127:
710:
The concept of a distinctive feature matrix to distinguish similar elements is identified with phonology, but there have been at least two efforts to use a distinctive feature matrix in related fields. Close to phonology, and clearly acknowledging its debt to phonology, distinctive features have been
83:
Since the inception of the phonological analysis of distinctive features in the 1950s, features traditionally have been specified by binary values to signify whether a segment is described by the feature; a positive value, , denotes the presence of a feature, while a negative value, , indicates its
746:
divides words into categories. These include "major" categories such as Noun vs. Verb, but also other dimensions such as person and number, plurality, tense, and others. Some mnemonics for part-of-speech tags conjoin multiple features, such as "NN" for singular noun, vs. "NNS" for plural noun, vs.
307:
This feature describes the passage of air through the vocal tract. segments are produced without any significant obstruction in the tract, allowing air to pass through in a continuous stream. segments, on the other hand, have such an obstruction, and so occlude the air flow at some point of
862:
333:
with respect to the oral tract. segments are produced as the center of the tongue rises to contact the roof of the mouth, thereby blocking air from flowing centrally through the oral tract and instead forcing more lateral flow along the lowered side(s) of the
92:
to have different features across languages. For example, could be classified as a continuant or not in a given language depending on how it patterns with other consonants. After the first distinctive feature theory was created by
Russian linguist
998:
Godsave, Bruce. 1974. An investigation of the feasibility of using a particular distinctive feature matrix for recording and categorizing fingerspelling errors. University of
Cincinnati, doctoral dissertation.
286:
The constricted glottis feature denotes the degree of closure of the glottis. implies that the vocal folds are held closely together, enough so that air cannot pass through momentarily, while implies the
458:: For segments the tongue is extended for some distance in the mouth. In other words, laminal dental and postalveolar consonants are marked as , while apical alveolar and retroflex consonants are .
283:
of a segment, this feature denotes the openness of the glottis. For , the vocal folds are spread apart widely enough for friction to occur; for , there is not the same friction-inducing spreading.
493:: This feature (mainly) applies to the position of the root of the tongue when articulating vowels. vowels have an advanced tongue root. In fact, this feature is often referred to as
97:
in 1941, it was assumed that the distinctive features are binary and this theory about distinctive features being binary was formally adopted in "Sound
Pattern of English" by
759:'s feature structures. Modern statistical NLP uses vectors of very many features, although many of those features are not formally "distinctive" in the sense described here.
455:: Anterior segments are articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue at or in front of the alveolar ridge. Dental consonants are , postalveolar and retroflex ones are .
76:
they describe: major class features, laryngeal features, manner features, and place features. These feature categories in turn are further specified on the basis of the
823:
490:: segments are produced with the tongue dorsum bunched and retracted slightly to the back of the mouth. segments are bunched and extended slightly forward.
108:
In recent developments to the theory of distinctive features, phonologists have proposed the existence of single-valued features. These features, called
105:
in 1968. Jakobson saw the binary approach as the best way to make the phoneme inventory shorter and the phonological oppositions are naturally binary.
967:
1121:
799:
319:. segments conversely are produced with a raised velum, blocking the passage of air from the nasal tract and shunting it to the oral tract.
972:
322:
The strident feature applies to obstruents only and refers to a type of friction that is noisier than usual. This is caused by high energy
1100:
1076:
118:, can only describe the classes of segments that are said to possess those features, and not the classes that are without them.
926:
391:
of the tongue. These include a large number of consonants, which can be made with the tip, blade or underside of the tongue (
442:, additional tongue shapes need to be distinguished, i.e. "domed" or slightly palatalized ("hushing" or "palato-alveolar"),
463:
Dorsal sounds are articulated by raising the dorsum of the tongue. All vowels are dorsal sounds. Dorsal consonants include
1034:
252:) that are produced without an imbalance of air pressure in the vocal tract that might cause turbulence. describes the
739:
443:
756:
447:
31:
743:
716:
515:
436:
424:
404:
300:
280:
134:
408:
370:
358:
229:
This feature describes the type of oral constriction that can occur in the vocal tract. designates the
73:
114:
674:
503:
494:
256:, articulated with a noticeable turbulence caused by an imbalance of air pressure in the vocal tract.
