497:
555:
1302:
143:
655:. This edict was for establishing federate and Phylarchal presence in Phoenicia Libanensis. This sole reference to the Arab phylarchs in this province firmly establishes their presence in Phoenicia Libanensis. There's also a reference to phylarchs in the plural, in keeping with the fact that this was a large and exposed province containing desert regions, which explains the assigning of more than one phylarch to it. This text gives the phylarchs their correct rank in the Byzantine system of honors (
762:
388:
1218:
688:
was south of
Palmyra. In such an important border dispute it was al-Harith the archphylarch, not the lesser phylarchs of Phoenicia, that was involved, showing the archphylarch's transprovincial jurisdiction. Here it was al-Harith, not the dukes, who was the defender of the Roman limes, confirming the
600:
must have made the Roman authorities apprehensive about the safety of
Palestine, and seeing that Mundir had taken a route from Palmyra to Emesa and Apamea. Byzantium wanted to protect the interior of Oriens by intercepting Mundir at Palmyra to prevent him from penetrating deeper into Roman territory.
524:
on the province of
Phoenice Libanensis, the emperor demanded that the governor restrain the ‘powerful households’, as he declared that the lawlessness of such regions' magnates made him "feel too embarrassed even to speak of the enormity of these people’s errant behaviour, and of how they have
1889:
777:
and was in
Sasanian hands until near the end of the war. The Sassanid Persians occupied Phoenice Libanensis alongside the entirety of the Levant from 619 to 629. Shortly after the Byzantine victory in the war and the recovery of the region, it was again lost, this time permanently, to the
616:
Palmyra was the last place
Justinian fortified in his enormous building program all over the empire, largely for military reasons, other reasons for such building program in the region may have to do with biblical references, as Malalas refers to the biblical association of Palmyra with
609:) assigned to Phoenicia was also raised to two or more. In the edict on the province of 536, more than one phylarch is referred to. In 528 three Arab phylarchs took part in the punitive expedition against Mundhir, and dukes from Phoenicia also participated. Two of the phylarchs named by
356:
mention
Lebanese Phoenicia in its Graeco-Roman borders and limits, undoubtedly based on the administrative and ecclesiastical geographies still known in the Roman Empire. William of Tyre goes on to call Damascus the “metropolis of Little Syria, otherwise called Lebanese Phoenicia”.
1277:
attest, however, that the city became an ecclesiastical metropolis in the full sense of the term between the end of the VI century and the beginning of the VII century and that it was given its own jurisdiction, comprising the four bishoprics of
673:. The more distinguished phylarchs had the higher ranks that appear in Greek inscriptions. The phylarchs mentioned in the edict were subordinate to the dukes of the province, the tribal affiliation of these phylarchs was possibly Ghassanid.
1321:
of
Phoenice Libanensis. The Notitia Antiochena, composed about 570, lists eleven bishoprics of Phoenicia Libanensis under the metropolitan of Damascus, among which it lists the “bishopric of Euhara” and the “bishopric of the Saracens.”
703:
states, in his Arabic chronicle, that there was a
Ghassanid presence in Tadmur (Palmyra). This seems confirmed by the explanation of Justinian's edict on Phoenicia. With Palmyra being the seat of one of the two dukes of this province.
525:
bodyguards protecting them and an intolerable number of people behind them, all committing barefaced banditry." In
October 527, Justinian’s reorganization of the military administration of Phoenicia Libanensis began, due to the pro-
1939:
802:(Baalbek) and Palmyra, also covering the Anti-Lebanon, Damascus, and Emesa, the regions of the province of Phoenice Libanensis (in southern Syria) mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum were:
1921:
533:) to the one already established there, causing the province to have two dukes, although the seat of the new duke isn't mentioned in sources. The emperor also ordered the newly appointed
639:
The "Edict 4" was issued in May 536 towards
Phoenice Libanensis. The edict's main concern was: the assertion of the power of the civil governor over the military and his elevation from
487:
Due to mass administrative reforms and edicts directed at Phoenice Libanensis with the goal of preventing further pro-Sassanid raids and invasions, the province was now ruled by two
722:
invasion of 536, al-Harith contested Mundir's claim to the Strata (south of Palmyra in Phoenicia Libanensis), and eighteen years later in June 554 he marched as far as
1648:
1294:" This was probably due, according to Julien Aliquot, to the transfer of the head of John the Baptist to the city of Emessa from the monastery of Spelaion attested by
1652:
592:, most especially the invasion as far as Emesa in 527. This raid affecting Lebanese Phoenicia probably inspired Justinian's measures. Justinian had the defense of
1262:
of Damascus—was "probably raised to the rank of honorary metropolis of Lebanese Phoenicia in the second half of the fifth century" according to Julien Aliquot.
