Quảng Bình)" 2093: 1978: 1824: 1687: 1452:

classified these orchid species in danger of extinction in the near future.

1382: 1354: 1251: 1220: 799: 748: 744: 740: 702: 526: 327: 323: 3280: 1506:

in Germany and the Saint Petersburg Wild Zoology Institute in Russia. The

473: 3402: 3376: 3350:"Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng again proposed for world natural heritage recognition" 3268: 2984: 2550: 1922: 1588: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1255: 1224: 1075:): a stream originating from the mountain, running underground the grotto 803: 775: 530: 4042:

Timmins, R. J., Do Tuoc, Trinh Viet Cong and D. K. Hendrichson. (1999).

4000:

Nguyen Xuan Dang, Pham Nhat, Pham Trong Anh, Hendrichsen, D. K. (1998).

1848: 1808: 459: 397: 200: 1514: 1240: 1131:): This 845 m long grotto has several streams falling from mounts. 783: 588: 583:

in the west. Road distances are about 500 km south of the capital

440: 287: 4011:

Pham Khang. (1985). "The development of karst landscapes in Vietnam".

1898:

was constructed and put into operation in May 2008 with air link with

967: 959: 928: 925: 921:(limestone forest). Phong Nha is widely explained as originating from 466:

was included in this introduction. This tour site is ranked second in

424: 421: 418: 410: 407: 404: 401: 4051:

Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A conservation Assessment

3036: 2332: 2328: 2033: 1852: 898: 764: 434:, a French Roman Catholic priest, conducted an expedition to explore 373: 354: 319: 264: 559:): Tan Trach, Thuong Trach, Phuc Trach, Xuan Trach and Son Trach of 1614:

Of the 59 recorded reptile and amphibian species, 18 are listed in

1246:

According to the Limberts, this cave is five times larger than the

2013: 1983: 1931:

listed Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park in its recommended world's

1899: 1800: 1782: 1572: 1493: 1470: 1464: 1459: 1311: 1289: 1166: 1146: 992: 862: 854: 828: 820: 812: 739:

Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park is one of the world's two largest

706: 645:, and is accessible by road or waterway through an estuary in the 584: 546: 472: 377: 315: 291: 167: 3882:"Đức ủng hộ gần 2 triệu euro cho Vườn Quốc gia Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng" 1015:

Notable caves and grottoes in the Phong Nha Cave system include:

942:

Another possibility is that Phong Nha, unrelated to the meanings

571:, around 40 km north-west of the provincial capital city of 400:. In 1824, The cave was conferred the title "Diệu ứng chi thần" ( 3939:

Management plan of Phong Nha Nature Reserve, Quảng Bình province

2195: 2097: 1694:

inscription on rock slab and terracotta ex-voto sealings of the

1507: 1449: 1274: 752: 580: 303: 4180: 4079: 314:

The park was created to protect one of the world's two largest

1718:

built a base for the Vietnamese resistance against the French

4046:. Fauna and Flora International – Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 417:. It was also conferred by Nguyen kings as "Thần Hiển Linh" ( 361:

was re-discovered by a team of British cave explorers of the

2921:"Paradise Cave found to be 31km long, says British explorer" 2092:

to protect the biodiversity in the park and in the adjacent

2681:"Bảy cái nhất của động Phong Nha cần khám phá trong hè này" 462:) issued a brochure to introduce tourism in Quảng Bình and 3359:, 17:09' 13/11/2007 (GMT+7), access date: 19 February 2008 1543:). The park is probably home to the largest population of 1480:, a newly found species in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park 3907:"FFI hỗ trợ bảo tồn loài linh trưởng ở Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng" 3625:

Vietnam: Road-building threatens Phong Nha Nature Reserve

3026: 3024: 1061:): located south of Phong Nha, this grotto is 520 m long. 931:, which means wind-tooth (wind flowing from the cave and 705:(some 400 million years ago), making it the oldest major 65: 3851:"Germany helps preserve Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park" 3801:"Thuê chuyên gia nước ngoài quy hoạch Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" 3367: 3365: 2354:"Ho Khanh, a local farmer and biggest cave in the world" 1968:. This protection zone is suitable for primate habitat. 1686:

The oldest evidence of human occupation of the area are

3514:

World’s largest cave in Vietnam threatened by cable car

2297:"Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park in central Quang Binh" 833:

Stalagmite in a cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park

3527:"Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng: Độc đáo khu bảo tồn linh trưởng" 2100:. FFI received environmental funding from the British 575:. The park is bordered by the Hin Namno karst area of 4004:. FFI Indochina Programme/IEBR, Hanoi. In Vietnamese. 3995:

The Minority Ethnic Groups of Binh Tri Thien Province

3965:

Nadler, T. (1996–1997). "Black langur rediscovered".