977:
400:
342:
1176:
1109:
1063:
1043:
817:
420:
366:
165:
1117:
805:
795:
689:
685:
645:
634:
524:
497:(ATR), although there is a debate on whether tense and ATR are the same or different features.
464:
432:
396:
388:
50:
1055:
768:
641:
472:
412:
392:
384:
245:
215:
196:
157:
126:
58:
752:
630:
588:
468:
249:
219:
200:
192:
69:
65:: some deal with only one language while others are developed to apply to all languages.
1151:
1131:
712:
416:
338:
94:
514:: segments bunch the root of the tongue towards the pharyngeal wall and activate the
1170:
1083:
130:
17:
1067:
1155:
1139:
1095:
1029:
1025:
748:
581:
316:
102:
98:
934:
751:). Others provide more explicit separation of features, even formalizing them via
1135:
693:
595:
574:
562:
548:
428:
323:
315:. segments are produced by lowering the velum so that air can pass through the
312:
273:
184:
38:
1144:
Preliminaries to Speech
Analysis: the Distinctive Features and their Correlates
61:: and . There are many different ways of defining and arranging features into
1059:
678:
541:
237:
809:
365:
Labial segments are articulated with the lips. As consonants, these include
555:
253:
241:
223:
211:
204:
188:
177:
173:
77:
46:
728:
789:
502:
Radical sounds are articulated with the root of the tongue. These include
164:, while their counterparts, the segments, may not. Except in the case of
732:
439:
234:
161:
85:
54:
720:
89:
523:
Purely glottal sounds do not involve the tongue at all. These are the
183:
Consonantal segments are produced with an audible constriction in the
141:
This section lists and describes distinctive features in linguistics.
724:
481:
330:
230:
169:
794:. Sandra Ferrari Disner (3 ed.). Malden, MA. pp. 195–196.
125:
68:
Distinctive features are grouped into categories according to the
133:
showing a typical classification of sounds (in IPA) and their
27:
Basic unit distinguishing one sound from another in a language
487:: segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.
88:
with respect to a feature. It is also possible for certain
1104:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–334.
968:"The Distinctive Features of English Phonemes Definitions"
719:. Distinctive features have also been used to distinguish
1094:
Hall, T. A. (2007). "Chapter 13. Segmental features". In
329:
This feature designates the shape and positioning of the
152:
The features that represent the major classes of sounds.
268:
The features that specify the glottal states of sounds.
1009:
How
Proverbs Mean: Semantic Studies in English Proverbs
569:
However, laryngoscopic studies suggest these features
30:
This article is about linguistics. For other uses, see
403:, respectively), making contact with the upper lip (
738:Analogous feature systems are also used throughout
378:: are produced with lip rounding, while are not.
57:. For example, the feature distinguishes the two
1046:(1985). "The geometry of phonological features".
897:
885:
848:
836:
711:used to describe and differentiate handshapes in
272:This feature indicates whether vibration of the
608:
8:
276:occurs with the articulation of the segment.
511:: segments advance the root of the tongue.
311:This feature describes the position of the
207:and laryngeal segments are not consonantal.
822:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
480:: segments raise the dorsum close to the
747:"NNS$ " for plural possessive noun (see
383:Coronal sounds are articulated with the
80:properties of the segments in question.
1082:. University of Calgary. Archived from
780:
84:absence. In addition, a phoneme may be
1146:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
815:
156:Syllabic segments may function as the
723:from other types of language such as
210:Approximant segments include vowels,
7:
973:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
450:), and "closed" ("hissing-hushing").