726:
in Syria Prima to counter Mundir's invasion of Byzantine territory, leading a battle that led to Mundir's death, the day the battle took place is titled in
1818:
629:. In the mid-530s Justinian initiated a wide-ranging program of administrative reforms in the eastern provinces, which included Phoenicia Libanensis.
1298:, although it is dated by him to around the year 760 – "more than a century after the Muslim conquest of the Near East" – which is an unlikely date.
368:
of the Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East. In the list of episcopal titles, for instance, the Archbishops of Emesa, Baalbek, and Palmyra are “
903:
of Phoenice in its east (Phoenice Libanensis), and of all the forces and fortifications along the desert frontier, including the stretch of the
1909:
1735:
1944:
1258:
was discovered in the monastery of Spelaion, in the diocese of Emesa, in Phoenice II. Following this event, Emesa—which had first been a
922:. The following units or detachments of units, and prefects and their units, are listed as being under the command of the Dux Foenicis:
1686:
Rustum, A., 1988. Kanisat Madinat Allah Antakia el Ouzma , Volume I, Éditions de la Librairie Saint-Paul, Beirut, Lebanon, p 399.
1607:
1420:
Rustum, A., 1988. Kanisat Madinat Allah Antakia el Ouzma , Volume I, Éditions de la Librairie Saint-Paul, Beirut, Lebanon, p. 61-62
554:
496:
1244:, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, the capital of Phoenice I, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of
581:
302:
288:
274:
249:
1232:
The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. When the province was divided c. 394,
783:
460:
100:
529:
Arab raids on the territory. This was amongst his first acts after taking the Byzantine throne. He added a duke (Latin:
1409:
Charon, C., 1907. La hiérarchie melkite du patriarcat d'Antioche, in: Échos d'Orient, tome 10, n°65, pp.223–230. Doi:
718:
The supreme phylarch al-Harith appears everywhere in Oriens defending Byzantine interests. After three years of the
1862:
1582:
254:
92:
1301:
1895:
1295:
779:
204:
1666:
1306:
344:” to refer to the steppe between Emesa and Palmyra, in the former province of Lebanese Phoenicia. During the
1241:
770:
1331:
736:
509:
73:
1514:
1270:
662:
337:
1248:
c. 450; after 480/1, however, the Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (
907:
between just north of Palmyra and just south of Damascus. A Dux Phoenices was involved in the war with
854:, the second capital of the Ghassanid Arabs, constituted a major urban center for the Arab population.
142:
1266:
691:
186:
17:
1384:
815:
748:
684:. This account documents the Ghassanids' involvement with Phoenicia, as according to Procopius the
589:
521:
456:
392:
43:
1901:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
1283:
1778:
1767:
1642:
1399:
904:
831:
439:
397:
148:
807:
680:
dispute between al-Harith and Mundir, which served as Persia's pretext for the outbreak of the
596:
in mind, expecting the dux in Phoenicia to protect the Holy City. Mundhir's raid as far as the
1905:
1731:
1630:
1603:
1584:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1, Part 1, Political and Military History
1558:
1259:
700:
501:
1789:
1550:
1358:
1255:
1237:
570:
353:
123:
1730:, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, pp. 247–322,
761:
387:
1527:
1314:
727:
562:
349:
1674:
364:, the former province of the Lebanese Phoenicia was present only in titles used by local
689:
view that it was to the Ghassanids (and not the dukes) that the defense of the oriental
534:
472:
422:
413:, was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of Phoenice c. 400 into the
361:
295:
173:
88:
65:
34:
1864:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1, Part 2, Ecclesiastical History
1933:
1291:
908:
651:
622:
365:
699:
was primarily left. In his account of the Ghassanids' buildings, the Islamic author
1796:, t. 5 : L'Église, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1965, p. 380.