2756:"Tên gọi Phong Nha từ đâu? Và Phong Nha nghĩa là gì?" 2731:"BIỂN NHẬT LỆ - PHONG NHA KẺ BÀNG - TIÊN SƠN ĐÁ NHẢY" 4118:

Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long

3941:. Unpublished report to Ministry of Forestry, Hanoi. 2506: 2504: 2376: 2374: 1787:

Boats for tourist in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park

1467:, a species found in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park 1381:. In this park, the dominant plant families are the 1357:

tree species with scattered deciduous trees such as

3719:. quangbinhonline. 12 November 2007. Archived from 2241:

Vietnam Geological and Mineral Resources Department

1040:): a 667 m-long grotto, with the width of 15 meters 234: 226: 218: 206: 196: 186: 177: 173: 163: 155: 147: 139: 102: 92: 78: 21: 3747:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam 3196:. practicalfishkeeping. 2004-02-19. Archived from 2569: 2567: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2102:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 997:The mouth of Phong Nha cave with underground river 701:The Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng karst has evolved since the 3332:(in Vietnamese). 15 February 2004. Archived from 3033:"Explorers discover spectacular caves in Vietnam" 2818:"Cave Systems in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park" 2424: 2422: 2385:by the Nguyễn dynasty's bureau of history records 1698:people, erected in the 9th century to consecrate 4071:UNESCO World Heritage page for Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 3570:"Phong Nha – Ke Bang: wild animals cry for help" 3301:"Cái nôi" văn hóa và lịch sử Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng 3245:"Bird Life Indochina, Birding Center in Vietnam" 3098:"Những phát hiện chấn động về Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" 859:Son River in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park 780:Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park 3986:Nguyen Quang My & Limbert, Howard. (2002). 3743:"Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng: Ngổn ngang chờ quy hoạch" 1595:) are confirmed. Other smaller mammals include 1513:The park is home to significant populations of 1258:to take the title of the world's largest cave. 2980:Explorers find world's largest cave in Vietnam 2439:"Paradise Cave – The Longest Dry Cave in Asia" 1310:The most common tree species in this park are 1110:): a 1,500 m long, 62 m high grotto. 520:In April 2009, a group of cave explorers from 4192: 4091: 3944:Cao Văn Sung & Le Quy An (eds.). (1998). 3130:"Những phát hiện mới tại Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng" 3092: 3090: 2291: 2289: 2287: 8: 3979:Nguyen Quang My and Howard Limbert. (1993). 3665:"Rừng vùng đệm Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng bị tàn phá" 3401:. Vietnam News. 9 March 2004. Archived from 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 2939:"Hang động Thiên Đường phá kỷ lục về độ dài" 2758:. nguoiquangbinh. 2007-03-13. Archived from 2512:"World's largest grotto unveiled in Vietnam" 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2012:Excessive exploitation of rare wood such as 973:Other names for the Phong Nha cave include: 3693:. vnexpress. 10 August 2004. Archived from 3422: 3420: 2812: 2810: 2403:. nea.gov. 12 December 2001. Archived from 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 950:, was the former name of a nearby village. 4435:Tourist attractions in Quảng Bình province 4199: 4185: 4177: 4098: 4084: 4076: 3803:. didulich.net. 2007-09-07. Archived from 3595:"Thượng sơn hỏi chuyện "Đệ nhất cá chình"" 3399:"Hành trình "Con đường di sản miền Trung"" 3375:. Vietnam News. 2004-09-16. Archived from 3078: 3076: 2534:Britons claim to find world's largest cave 2267:"World's largest cave found in Quang Binh" 629:The park is around 30 km west of the 587:and 260 km north of the port city of 18: 4035:Pham Nat, Do Tuoc, Truon Van La. (1995). 2683:. Peacetourco. 2004-06-01. Archived from 1847:", which includes the ancient capital of 1030:): a 736 m-long grotto accessible by the 721:Middle-late Devonian Stage (about 340 Ma) 485:accepted the cooperation proposal of the 159:People's Committee of Quảng Bình Province 3572:. Vietnamnet. 2005-10-24. Archived from 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 238:220,055 ha (849.64 sq mi) 230:123,326 ha (476.16 sq mi) 3946:Environment and Bioresources of Vietnam 3445:khu du lịch sinh thái Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 3057:"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam" 2999:"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam" 2112: 1769:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 306:to the west and 42 km east of the 143:857.54 km (331.10 sq mi) 47:View of Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park 2853: 2851: 2849: 2656:"Di sản thiên nhiên Phong Nha Kẻ Bàng" 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 1678:is only known from the national park. 1422:In the park is a 50 km forest of 751:, bordering Phong Nha on the west (in 365:led by a local farmer named Ho Khanh. 