1101:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
927:"Overview of Distinctive Features"
25:
49:structure that distinguishes one
411:), with the back of the teeth (
423:), behind the alveolar ridge (
357:The features that specify the
299:The features that specify the
1:
898:Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2017
886:Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2017
849:Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2017
837:Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2017
536:Vowels are distinguished by
1035:The Sound Pattern of English
1007:p. 73. Norrick, Neal. 1985.
623:consonantal, non-consonantal
427:), or on or in front of the
345:. Affricates are designated
1038:. New York: Harper and Row.
740:Natural Language Processing
701:widened slit, narrower slit
337:This feature distinguishes
1193:
609:Jakobson & Halle (1971
45:is the most basic unit of
29:
1060:10.1017/S0952675700000440
788:Ladefoged, Peter (2012).
698:narrowed slit, wider slit
1160:Fundamentals of Language
1112:; Jacobs, Haike (2017).
757:Text Encoding Initiative
607:This system is given by
172:, while designates all
137:and distinctive features
1114:Understanding Phonology
135:manners of articulation
863:"Distinctive features"
744:part-of-speech tagging
717:American Sign Language
516:pharyngeal constrictor
407:), between the teeth (
371:labiodental consonants
301:manner of articulation
138:
53:from another within a
1075:Flynn, Darin (2006).
791:Vowels and consonants
504:epiglottal consonants
359:place of articulation
279:Used to indicate the
150:Major class features:
129:
18:Phonological features
1162:. The Hague: Mouton.
1077:"Articulator Theory"
980:on 17 September 2021
931:University of Ottawa
867:Macquarie University
742:(NLP). For example,
675:peripheral consonant
620:vocalic, non-vocalic
495:advanced tongue root
1110:Gussenhoven, Carlos
1044:Clements, George N.
484:. segments do not.
401:subapical consonant
266:Laryngeal features:
166:syllabic consonants
43:distinctive feature
1048:Phonology Yearbook
640:backward-flanged:
603:Jakobsonian system
525:glottal consonants
168:, designates all
139:
115:privative features
1123:978-1-138-96141-8
925:Arnaudova, Olga.
900:, pp. 66–81.
801:978-1-4443-3429-6
690:palatal consonant
635:palatal consonant
629:forward-flanged:
473:uvular consonants
59:bilabial plosives
16:(Redirected from
1184:
1163:
1147:
1127:
1105:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1039:
1012:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
976:. Archived from
964:
947:
946:
944:
942:
933:. Archived from
922:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
861:Administration.
858:
852:
851:, p. 72-73.
846:
840:
839:, p. 64-65.
834:
828:
827:
821:
813:
785:
769:Feature geometry
653:strident, mellow
589:retracted vowels
297:Manner features:
218:while excluding
21:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1152:Jakobson, Roman
1150:
1132:Jakobson, Roman
1130:
1124:
1108:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1042:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
983:
981:
966:
965:
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940:
938:
924:
923:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
871:
869:
860:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
814:
802:
787:
786:
782:
777:
765:
708:
671:
662:
617:
605:
534:
355:Place features:
352:
294:
263:
147:
124:
70:natural classes
63:feature systems
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1148:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1091:
1089:on 2011-01-01.
1072:
1040:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1000:
991:
948:
937:on 13 May 2021
902:
890:
878:
853:
841:
829:
800:
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
764:
761:
713:fingerspelling
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
696:
683:
681:
670:
667:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:, narrow vowel
638:
627:
624:
621:
616:
613:
604:
601:
600:
599:
592:
585:
578:
567:
566:
559:
552:
545:
533:
530:
529:
528:
520:
519:
512:
508:
507:
499:
498:
491:
488:
485:
477:
476:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:alveolopalatal
417:alveolar ridge
380:
379:
375:
374:
351:
348:
347:
346:
335:
327:
320:
309:
293:
290:
289:
288:
284:
277:
262:
259:
258:
257:
227:
208:
181:
146:
143:
123:
120:
95:Roman Jakobson
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1156:Halle, Morris
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Halle, Morris
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:. Routledge.