1318:
1273:
was first written. According to Julien Aliquot: "The subsequent alterations of the
1254:) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch. In February 452 the alleged head of
1250:
819:
626:
610:
468:
267:
69:
1867:. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University.
1587:. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University.
1217:
537:, Patricius, to reconstruct Palmyra, its churches, and its baths, and stationed a
1899:
1626:
Colonialism : an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia
1445:
713:
681:
657:
410:
613:; Naaman and Jafna, may have been appointed to the newly reorganized province.
1507:"The Operational Methods of the Late Roman Army in the Persian War of 572–591"
774:
445:
437:(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals. In the
1634:
1562:
1882:
Culte des saints et rivalités civiques en Phénicie à l'époque protobyzantine
1279:
1221:
899:
839:
723:
597:
593:
566:
558:
547:
476:
464:
281:
1697:
1410:
1349:
It's unknown if the province kept its name after the Byzantine reconquest.
99:, and Phoenice Libanensis, a division that persisted until the region was
1723:
1704:. DARMC, R. Talbert, R. Warner, Jeffrey Becker, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott
1233:
843:
827:
787:
602:
585:
578:
526:
345:
1542:
1287:
1245:
1225:
847:
835:
799:
719:
641:
618:
513:
505:
451:
324:
77:
1265:
This situation, "conforming to the letter of the twelfth canon of the
1624:
823:
811:
606:
577:
These reforms were due to the devastating raids that were led by the
551:, scholars have concluded that the new dux was stationed in Palmyra.
370:
1554:
669:, these in Lebanon were ordinary phylarchs, inferior in rank to the
1506:
1925:. Vol. Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon–Pignus. pp. 350–379.
1300:
1216:
760:
696:
495:
443:, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a
386:
320:
159:
49:
1600:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
625:
king whom Justinian claimed to have surpassed in the building of
561:
illustration of al-Mundhir III (right) seeking the help of the
892:
850:. During the Arab pre-islamic period, in Phoenice Libanensis,
489:
471:, with parts in the south and north going to the provinces of
113:
1543:"Justinian's Novel 103 and the Reorganization of Palestine"
1458:
1456:
1940:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
1904:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1224:, one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, with
151:
showing the area of the province of Phoenice Libanensis.
1728:
Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale
1922:
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1623:
M., Page, Melvin E., 1944- Sonnenburg, Penny (2003).
1547:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
773:
that lasted for many centuries, Emesa fell in 613 to
1079:
924:
741:
877:
869:
864:
790:, establishing a new regime to replace the Romans.
316:
201:
183:
169:
155:
108:
1673:. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from
1269:", continued at least until around 570, when the
545:there. On the basis of this and of a passage in
76:and the territories to the east, all the way to
1919:Eißfeldt, Otto (1941). "Phoiniker (Phoinike)".
1671:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
897:was a military unit that was in command of the
1240:of Phoenice II. The province belonged to the
765:Painting of the last Byzantine-Sassanian War.
8:
1756:Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century
1677:on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
1647:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
786:soon after the death of the Islamic prophet
48:'Lebanese Phoenicia', also known in
1474:
467:, most of the two Phoenices came under the
1696:Brown, J. P.; Gatier, P.-L. (2017-05-12).
1651:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
661:). In contrast to the phylarch of Arabia,
459:. This division remained intact until the
141:
105:
1794:Le corpus des sceaux de l'empire byzantin
757:Byzantine-Sassanian War and its aftermath
588:reign, such raids have reached deep into
1462:
1429:
553:
1372:
1342:
1057:Praefectus legionis primae Illyriciorum
504:of Justinian dressed in a royal purple
395:with its provinces, as recorded in the
374:over the whole of Lebanese Phoenicia”.
154:
1640:
1523:
1512:
1077:Units from a lesser register include:
861:
520:In the edict dating from c.535–539 of
1886:Des dieux civiques aux saints patrons
1724:"Chapitre V. Palmyre et la Damascène"
1576:
1574:
1572:
1309:depicting Julian of Emesa's martyrdom
221:
217:
200:
182:
178:
164:
7:
1702:Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places
1698:"Otthara: a Pleiades place resource"
1487:
1485:
1483:
1067:Praefectus legionis tertiae Gallicae
449:, while Libanensis is governed by a
95:was divided into Phoenice proper or
18:Phoenice Libanensis (Roman province)
1361:suggested the month of February 453
798:The Lebanese Phoenicia was between
731:
185:• Created during the reign of
500:Detail of a contemporary portrait
383:Phoenice I and Phoenice Libanensis
27:Byzantine province (c. 394 – 635)
25:
1602:. Pen and Sword. pp. 42–43.