3691:"Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng đang bị 'băm nát'" 3178:. Die Bundesregierung. Archived from 2395: 2393: 2391: 1871:in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. 939:inside the cave looking like teeth). 233: 225: 217: 205: 195: 185: 176: 16:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam 7: 3884:. dantri. 2007-10-23. Archived from 2835:"Find world's largest cave Son Dong" 2261: 2259: 2257: 2154:United Nations Environment Programme 1054:): a 1645 m long, 78.6 m high grotto 724:Carboniferous-Permian (about 300 Ma) 388:'s works. This cave was depicted in 77: 4425:Protected areas established in 2001 4049:Wikramanayake, E.D. et al. (2002). 1620:IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals 867:Underground river in Phong Nha cave 3667:. 16 November 2006. Archived from 3496:"29 destinations to visit in 2009" 3427:du lịch mạo hiểm Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 3157:. reptiles.swelluk. September 2007 3106:. 6 September 2005. Archived from 2820:. Official website. Archived from 2428:Đất trời Việt Nam by Thái Văn Kiểm 1958:Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt 1912:Tan Son Nhat International Airport 1775:far as biodiversity is concerned. 1731:Nomination and recognition in 2003 1704:Archeological Institute of Vietnam 1488:and 23 other species in the World 454:In 1937, the Bureau of Tourism of 14: 4152:Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park 3859:. 25 January 2007. Archived from 3327:"Vườn Quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" 2859:"Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" 2577:. Traveltovietnam. Archived from 2329:"Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park" 2150:"Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park" 2067:Land management in adjacent areas 1917:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng, together with 1707:ruby-colored, slight pink mouth. 1648:. There is good evidence for the 1477:Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis 1237:British Cave Research Association 1217:British Cave Research Association 1188:British Cave Research Association 487:British Cave Research Association 4415:Landforms of Quảng Bình province 4410:Geography of Quảng Bình province 4165: 3516:, The Guardian, 3 December 2014. 3005:. 3 January 2011. Archived from 1933:29 destinations to visit in 2009 1791:The park is accessible by road ( 1712:École française d'Extrême-Orient 802:and some other karst regions in 64: 57: 41: 4395:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam 4107:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam 3953:Bird Conservation International 3772:"Chuyện lạ ở Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng" 3464:"Dong Hoi Airport put into use" 1675:Cyclophorus phongnhakebangensis 349:The park derives its name from 257:Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 192:Natural: (viii), (ix), (x) 168:https://phongnhakebang.vn/home/ 146: 91: 22:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park 3717:"Hãy bảo vệ Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng" 3194:"New species found in Vietnam" 3003:National Geographic Daily News 2733:. Hanoitourism. Archived from 2026:) and oils from trees such as 1666:Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre 1603:) and the recently discovered 1490:Red Book of Endangered Species 500:Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre 1: 4015:. 35 (3–4). pp. 305–319. 3997:. Thuận Hóa Publishing House. 2658:. Peacetourco. Archived from 2299:. Peacetourco. Archived from 2085:Fauna and Flora International 1904:Noi Bai International Airport 1763:Recognition for a second time 1646:short-tailed scimitar babbler 825:A scene inside Phong Nha Cave 817:Chamber inside Phong Nha Cave 481:IN 1990, for the first time, 290:, about 500 km south of 3778:. 2006-11-28. Archived from 3749:. 2005-12-01. Archived from 3603:. 2006-12-29. Archived from 3289:10.1371/journal.pone.0222163 3176:"Amphibienvielfalt bewahren" 2898:. 2008-02-07. Archived from 2867:. 2005-11-01. Archived from 2708:. wil.travel. Archived from 2608:. 2008-01-25. Archived from 2551:"World's largest cave found" 2486:. 2006-06-19. Archived from 2156:. March 2003. Archived from 1630:chestnut-necklaced partridge 1531:white-cheeked crested gibbon 1492:. In 2005, a new species of 3155:"New Lizards Species Found" 2600:"Phát hiện mới ở Phong Nha" 2273:(in Vietnamese). 2009-04-23 1953:human threats to the park. 1176:Thiên Đường "Paradise" Cave 641:and 28 km west of the 318:regions with 300 caves and 4451: 4157:Tràng An Landscape Complex 4053:. Island Press, New York. 1845:Middle World Heritage Road 1722:in the late 19th century. 