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468:, though are occasionally found nesting as a single pair. These birds, like many other albatross species, build life-long partnerships and often return to the exact same location each mating season. A mating pair will use materials found around their nesting site (including grass, mud, and moss) to build a short nest with a central indent. The nest is typically built on cliffs or on steep sloped for easy arrival and departure. The pair is very protective of their nest, and will defend it with threat displays to assert their territory.
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452:. They are not known to deep dive, but instead scavenge at the surface of the ocean for already-deceased and floating prey, especially squid. Although cephalopods consistently make up the bulk of their diet, the proportion of each constituent varies with location of feeding, relative abundance of prey, and time of year.
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species, with the most recent count of mature species being between 22,724 and 27,968 individuals and declining. Over the past three generations (about 90 years), there has been an overall decrease in population size of 60%, although the rate has been slowing down recently. Threats to this population
460:
The sooty albatross is a biennial breeder, meaning they breed every other year, with the exception of a mating pair unsuccessfully rearing a chick, in which case they will try again the following year. This is because the mating season spans from June of one year to May of the next and, unlike other
350:
ranges from a sooty-brown to a sooty-black color depending on the individual, but the head and sometimes tail are typically darker than the rest of the body. Around almost the entire eye, excluding the inner corner, a white ring is present. On the lower jaw, a yellow to orange line is present on the
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Efforts are being made to reduce the decline of this species. One notable example is the use of fishing techniques that are specifically designed to decrease the amount of seabird-bycatch of long-line fishing vessels. Australia is also working to preserve breeding areas of this bird. Moreover, the
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between
Australia and South America, although they have not been recorded in the South Pacific Ocean between Australia and South America. Its northern and southern limits are approximately 20°S and 65°S, respectively, and an eastern and western limit of approximately 160°E and 75°W.
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Pairs typically arrive at their mating colony or location in mid July, where they will lay their egg between mid
September to the end of October. From then until mid January of the next year, they will incubate their egg for approximately 70 days until hatching. Parents will
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over deep ocean. Non-breeding adults do not often venture out of their native oceans but have a broader foraging range, while breeding adults forage closer to their breeding sites (within 600 km) and juvenile birds tend to be confined to subtropical waters.
423:
The sooty albatross is a marine bird that spends more of its non-breeding life over the ocean. When breeding, it will return to land and continue to breed there for life. Below is a closer look into the feeding and reproductive habits of the sooty albatross.
286:. Like other albatrosses, these birds mate for life and return to the same breeding spots every season. A single pair will mate every other year on a variety of islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean and the southern Indian Ocean islands. This bird is an
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The sooty albatross is a medium-sized albatross, measuring about 85 cm (33 in) from head to tail, with a 2 m (6.6 ft)wingspan. Average adult body mass is about 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs), with males weighing more than females.
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Anthropogenic forces threatening the sooty albatross includes pollution and long-line fisheries. Similar to almost all (if not all) seabirds and marine species, the sooty albatross is affected by pollution of plastics, oils, and chemicals.
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is one of the biggest threats to albatrosses across the world, and the sooty albatross is not an exception. These fishing vessels include commercial and illegal initiatives, like the tuna and
Patagonian tooth fish industries.
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family, which comprises albatrosses and mollymawks. Of the
Diomedeidae, the sooty albatross belongs to the genus Phoebetria, one of the four genera in the family. Diomedeidae is a part of the order
534:
Scientists propose that frequent population surveys are conducted at breeding sites, and that the correlation between foraging areas and long-line fisheries is further examined.
476:
their chicks for roughly three months, taking turns incubating and hunting, before departing. The chicks remain at the breeding site until the end of May when they are ready to
1124:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111.
314:(Hilsenberg, 1822). The two species were discovered separately but were not placed in the same genus until 1913, which was later confirmed by cytochrome-b gene sequencing.
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Agreement on the
Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. 2010. ACAP Species assessments: Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca. Downloaded from http://www.acap.aq.
759:
Corrêa, G. V. V., & Pereira, G. A. (2016). Documented record of the Light-mantled
Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata (Foster, 1785) from southeastern Brazil.