682:second Persian war with Byzantium
676:Procopius tells the story of the
601:It also seems that the number of
493:during the reign of Justinian I.
103:by the Muslim Arabs in the 630s.
1236:, rather than Emesa, became the
782:: by the 640s, the Muslim Arabs
455:, with both provinces under the
300:
286:
272:
247:
1172:Cohors quinta pacta Alamannorum
1081:
926:
1:
1667:Diocese of Oriens (Byzantium)
1213:Ecclesiastical administration
920:Magister Equitum per Orientem
912:
483:Edicts of Justinian the Great
461:Muslim conquest of the Levant
192:
130:
81:
1722:Dussaud, René (2015-03-16),
1665:Giftopoulou, Sofia (2005). "
1047:Equites sagittarii indigenae
1017:Equites sagittarii indigenae
1007:Equites sagittarii indigenae
997:Equites sagittarii indigenae
947:Equites scutarii Illyriciani
80:. It was officially created
1945:Medieval history of Lebanon
1182:Cohors prima Iulia lectorum
967:Equites Dalmati Illyriciani
742:
429:, "coastal Phoenice"), and
1961:
1192:Cohors secunda Aegyptiorum
1027:Equites Saraceni indigenae
711:
508:and jeweled stemma in the
114:
1896:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1541:Mayerson, Philip (1988).
1085:
987:Equites promoti indigenae
977:Equites promoti indigenae
957:Equites promoti indigenae
937:Equites Mauri Illyriciani
930:
918:, fighting alongside the
753:'Day of Halima'.
426:
255:Phoenice (Roman province)
226:
222:
218:
214:
179:
165:
140:
129:
121:
38:
1598:Crawford, Peter (2013).
1296:Theophanes the Confessor
1082:
927:
649:with the higher rank of
205:Muslim conquest of Syria
1758:, Irfan Shahîd, p. 358.
1242:Patriarchate of Antioch
1202:Cohors prima Orientalis
873:4th century-6th century
695:sector from Palmyra to
463:in the 630s. Under the
342:wilderness of Phoenicia
1861:Shahîd, Irfan (1995).
1581:Shahîd, Irfan (1995).
1522:Cite journal requires
1477:, pp. 47–48, 240.
1396:Histoire des Croisades
1381:Histoire des Croisades
1332:6th century in Lebanon
1317:was considered as the
1310:
1229:
1162:Cohors tertia Herculia
838:), Thelseae (possibly
766:
574:
517:
510:Basilica of San Vitale
402:
74:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
1307:Basil II's Menologion
1304:
1220:
1122:Ala prima Alamannorum
818:, Saltatha (possibly
764:
663:al-Harith ibn Jabalah
557:
499:
390:
338:Agapius of Hierapolis
1447:in partibus Orientis
1267:Council of Chalcedon
1102:Ala nova Diocletiana
842:), Adatna (possibly
769:During the frequent
469:province of Damascus
187:Theodosius the Great
1432:, pp. 368–369.
1313:It's presumed that
1152:Ala secunda Salutis
1112:Ala prima Francorum
1092:Ala prima Damascena
822:), Lataui, Agatha,
522:Justinian the Great
457:Diocese of the East
435:Phoenice Libanensis
409:, mentioned in the
393:Diocese of the East
110:Phoenice Libanensis
31:Phoenice Libanensis
1442:Notitia Dignitatum
1398:, Available from:
1394:Jacques of Vitry,
1311:
1275:Notitia Antiochena
1271:Notitia Antiochena
1230:
1196:Valle Diocletiana
1142:Ala prima Foenicum
905:Strata Diocletiana
771:Roman–Persian Wars
767:
575:
518:
440:Notitia Dignitatum
407:Augusta Libanensis
403:
398:Notitia Dignitatum
149:Notitia Dignitatum
1911:978-0-7914-1827-7
1737:978-2-35159-464-3
1505:Trombley, Frank.