1569:Megamuntiacus vuquangensis 1265: 1205: 522:British Caving Association 430:In the late 19th century, 363:British Caving Association 180:UNESCO World Heritage Site 4400:National parks of Vietnam 4214: 4208:National parks of Vietnam 4163: 4123:Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty 4113: 3993:Nguyen Quoc Loc, (1984). 3988:Ky Quan Hang Dong Vietnam 3981:Tropical Karst in Vietnam 3948:. Gioi Publishers, Hanoi. 3830:German Embassy in Vietnam 2923:. info.vn. Archived from 1753:Prime Minister of Vietnam 772:Gunung Mulu National Park 242: 52: 40: 26: 4128:Complex of Huế Monuments 3644:"BirdLife IBA Factsheet" 2796:Đi tìm ý nghĩa Phong Nha 2094:Hin Namno Nature Reserve 1813:Đồng Hới Railway Station 1741:World Conservation Union 1618:and 6 are listed in the 1561:Capricornis sumatraensis 1540:Nomascus leucogenys siki 1433:Paphiopedilum malipoense 1378:Lagerstroemia calyculata 1298:The park is part of the 1281:Biodiversity in the park 593:geographical coordinates 456:French Resident Superior 4013:Acta Geologica Polonica 2020:spp.) and go huế wood ( 1972:Threats to biodiversity 1807:, 210 km north of 1682:Historical significance 1634:red-collared woodpecker 1616:Vietnam's Red Data Book 1605:Annamite striped rabbit 1577:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis 1486:Vietnam's Red Data Book 1332:Burretionendron hsienmu 1305:Vietnam's Red Data Book 735:Geological significance 727:Mesozoic Orogenic stage 376:inscriptions carved on 296:Hin Namno National Park 294:. The park borders the 3776:Báo Sài Gòn Giải Phóng 3083:The Encyclopedia Earth 3031:Dykes, Brett Michael. 2382:Đại Nam nhất thống chí 1803:, 50 km north of 1788: 1585:Selenarctos thibetanus 1481: 1468: 1445:Paphiopedilum concolor 1439:Paphiopedilum dianthum 1410:Podocarpus neriifolius 1397:, with some scattered 1295: 1172: 1152: 998: 868: 860: 834: 826: 818: 614:17.53722°N 106.15139°E 552: 478: 432:Léopold Michel Cadière 392:in the Citadel of the 369:History of exploration 322:and also protects the 256: 124:17.53722°N 106.15139°E 4022:6 (3 & 4): 13–17. 3969:6 (3 & 4): 10–12. 2890:"Kỳ vĩ động Tiên Sơn" 2076:International funding 1948:Management activities 1869:Space of gong culture 1799:450 km south of 1786: 1726:Recognition by UNESCO 1474: 1463: 1424:Calocedrus macrolepis 1404:Podocarpus imbricatus 1326:Garcinia fragraeoides 1320:Sumbaviopsis albicans 1293: 1170: 1150: 996: 962:) means "summit" and 866: 858: 832: 824: 816: 792:Lorentz National Park 551:Inside Phong Nha Cave 550: 476: 278:districts of central 4405:ASEAN heritage parks 3227:Biodiversity Journal 2061:Quảng Trạch District 1817:Hanoi–Saigon Railway 1625:Danio quangbinhensis 1527:stump-tailed macaque 1428:Calocedrus rupestris 1366:Anogeissus acuminate 1134:Ruc Caroong Grotto ( 970:) means "mandarin". 718:Stage (about 450 Ma) 697:History of formation 643:Hanoi–Saigon Railway 563:and a small part of 477:Inside Tien Son cave 4309:Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng 4142:Hội An Ancient Town 4029:5 (1 & 2): 4–6. 3983:. Hanoi University. 3723:on 12 February 2008 3251:on 14 October 2007. 3110:on 13 February 2008 3068:National Geographic 2902:on February 7, 2009 2786:was written in 1776 2553:. Zennews. May 2009 2038:Hồ Chí Minh Highway 2029:Cinnamomum balansea 1797:Hồ Chí Minh Highway 1654:Lophura hatinhensis 1650:Vietnamese pheasant 1593:Helarctos malayanus 1571:) and possibly the 1535:Nomascus leucogenys 1499:Lygosoma boehmeiwas 1360:Dipterocarpus kerri 1338:Chukrasia tabularis 685:Quảng Bình Province 681:North Central Coast 639:Hồ Chí Minh Highway 619:17.53722; 106.15139 610: / 577:Khammouane Province 569:Quảng Bình Province 336:North Central Coast 300:Khammouane Province 284:North Central Coast 280:Quảng Bình Province 268:World Heritage Site 156:Governing body 129:17.53722; 106.15139 120: / 87:North Central Coast 83:Quảng Bình Province 4430:Geology of Vietnam 4137:Cát Bà Archipelago 3671:on 22 January 2008 3630:2008-03-28 at the 3556:2007-12-23 at the 3502:. 25 January 2009. 3482:2008-01-16 at the 3450:2008-01-23 at the 3432:2008-01-23 at the 3355:2008-03-08 at the 3306:2009-02-07 at the 3062:2011-01-06 at the 2961:. 27 February 2008 2840:2009-04-26 at the 2407:on 22 January 2008 1996:Anguilla marmorata 1990:, and wild bulls. 1906:and air link with 1789: 1779:Tourist activities 1662:Lophura imperialis 1609:Nesolagus timminsi 1519:pig-tailed macaque 1482: 1469: 1350:Dysospyros saletti 1344:Photinia aroboreum 1296: 1173: 1153: 999: 989:The Phong Nha Cave 869: 861: 851:Rivers and streams 838:Mounts and summits 835: 827: 819: 714:Late Ordovician – 655:Battle of Đồng Hới 553: 479: 4377: 4376: 4174: 4173: 3512:Elisabeth Rosen, 3500:Los Angeles Times 3405:on 2 January 2008 3379:on 2 January 2008 3339:on 18 March 2020. 