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:de Lacy, Paul
1092:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:Halle, Morris
1027:
1026:Chomsky, Noam
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:. de Gruyter.
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
979:
975:
974:
969:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
949:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
891:
888:, p. 65.
887:
882:
879:
868:
864:
857:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
833:
830:
825:
819:
811:
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797:
793:
792:
784:
781:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
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750:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
705:
700:
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:
682:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
664:
663:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:, 3.6, 3.7).
610:
602:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:raised vowels
579:
576:
572:
571:
570:
564:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
543:
539:
538:
537:
531:
526:
522:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
501:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:
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461:
457:
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
377:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
362:
360:
356:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
308:articulation.
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
291:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
270:
269:
267:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
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209:
206:
202:
198:
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190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
153:
151:
144:
142:
136:
132:
131:Euler diagram
128:
121:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
81:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1159:
1143:
1136:Fant, Gunnar
1113:
1099:
1084:the original
1051:
1047:
1033:
1008:
1003:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
971:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
930:
893:
881:
870:. Retrieved
866:
856:
844:
832:
790:
783:
755:such as the
749:Brown Corpus
737:
709:
637:, wide vowel
606:
596:round vowels
575:front vowels
568:
563:tense vowels
549:close vowels
535:
437:postalveolar
433:(pre)palatal
425:postalveolar
415:), with the
405:linguolabial
354:
353:
296:
295:
265:
264:
149:
148:
140:
113:
109:
107:
103:Morris Halle
99:Noam Chomsky
82:
67:
62:
47:phonological
42:
36:
1054:: 225–252.
694:front vowel
626:nasal, oral
542:back vowels
532:Vowel space
444:palatalized
429:hard palate
409:interdental
324:white noise
317:nasal tract
274:vocal folds
185:vocal tract
176:(including
145:Major class
39:linguistics
872:2021-05-19
775:References
706:Other uses
679:back vowel
660:Protensity
556:low vowels
343:affricates
281:aspiration
254:obstruents
238:consonants
224:obstruents
203:. Vowels,
189:obstruents
187:, such as
174:consonants
1177:Phonology
818:cite book
810:740281727
733:aphorisms
440:sibilants
435:). With
287:opposite.
261:Laryngeal
110:univalent
1171:Category
1158:(1971).
1142:(1952).
1068:62237665
1032:(1968).
763:See also
721:proverbs
669:Tonality
615:Sonority
421:alveolar
367:bilabial
240:(namely
235:sonorant
162:syllable
90:phonemes
86:unmarked
78:phonetic
74:segments
55:language
1098:(ed.).
1019:Sources
729:clichés
725:slogans
686:coronal
646:coronal
518:muscles
465:palatal
397:laminal
387:and/or
334:tongue.
246:liquids
216:liquids
197:liquids
158:nucleus
32:Feature
1120:
1066:
984:19 May
941:19 May
808:
798:
753:markup
731:, and
642:labial
482:palate
413:dental
393:apical
331:tongue
292:Manner
250:nasals
248:, and
242:glides
231:vowels
220:nasals
214:, and
212:glides
205:glides
201:trills
199:, and
193:nasals
178:glides
170:vowels
1087:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
1064:S2CID
631:velar
469:velar
399:, or
389:blade
350:Place
341:from
339:stops
313:velum
160:of a
51:sound
1118:ISBN
986:2021
943:2021
824:link
806:OCLC
796:ISBN
644:and
633:and
471:and
369:and
233:and
222:and
122:List
101:and
41:, a
1056:doi
715:in
688:or
385:tip
112:or
72:of
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558:)
554:(
551:)
547:(
544:)
540:(
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506:.
475:.
446:(
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326:.
226:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