1618:
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1120:
Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed
Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.).
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Cooper, J., & Klages, N. T. W. (1995). The diets and dietary segregation of sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria spp.) at subantarctic Marion Island.
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Petrossian, G. A., Pires, S. F., Sosnowski, M., Venu, P., & Olah, G. (2022). Threats of longline fishing to global albatross diversity.
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and mice on islands, infectious diseases such as avian cholera, and the disturbance of breeding grounds by introduced animals and fires.
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The sooty albatross feeds almost exclusively by surface-seizing, a method that requires little to no submersion. Their diet consists of
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beak, which is otherwise a uniform glossy black. Juvenile or immature sooty albatrosses look nearly identical after losing their
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Threats to this species are driven by both natural and anthropogenic effects. Natural forces include the predation of chicks by
1613:
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Agreement on the
Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. 2010. ACAP Species assessments: Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca.
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262:. It is a medium-sized albatross that sports a sooty-brown or sooty-black color. It can be found in the
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258:), also known to sailors as the Quaker, is a species of marine bird belonging to the albatross family
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1042:"The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources"
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NSW National Parks and
Wildlife Service, Threatened Species Information: Sooty Albatross (1999).
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Carboneras, C., Jutglar, F., & Kirwan, G. M. (2020). Sooty albatross (Phoebetria fusca).
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sooty albatross is protected on
Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island in a nature preserve and a
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818:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service .
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During mating season, sooty albatrosses are usually found in colonies of up to 50
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Klages, N. T. W. (1995). The diets and dietary segregation of sooty albatrosses (
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1147:(First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31.
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More about longline fishing and the effects of incidental bycatch
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This albatross nests on islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean (
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Antarctica: an encyclopedia from Abbot Ice Shelf to zooplankton
1061:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Phoebetria –"
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albatrosses, they do not participate in replacement laying.
1139:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
865:
1195:. Auckland, New Zealand: Firefly Books Ltd. p. 170.
1105:(6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
814:
R.C., B., R.W., M. D., & A.L., G. (1987). (rep.).
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Stuffed specimen at the Natural History Museum, Vienna
1187:(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000046
531:, and Price Edward Island is also a nature reserve.
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957:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698431A132645596.en
730:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698431A132645596.en
860:BirdLife International (2023) Species factsheet:
1103:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
972:Giant petrels as predators of albatross chicks.
676:More about the sooty albatross genus Phoebetria
1022:"Sooty Albatross – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
497:and conservation efforts are discussed below.
801:Frank, G., & Minturn, W. (2006). (rep.).
410:In general, the sooty albatross can be found
8:
1167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
805:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
671:More about the albatross family Diomediedae
290:and conservation efforts are taking place.
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59:
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298:The sooty albatross belongs to the genus
1081:Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World
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363:The sooty albatross can be found in the
325:which are tube-nosed seabirds including
1083:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
949:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
697:
1604:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
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816:Procellariiformes, Tube-nosed Swimmers
387:group) and the southern Indian Ocean (
1179:spp.) at subantarctic Marion Island.
1079:Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae".
968:Dilley, B.J., Davies, D., Connan, M.
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877:Stahl, J. C. 2013 . Sooty albatross.
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1480:361ad456-30ce-4176-8198-4541d1fe8629
716:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
244:Sooty albatross on Amsterdam Island
1619:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
1122:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
25:
27:Seabird in the family Diomedeidae
1594:IUCN Red List endangered species
1040:BirdLife International (2008b).
1020:BirdLife International (2008a).
492:ranks the sooty albatross as an
317:Sooty albatrosses belong to the
304:of which there are two species:
236:Sooty albatross on Crozet Island
84:
705:BirdLife International (2018).
1059:Brands, Sheila (14 Aug 2008).
943:BirdLife International. 2018.
539:Breeding Population and Trends
1:
1634:Taxa named by Carl Hilsenberg
1609:Birds of subantarctic islands
951:2018: e.T22698431A132645596.