1943:Management issues 1928:Los Angeles Times 1832:Bố Trạch District 1748:National Assembly 1658:imperial pheasant 1233:underground river 1057:Khe Tien Grotto ( 1032:Hồ Chí Minh trail 911:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 653:, notably in the 567:in the center of 565:Minh Hóa District 561:Bố Trạch District 249:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng 246: 245: 93:Nearest city 4442: 4420:Caves of Vietnam 4390:IUCN Category II 4201: 4194: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4147:Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary 4100: 4093: 4086: 4077: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3913:. Archived from 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697:on 11 March 2008 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3566: 3560: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3529:. Archived from 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3442: 3436: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3360: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3310: 3298: 3292: 3275:(10): e0222163. 3259: 3253: 3252: 3247:. Archived from 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3132:. Archived from 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3094: 3085: 3080: 3071: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3009:on 29 March 2013 2995: 2989: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2855: 2844: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2805: 2793: 2787: 2780:Phủ biên tạp lục 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2633:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2575:"Phong Nha Cave" 2571: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2531: 2520: 2519: 2514:. Archived from 2508: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2443:VietnamDiscovery 2435: 2429: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2386: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2263: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2233: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2192: 2184: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2146: 2023:Dalbergia rimosa 2002:Anguilla bicolor 1966:red-shanked douc 1908:Ho Chi Minh City 1896:Đồng Hới Airport 1821:Đồng Hới Airport 1793:National Route 1 1581:Asian black bear 1545:François' langur 1171:Thiên Đường Cave 1163:Thiên Đường Cave 1136:Hang Rục Caroòng 1092:Dai Cao Grotto ( 1080:Vòm Cave systems 1071:Khe Thi Grotto ( 884:Cave and grottos 808:Papua New Guinea 683:in general, and 635:National Route 1 625: 624: 622: 621: 620: 615: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 512:động Thiên Đường 491:Hanoi University 483:Hanoi University 468:French Indochina 445:Cuevas del Drach 235:Buffer zone 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 68: 67: 61: 45: 19: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4210: 4205: 4175: 4170: 4161: 4109: 4104: 4067: 3934: 3932:Further reading 3929: 3920: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3863:on 7 March 2008 3849: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3632:Wayback Machine 3623: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3558:Wayback Machine 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3484:Wayback Machine 3475: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452:Wayback Machine 3443: 3439: 3434:Wayback Machine 3425: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3357:Wayback Machine 3348: 3344: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3313: 3308:Wayback Machine 3299: 3295: 3260: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3064:Wayback Machine 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2988:, 23 April 2009 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2842:Wayback Machine 2833: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2538:Daily Telegraph 2532: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2389: 2379: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2148: 2147: 2114: 2110: 2078: 2069: 1993:Rare eels like 1988:Asian elephants 1974: 1950: 1945: 1781: 1765: 1733: 1728: 1702:. In 1995, the 1684: 1597:Sunda pangolins 1458: 1372:Pometia pinnata 1288: 1283: 1270: 1264: 1210: 1204: 1165: 1145: 1082: 1064:Khe Ry Grotto ( 1036:Cha An Grotto ( 991: 913:is composed of 907: 886: 853: 840: 737: 730:Cenozoic stage. 699: 694: 677: 663: 647:South China Sea 631:South China Sea 618: 616: 612: 609: 604: 601: 599: 597: 596: 545: 540: 449:Fairy-tale cave 371: 311:1,954 km. 182: 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 48: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4065:External links 4063: 4062: 4061: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4027:Asian Primates 4023: 4020:Asian Primates 4016: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3967:Asian Primates 3963: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3937:Anon. (1993). 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3898: 3873: 3842: 3817: 3792: 3763: 3734: 3708: 3682: 3656: 3635: 3617: 3586: 3561: 3543: 3518: 3505: 3487: 3469: 3455: 3437: 3416: 3390: 3361: 3342: 3311: 3293: 3254: 3236: 3210: 3185: 3182:on 2008-12-02. 3167: 3146: 3121: 3086: 3072: 3049: 3020: 2990: 2972: 2944: 2930: 2927:on 2011-08-04. 2912: 2881: 2845: 2827: 2824:on 2009-02-02. 2806: 2801:2008-02-12 at 2788: 2772: 2747: 2722: 2697: 2672: 2647: 2622: 2591: 2563: 2542: 2521: 2518:on 2009-04-27. 