1383:, available from
1379:William of Tyre,
1210:
1209:
1132:Ala prima Saxonum
1075:
1074:
885:
884:
826:, Abina, Casama (
752:
740:
330:
329:
312:
311:
308:
307:
260:
259:
115:Φοινίκη Λιβανησία
47:
39:Φοινίκη Λιβανησία
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1926:
1915:
1880:Julien Aliquot,
1869:
1868:
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1852:
1850:
1847:Julien Aliquot,
1845:
1839:
1837:
1834:Julien Aliquot,
1832:
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1816:
1810:
1808:
1805:Julien Aliquot,
1803:
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1790:Vitalien Laurent
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1496:
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1491:Julien Aliquot,
1489:
1478:
1475:Blankinship 1994
1472:
1466:
1460:
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1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1362:
1359:Vitalien Laurent
1356:
1350:
1347:
1256:John the Baptist
1080:
1037:Equites Saraceni
925:
917:
914:
862:
836:Bir el-Fourqlous
830:), Calamona (In
780:Muslim conquests
747:
745:
735:
733:
605:(pro-Roman Arab
571:Byzantine Empire
541:and a number of
428:
419:Phoenice Paralia
405:The province of
354:Jacques of Vitry
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124:Byzantine Empire
122:Province of the
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97:Phoenice Paralia
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83:
62:Phoenice Secunda
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40:
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1555:10.2307/1356951
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1340:
1328:
1315:Julian of Emesa
1305:Miniature from
1215:
915:
888:
860:
834:), Betproclis (
796:
784:conquered Syria
759:
716:
710:
671:spectabilis dux
637:
485:
427:Φοινίκη Παραλία
385:
380:
350:William of Tyre
340:used the term “
335:
323:
301:
287:
273:
248:
207:
195:
189:
146:
133:
112:
109:
84:
72:, covering the
54:Phoenice Libani
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1714:
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1679:
1658:
1615:
1608:
1590:
1568:
1549:(269): 65–71.
1533:
1524:|journal=
1497:
1479:
1467:
1465:, p. 369.
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1413:
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1334:
1327:
1324:
1292:Stéphanoupolis
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
867:
866:
859:
856:
832:Jabal Qalamoun
810:, east of the
795:
792:
758:
755:
732:يَوْم حَلِيمَة
712:Main article:
709:
706:
636:
631:
535:comes Orientis
484:
481:
479:respectively.
384:
381:
379:
376:
366:Rûm Christians
362:Ottoman Empire
334:
331:
328:
327:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
298:
296:Jund al-Urdunn
292:
291:
284:
278:
277:
270:
261:
258:
257:
252:
240:
239:
234:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
174:Late Antiquity
171:
170:Historical era
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:Page from the
138:
137:
127:
126:
119:
118:
89:Roman province
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1819:Siméon Vailhé
1815:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1609:9781473828650
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:Eißfeldt 1941
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Eißfeldt 1941
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
923:
921:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
894:
887:Military unit
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
763:
756:
754:
750:
744:
738:
729:
725:
721:
715:
708:Lakhmid raids
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
693:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
653:
648:
644:
643:
635:
632:
630:
628:
624:
623:Old Testament
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
494:
492:
491:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
399:
394:
389:
382:
377:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
332:
326:
322:
319:
317:Today part of
315:
299:
297:
294:
293:
285:
283:
280:
279:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
213:
209:
206:
191:
188:
175:
172:
168:
161:
158:
150:
144:
139:
128:
125:
120:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
36:
32:
19:
1920:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1863:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1814:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1741:, retrieved
1727:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1682:
1675:the original
1670:
1661:
1629:. ABC-CLIO.