337:, and of course albatrosses.
959:. Accessed on 04 March 2023.
761:Brazilian journal of biology
611:−25% between 1990 and 1998 (
590:−58% between 1980 and 1995 (
1624:Fauna of the Crozet Islands
1650:
885:. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
274:. This bird scavenges for
982:10.1007/s00300-013-1300-1
908:10.1017/S0954102095000046
723:: e.T22698431A132645596.
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81:Scientific classification
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1065:Project: The Taxonomicon
883:New Zealand Birds Online
803:Diomedeidae, Albatrosses
359:Distribution and habitat
1629:Birds described in 1822
866:http://www.birdlife.org
773:10.1590/1519-6984.12615
264:southern Atlantic Ocean
933:10.2173/bow.sooalb1.01
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1614:Fauna of Gough Island
1191:Trewby, Mary (2002).
881:Miskelly, C.M. (ed.)
369:southern Indian Ocean
268:southern Indian Ocean
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1143:The Birders Handbook
976:36, 761–766 (2013).
681:More on marine birds
600:Prince Edward Island
564:– 50% over 28 years
522:Conservation efforts
419:Behavior and ecology
389:Prince Edward Island
365:South Atlantic Ocean
1002:10.3390/ani12070887
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529:World Heritage Site
310:(Foster, 1785) and
51:Conservation status
925:Birds of the World
864:. Downloaded from
657:−75% over 90 years
545:Breeding Location
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444:, other seabirds,
288:endangered species
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1514:Open Tree of Life
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1181:Antarctic Science
1112:978-0-8014-4501-9
896:Antarctic Science
750:Brands, S. (2008)
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621:Kerguelen Islands
592:Possession Island
515:Long-line fishing
405:Kerguelen Islands
323:Procellariiformes
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652:11,362 to 13,984
634:Amsterdam Island
570:Tristan da Cunha
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255:Phoebetria fusca
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172:P. fusca
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557:Gough Island
538:
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484:Conservation
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1527:SeaLifeBase
1455:Neotropical
1377:iNaturalist
1248:Wikispecies
996:(7), 887.
994:Animals, 12
736:12 November
446:crustaceans
434:cephalopods
341:Description
327:shearwaters
319:Diomedeidae
260:Diomedeidae
148:Diomedeidae
1599:Phoebetria
1588:Categories
1566:Xeno-canto
1177:phoebetria
1011:References
974:Polar Biol
494:endangered
403:, and the
371:, and the
301:Phoebetria
270:, and the
198:Hilsenberg
159:Phoebetria
66:Endangered
1163:cite book
1026:Data Zone
692:Footnotes
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1421:22698431
1395:10200071
1307:22698431
1302:BirdLife
1239:Q1265896
1233:Wikidata
1101:(2007).
665:See also
641:Unknown
628:Unknown
577:Unknown
436:(mainly
412:foraging
383:and the
312:P. fusca
294:Taxonomy
220:Immature
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1460:sooalb1
1369:2481376
1356:sooalb1
1317:sooalb1
1289:Avibase
501:Threats
450:carrion
428:Feeding
348:Plumage
335:petrels
331:fulmars
284:carrion
200:, 1822)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1558:212632
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1467:NZBO:
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1050:12 Mar
1031:12 Mar
970:et al.
615:only)
594:only)
551:Trend
478:fledge
448:, and
395:, the
367:, the
282:, and
266:, the
1553:WoRMS
1540:SPRAT
1532:73742
1493:73659
1447:46544
1390:IRMNG
1351:eBird
1330:4GKHX
1314:BOW:
1045:(xls)
647:Total
625:<5
608:3,150
574:3,157
474:brood
438:squid
276:squid
1545:1075
1501:OBIS
1442:NCBI
1416:IUCN
1403:ITIS
1382:4192
1364:GBIF
1197:ISBN
1169:link
1149:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1072:2009
1052:2009
1033:2009
738:2021
721:2018
602:and
490:IUCN
488:The
442:fish
280:fish
248:The
128:Aves
1429:NBN
1338:CMS
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