2500: 2475: 2454: 2430: 2418: 2387: 2370: 2358:Son Doong Cave 2345: 2313: 2283: 2253: 2209: 2170: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 1973: 1970: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1859:, the city of 1811:); by rail at 1780: 1777: 1764: 1761: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1700:Avalokiteśvara 1683: 1680: 1638:brown hornbill 1601:Manis javanica 1557:mainland serow 1457: 1454: 1426:on limestone ( 1416:Nageia fleuryi 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1248:Phong Nha Cave 1213:Sơn Đoòng Cave 1208:Sơn Đoòng Cave 1206:Main article: 1203: 1202:Sơn Đoòng Cave 1200: 1164: 1161: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1127:Pygmy Grotto ( 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1043:Thung Grotto ( 1041: 1034: 1024: 1010:Phong Nha Cave 990: 987: 975:Thầy Tiên cave 906: 903: 894:Phong Nha Cave 890:Sơn Đoòng Cave 885: 882: 852: 849: 839: 836: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716:Early Silurian 698: 695: 693: 690: 676: 673: 662: 659: 544: 541: 539: 536: 495:Phong Nha Cave 464:Phong Nha Cave 394:Nguyễn dynasty 370: 367: 351:Phong Nha Cave 344:Sơn Đoòng Cave 332:Annamite Range 330:forest of the 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 228: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 80: 76: 75: 63: 62: 56: 55: 54: 53: 50: 49: 46: 38: 37: 27: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4447: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:U Minh Thượng 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244:Bidoup Núi Bà 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059:1-55963-923-7 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3917:on 2008-12-11 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3888:on 2008-03-25 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3856:Việt Nam News 3852: 3846: 3843: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3807:on 2008-02-14 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3782:on 2008-02-03 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3753:on 2008-02-14 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3607:on 2008-01-22 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3576:on 2008-01-25 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3533:on 2008-12-11 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3466:. VietNamNet. 3465: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3233:(2): 285–300. 3232: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3200:on 2008-01-21 3199: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3136:on 2008-12-11 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2871:on 2008-01-22 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803:archive.today 2800: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2762:on 2009-02-07 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2737:on 2008-02-12 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2712:on 2008-02-12 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2687:on 2007-11-12 2686: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2662:on 2008-02-28 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2637:on 2009-04-27 2636: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2612:on 2009-02-07 2611: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2581:on 2008-02-12 2580: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2490:on 2008-03-20 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2303:on 2008-12-11 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2160:on 2008-11-15 2159: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088:fund for the 2086: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2046:Hatinh langur 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:Hatinh langur 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739:In 1999, the 1737: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:sooty babbler 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:giant muntjac 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Hatinh langur 1546: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523:Assam macaque 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1269: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1151:Tiên Sơn cave 1149: 1143:Tiên Sơn Cave 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1120:Over Grotto ( 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099:Duot Grotto ( 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1059:Hang Khe Tiên 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019:Dark Grotto ( 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1005: 995: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 951: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 902: 900: 895: 891: 883: 881: 878: 874: 865: 857: 850: 848: 844: 837: 831: 823: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 734: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 713: 712: 711: 