1625:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1546:
1536:
1515:cite journal
1500:
1470:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1416:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1354:
1345:
1319:patron saint
1312:
1284:Maurikopolis
1274:
1264:
1251:protothronos
1249:
1231:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1096:Monte Iovis
1091:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
936:
919:
911:Saracens in
898:
891:
889:
881:Roman empire
865:Dux Foenicis
851:
803:
797:
768:
743:Yawm Ḥalimah
717:
690:
685:
677:
675:
670:
666:
656:
650:
646:
640:
638:
633:
627:Hagia Sophia
615:
611:John Malalas
576:
569:against the
546:
542:
538:
530:
519:
488:
486:
450:
444:
438:
434:
430:
418:
414:
406:
404:
396:
369:
359:
341:
336:
268:Jund Dimashq
237:Succeeded by
236:
231:
96:
70:Roman Empire
61:
57:
53:
30:
29:
1890:Read online
1136:Verofabula
1031:Betproclis
714:Yawm Halima
667:spectabilis
658:clarissimus
652:spectabilis
431:Phoenice II
411:Verona List
391:Map of the
232:Preceded by
87:, when the
58:Phoenice II
1934:Categories
1743:2022-11-12
1708:2022-11-12
1368:References
1238:metropolis
1186:Vale Alba
1106:Veriaraca
916: 377
808:Al-Gunthor
800:Heliopolis
775:Shahrbaraz
665:, who was
582:Al-Mundhir
446:consularis
415:Phoenice I
360:Under the
196: 394
134: 394
85: 394
1643:cite book
1635:773516651
1563:0003-097X
1260:suffragan
1228:carvings.
1222:Bab Kisan
1176:Onevatha
1166:Veranoca
1086:Location
1021:Calamona
961:Saltatha
931:Location
900:limitanei
737:romanized
647:moderator
603:phylarchs
598:Holy Land
594:Jerusalem
567:Khosrow I
559:Shahnameh
548:Procopius
465:Caliphate
282:Jund Hims
101:conquered
64:), was a
1898:(1994).
1326:See also
1234:Damascus
1061:Palmira
1041:Thelsee
941:Otthara
895:Foenicis
858:Military
788:Muhammad
586:Justin's
563:Sasanian
543:limitane
527:Sassanid
516:. AD 547
401:, c. 400
371:exarchos
346:Crusades
333:Toponymy
93:Phoenice
66:province
1884:, from
1875:Sources
1288:Armenia
1246:Berytus
1226:Chi Rho
1071:Danaba
1051:Adatha
1011:Casawa
991:Nazala
981:Avatha
971:Latavi
951:Euhari
909:Mavia's
878:Country
848:Palmira
846:), and
840:Doumeir
804:Otthara
794:Regions
751:
739::
724:Chalcis
720:Saracen
642:praeses
634:Edict 4
619:Solomon
607:sheikhs
584:during
579:Lakhmid
539:numerus
514:Ravenna
506:chlamys
452:praeses
378:History
325:Lebanon
203:•
156:Capital
78:Palmyra
68:of the
46:
1908:
1734:
1633:
1606:
1561:
1206:Thama
1156:Arefa
1116:Cunna
1001:Abina
870:Active
852:Jalliq
844:Ḥadata
824:Nazala
816:Euhara
812:Hermel
728:Arabic
686:Strata
678:Strata
621:, the
590:Oriens
502:mosaic
473:Jordan
1338:Notes
1146:Rene
1126:Neia
1083:Unit
928:Unit
820:Sadad
701:Hamza
692:limes
565:king
490:ducēs
477:Emesa
423:Greek
321:Syria
160:Emesa
56:, or
50:Latin
35:Greek
1906:ISBN
1851:127.
1838:126.
1825:142.
1809:122.
1732:ISBN
1653:link
1649:link
1631:OCLC
1604:ISBN
1559:ISSN
1528:help
1495:126.
1290:and
1280:Arka
890:The
828:Nabk
749:lit.
697:Ayla
475:and
352:and
136:–635
44:lit.
1669:".
1551:doi
1449:, I
893:Dux
814:),
645:to
531:dux
433:or
417:or
210:635
91:of
52:as
1936::
1888:,
1849:p.
1836:p.
1823:p.
1821:,
1807:p.
1792:,
1779:ND
1768:ND
1726:,
1700:.
1645:}}
1641:{{
1571:^
1557:.
1545:.
1519::
1517:}}
1513:{{
1493:p.
1482:^
1455:^
1444:,
1286:,
1282:,
913:c.
746:,
734:,
730::
512:,
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348:,
193:c.
131:c.
82:c.
41:,
37::
1914:.
1711:.
1655:)
1637:.
1612:.
1565:.
1553::
1530:)
1526:(
1509:.
806:(
573:.
421:(
60:/
33:(
20:)
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