708: 704: 696: 691: 689: 686: 682: 674: 672: 669: 660: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 623: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 549: 542: 537: 535: 532: 528: 523: 518: 515: 513: 509: 508:Paradise Cave 504: 501: 496: 492: 488: 484: 475: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 433: 428: 426: 423: 420: 416: 412: 409: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 368: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 261:national park 258: 254: 250: 241: 237: 229: 221: 213: 209: 202: 199: 191: 189: 181: 172: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 142: 138: 133: 105: 101: 98: 95: 88: 84: 81: 60: 51: 44: 39: 34: 33:national park 30: 29:IUCN category 25: 20: 4308: 4294:Lò Gò-Xa Mát 4269:Chư Yang Sin 4050: 4043: 4036: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3919:. Retrieved 3915:the original 3910: 3901: 3890:. Retrieved 3886:the original 3876: 3865:. Retrieved 3861:the original 3854: 3845: 3834:. Retrieved 3832:. 2005-11-03 3829: 3820: 3809:. Retrieved 3805:the original 3795: 3784:. Retrieved 3780:the original 3766: 3755:. Retrieved 3751:the original 3737: 3725:. Retrieved 3721:the original 3711: 3699:. Retrieved 3695:the original 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3669:the original 3659: 3648:. Retrieved 3638: 3620: 3609:. Retrieved 3605:the original 3598: 3589: 3578:. Retrieved 3574:the original 3564: 3546: 3535:. Retrieved 3531:the original 3521: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3472: 3458: 3440: 3407:. Retrieved 3403:the original 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3377:the original 3345: 3334:the original 3296: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3249:the original 3239: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3202:. Retrieved 3198:the original 3188: 3180:the original 3170: 3159:. Retrieved 3149: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3108:the original 3101: 3067: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3011:. Retrieved 3007:the original 3002: 2993: 2983: 2975: 2963:. Retrieved 2956: 2947: 2933: 2925:the original 2915: 2904:. Retrieved 2900:the original 2893: 2884: 2873:. Retrieved 2869:the original 2862: 2830: 2822:the original 2791: 2775: 2764:. Retrieved 2760:the original 2750: 2739:. Retrieved 2735:the original 2725: 2714:. Retrieved 2710:the original 2700: 2689:. Retrieved 2685:the original 2675: 2664:. Retrieved 2660:the original 2650: 2639:. Retrieved 2635:the original 2625: 2614:. Retrieved 2610:the original 2603: 2594: 2583:. Retrieved 2579:the original 2555:. Retrieved 2545: 2540:, 1 May 2009 2537: 2516:the original 2492:. Retrieved 2488:the original 2478: 2467:. Retrieved 2465:. 2005-07-19 2457: 2446:. Retrieved 2442: 2433: 2409:. Retrieved 2405:the original 2380: 2362:. Retrieved 2360:. 2009-06-29 2357: 2348: 2337:. Retrieved 2305:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2275:. Retrieved 2270: 2245:. Retrieved 2243:. 2006-07-23 2200:. Retrieved 2194: 2162:. Retrieved 2158:the original 2083: 2079: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2050:black langur 2027: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1975: 1955: 1951: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1916: 1893: 1873: 1841: 1819:; by air at 1790: 1773: 1766: 1757: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1720:colonialists 1709: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1653: 1623: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1576: 1568: 1560: 1553:black langur 1538: 1534: 1512: 1497: 1483: 1475: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1297: 1271: 1268:Ruc Mon Cave 1262:Ruc Mon Cave 1245: 1230: 1211: 1195: 1192: 1174: 1154: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1100: 1094:Hang Đai Cao 1093: 1086: 1085:Vom Grotto ( 1073:Hang Khe Thi 1072: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1000: 982: 978: 974: 972: 963: 955: 952: 947: 943: 941: 918: 914: 910: 908: 887: 870: 845: 841: 769: 757: 738: 700: 678: 668:Bắc Trung Bộ 664: 628: 556: 554: 519: 516: 511: 507: 505: 480: 453: 448: 429: 386:Dương Văn An 372: 359:largest cave 348: 340: 338:of Vietnam. 313: 248: 247: 4289:Kon Ka Kinh 4264:Chư Mom Ray 4234:Bái Tử Long 4133:Hạ Long Bay 3955:5: 129–135. 3727:26 February 3701:26 February 3675:22 February 3477:new7wonders 3409:24 February 3383:26 February 3264:Cyclophorus 2965:28 February 2941:. Khoa hoc. 2706:"Phong Nha" 2411:24 February 2202:28 February 1919:Hạ Long Bay 1668:(funded by 1504:Cologne Zoo 1399:gymnosperms 1196:Thiên Đường 1184:stalagmites 1180:stalactites 1113:Ho Grotto ( 1106:Ca Grotto ( 1066:Hang Khe Ry 1050:En Grotto ( 1038:Hang Chà An 937:stalagmites 933:stalactites 917:(cave) and 892:was found, 788:Philippines 761:tower karst 661:Park layout 651:Vietnam War 617: / 210:2003 (27th 207:Inscription 148:Established 127: / 103:Coordinates 4384:Categories 4319:Phước Bình 4299:Mũi Cà Mau 4284:Hoàng Liên 4279:Cúc Phương 4249:Bù Gia Mập 4039:. WWF/PCT. 3976:23, Hanoi. 3921:2008-02-24 3892:2008-02-24 3867:2008-02-14 3836:2008-02-26 3811:2008-02-22 3786:2008-02-22 3757:2008-02-22 3650:2008-02-26 3646:. BirdLide 3611:2008-02-26 3600:Tiền Phong 3580:2008-02-28 3537:2009-03-10 3204:2008-02-22 3161:2008-02-22 3140:2008-12-11 3114:5 February 3103:Thanh Niên 3070:, 3.1.2011 2906:2008-02-28 2875:2008-02-28 2784:Lê Quý Đôn 2766:2008-02-28 2741:2008-02-28 2716:2008-02-28 2691:2008-02-28 2666:2008-02-28 2641:2009-04-25 2616:2008-01-25 2585:2008-02-28 2557:2009-05-08 2494:2008-02-22 2469:2008-02-22 2448:2008-02-22 2364:2014-11-12 2339:2008-02-28 2307:2008-02-28 2277:2009-05-08 2247:2008-02-26 2164:2008-02-21 2108:References 1855:relics of 1448:. In 1996 1129:Hang Pygmy 1045:Hang Thung 1026:E Grotto ( 983:Troóc cave 979:Thầy Mount 796:West Irian 745:Palaeozoic 602:17°32′14″N 443:(France), 413:) by King 334:region in 286:region of 253:Vietnamese 219:Extensions 112:17°32′14″N 4364:Xuân Thủy 4344:U Minh Hạ 4339:Tràm Chim 3974:Ethnology 3042:5 January 2018:Diospyros 1979:binturong 1836:Sơn River 1825:Phong Nha 1688:Neolithic 1383:Lauraceae 1355:evergreen 1300:Annamites 1252:Deer Cave 1221:Deer Cave 1122:Hang Over 1101:Hang Duột 915:Phong Nha 909:The name 905:Etymology 806:, China, 800:Indonesia 749:Hin Namno 741:limestone 703:Paleozoic 605:106°9′5″E 538:Geography 527:Deer Cave 436:Phong Nha 415:Minh Mạng 328:limestone 324:ecosystem 197:Reference 115:106°9′5″E 4359:Xuân Sơn 4354:Vũ Quang 4314:Phú Quốc 4304:Núi Chúa 4259:Cát Tiên 3628:Archived 3554:Archived 3480:Archived 3448:Archived 3430:Archived 3353:Archived 3304:Archived 3281:31644567 3269:PLOS One 3060:Archived 2985:Vietnews 2958:Tuổi Trẻ 2895:Tuổi Trẻ 2864:Nhân Dân 2838:Archived 2799:Archived 2605:Tuổi Trẻ 1964:and the 1923:Fanxipan 1867:and the 1865:Nhã nhạc 1828:township 1805:Đồng Hới 1716:Hàm Nghi 1589:sun bear 1515:primates 1401:such as 1395:Rosaceae 1391:Theaceae 1387:Fagaceae 1256:Malaysia 1225:Malaysia 1157:Bố Trạch 1087:Hang Vòm 1021:Hang Tối 804:Thailand 776:Malaysia 573:Đồng Hới 543:Location 531:Malaysia 382:Nam tiến 320:grottoes 308:East sea 276:Minh Hóa 272:Bố Trạch 188:Criteria 97:Đồng Hới 79:Location 4369:Yok Đôn 4334:Tam Đảo 4329:Tà Đùng 4274:Côn Đảo 4229:Bạch Mã 3013:7 April 2271:Dân Trí 2042:Road 20 1579:). The 1241:calcite 1115:Hang Hổ 1108:Hang Cá 1052:Hang Én 923:Hán Nôm 919:Kẻ Bàng 786:of the 784:Palawan 765:karrens 753:Laotian 692:Geology 675:Climate 637:, near 589:Đà Nẵng 441:Padirac 288:Vietnam 282:in the 270:in the 259:) is a 212:Session 164:Website 4324:Pù Mát 4254:Cát Bà 4239:Bến En 4057: 4008:Hanoi. 3279: 3037:Yahoo! 2335:. 2003 2333:UNESCO 2034:rattan 2016:wood ( 2014:go mun 2007:Viagra 1984:tigers 1861:Hội An 1857:Mỹ Sơn 1853:Champa 1851:, the 1656:) and 1587:) and 1413:, and 1243:wall. 1028:Hang E 1004:Buddha 981:, and 899:UNESCO 591:. The 390:9 urns 378:steles 374:Champa 355:UNESCO 265:UNESCO 201:951bis 4224:Ba Vì 4219:Ba Bể 3337:(PDF) 3330:(PDF) 3223:(PDF) 2191:(PDF) 1900:Hanoi 1801:Hanoi 1573:saola 1494:gecko 1465:Saola 1456:Fauna 1313:Hopea 1286:Flora 956:Phong 948:teeth 707:karst 679:Like 585:Hanoi 316:karst 292:Hanoi 4055:ISBN 3911:ISGE 3729:2008 3703:2008 3677:2008 3411:2008 3385:2008 3277:PMID 3116:2008 3044:2011 3015:2013 2967:2008 2413:2008 2204:2008 2196:IUCN 2098:Laos 2048:and 1999:and 1921:and 1696:Cham 1692:Cham 1644:and 1551:and 1537:and 1529:and 1508:gaur 1450:IUCN 1393:and 1375:and 1347:and 1275:Laos 1182:and 946:and 944:wind 935:and 877:Chay 875:and 790:and 633:and 595:are 581:Laos 458:(in 304:Laos 274:and 263:and 227:Area 222:2015 151:2001 140:Area 31:II ( 3285:doi 2782:by 2096:in 2090:WWF 2009:". 1910:'s 1902:'s 1849:Huế 1830:of 1815:on 1809:Huế 1795:or 1670:WWF 1563:), 1315:sp. 1254:in 1223:of 964:nha 873:Sơn 798:of 794:in 782:in 774:in 579:of 529:in 460:Huế 427:). 398:Huế 396:in 326:of 298:in 4386:: 3909:. 3853:. 3828:. 3774:. 3745:. 3597:. 3498:. 3419:^ 3364:^ 3314:^ 3283:, 3273:14 3229:. 3225:. 3100:. 3089:^ 3075:^ 3066:, 3035:. 3023:^ 3001:. 2982:, 2955:. 2892:. 2861:. 2848:^ 2809:^ 2602:. 2566:^ 2536:, 2524:^ 2503:^ 2441:. 2421:^ 2390:^ 2373:^ 2356:. 2331:. 2316:^ 2286:^ 2269:. 2256:^ 2239:. 2212:^ 2193:. 2173:^ 2152:. 2115:^ 2040:, 2032:, 1986:, 1935:. 1863:, 1640:, 1636:, 1632:, 1525:, 1521:, 1442:, 1436:, 1419:. 1407:, 1389:, 1385:, 1369:, 1363:, 1341:, 1335:, 1329:, 1323:, 1317:, 1307:. 985:. 977:, 778:, 763:, 657:. 626:. 557:xã 302:, 255:: 85:, 4200:e 4193:t 4186:v 4135:– 4099:e 4092:t 4085:v 3924:. 3895:. 3870:. 3839:. 3814:. 3789:. 3760:. 3731:. 3705:. 3679:. 3653:. 3614:. 3583:. 3540:. 3413:. 3387:. 3291:. 3287:: 3262:( 3231:4 3207:. 3164:. 3143:. 3118:. 3046:. 3017:. 2969:. 2909:. 2878:. 2769:. 2744:. 2719:. 2694:. 2669:. 2644:. 2619:. 2588:. 2560:. 2497:. 2472:. 2451:. 2415:. 2367:. 2342:. 2310:. 2280:. 2250:. 2206:. 2167:. 1843:" 1660:( 1652:( 1607:( 1599:( 1591:( 1583:( 1575:( 1567:( 1559:( 1533:( 1496:( 1002:" 968:衙 966:( 960:峰 958:( 929:牙 926:风 510:( 425:靈 422:顯 419:神 411:神 408:之 405:應 402:妙 251:( 214:) 35:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park

Index