44:
2003:
37:
1051:
1979:
500:
regarding the size and elevation of the trenches, their suitability for military ships, similarity to other
Phoenician docks in the area and distance from the sea. Dry dock trenches of the period also usually had holes cut into their side to fit wooden supports for the ships and these were absent from the plot at Minet el-Hosn. Suggestions were raised about them being slipways for a
24:
1008:
1991:
519:, coordinator of archaeological research and excavations in Lebanon at the Directorate General of Antiquities endorsed the discovery and called for the protection of the area, suggesting provision of fair compensation to the construction firm. He called it a significant find for the study of the Phoenician era in Beirut, particularly before 100 BCE, saying
588:
level areas, and even a part that exhibited a slight reverse pitch. Whilst authoritatively dismissing the site at BEY194 as a
Phoenician port, it offers no suggestion on what the trenches could have been used for and at what date, reserving speculation on their function as "intriguing" and one that perhaps now will forever remain a mystery.
512:
Beirut". Former
Minister Wardeh was quoted as saying "No sane person would imagine that it is possible to give an order over a telephone to a company to demolish the site, and that the company would be ready with bulldozers to carry out the destruction without waiting for the decree to be published in the official Gazette."
548:, he said "They (government) were talking about some sort of mitigation approach where they move the stones and preserve them in a way that would be leave room for development. Not even that happened – today nothing is going to remain." After actions from these Lebanese NGOs and activists such as
268:
blocks measuring about 60 centimetres (24 in) by 30 centimetres (12 in), fixed with a grey mortar. This overlaid a layer of larger blocks measuring about 100 centimetres (39 in) by 60 centimetres (24 in) that were fixed without mortar. This type of construction was similar to that
579:
The destruction of archaeological site BEY194 took place two days prior to the publication of
Minister Layoun's decision in the official Gazette, leading to claims that he acted in violation of Lebanese law and setting a concerning precedent for similar actions in future. The ministry maintains that
587:
of around 18 meters in length, that they were not parallel, at different elevations and not part of a military complex. Most importantly, the bottoms of the trenches were not a smooth slope that is required for hauling ships up and down- there were short inclines of about 8 to 9 meters long, steps,
511:
to falsify scientific information. "I refused with previous culture ministers bribes that have been generously offered by the Venus company, the owner of the land so that we would agree to falsify scientific truth and divert the origin and significance of this discovery at the heart of the capital
499:
a research associate of the institute of
Nautical Archaeology and now teaching at Marburg in Germany. Pederson's report was commissioned by the construction company and dismissed Sayegh's claims that the trenches could have been used as a port or dry dock on several criteria. Questions were raised
340:. The site was said to include two canals or watercourses that comprised the supposed dry docks along with two large sandstones, considered to be part of the enormous foundations of an ancient temple. The surrounding area, called Mina al-Hosn is translated as "port of the fort" in
504:, however their exact purpose has no apparent consensus. The problem over the distance from the sea could not be accounted for due to sea level fluctuations in the Phoenician period, however no firm date was given to the construction of the bedrock cut trenches.
535:
has been spearheading the efforts to stop the demolition, stating "There is nothing left. We are appalled by those who burn tires. But the real vandals are wearing ties. If we had known earlier, we could have stopped this massacre". Another lead activist,
523:
Seif now agrees with the evaluation report from the international committee and expert report that BEY194 was not used as a port and that the data from Sayegh was not at all reliable and had many inconsistencies in the stratigraphy and the dating.
646:
Sayegh, H. & Elayi, J., Rapport préliminaire sur le port de
Beyrouth au Fer III / Perse (Bey 039) (Pls. III-IV) = Preliminary Report on the Beirut Harbour during the Iron Age III / Persian Time, Transeuphratène, 2000,
387:) dated March and May 2012 respectively, both expressed concern and offered to provide expertise and opinions on the site, both offers appearing to have been turned down by the Minister. The alleged port was classified as
560:
for such decisions. It also came to light on 9 July that Venus Towers, the construction firm, did not have the appropriate license to dig up the site due to an administrative mistake. The firm was fined 500,000
868:
793:
Ralph K. Pedersen, Archaeological
Assessment Report on the Venus Towers Site (BEY 194), Beirut – For the Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 30 May - 3 June
690:
720:
261:
Excavations at BEY039 covered 3,000 square metres (0.30 ha) and comprised the western bank of a north-to-south-facing harbor about 300 metres (980 ft) from the sea. It was made up of
841:
612:
Marquis P., Les fouilles de centre-ville. In: Doumet-Serhal C, editor. Decade: a decade of archaeology and history in the
Lebanon. Beirut Archaeology and History in Lebanon 2004. p. 266-279.
1039:
532:
694:
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The construction firm Venus has currently blocked access for people to access and photograph or video the site, however activists and protestors have climbed trees to throw paper
856:
671:
Paléoenvironnements littoraux du Liban à l'Holocène : Géoarchéologie des ports antiques de
Beyrouth, Sidon et Tyr : 5000 ans d'interactions nature-culture
583:
The report by
Pederson concluded that the trenches were 3.9 metres (13 ft) and 4.2 metres (14 ft) wide which is only big enough for small, single banked,
872:
779:
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1032:
521:"“We need to preserve this site and its surrounding block, which would require the construction firm to carry out the appropriate modifications to its project.”
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admitted the expiry of their license along with confirming his opinion that there was no evidence of the presence of ship building or a port on his land.
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Hisham Sayegh's contract with the Ministry was not renewed and on 27 June he claimed to have resigned in a letter that accused Venus Towers of attempted
1017:
344:. Precise dating of the structures was never obtained however there were a few finds of pottery at the site that were dated to the fifth century BCE.
897:
Al Jadeed Interview with Gaby Layoun concerning the Phoenician port issue mentioning that Hisham Sayegh is still an employee at minute 38 (in Arabic)
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838:
36:
80:
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temporarily halted construction activities. Zouein refused to extend the ban past Monday 9 July, saying that it was better to address the
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603:
Elayi, J. & Sageyh, H., Un quartier du port Phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III/Perse, Archaéologie et histoire, Paris: Gabalda; 2000.
901:
321:
273:. Although this harbor has now been reliably identified, the existence of other ports or areas used for harboring boats in the nearby
411:
based on Sayegh's report. Various other experts and archaeologists expressed views suggesting the importance of the find, including
356:
1391:
933:
479:). The claim that the site was a port was disputed by a new scientific committee of archaeologists appointed by Layoun including
2023:
1156:
1911:
1969:
258:
docks were also unearthed during construction, just to the north of this area at archaeological sites BEY018 and BEY019.
997:
804:
Morhange, Christophe; et al. (2006). "Late Holocene relative sea-level changes in Lebanon, Eastern Mediterranean".
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the declassification of the site was done through the legal adopted procedures by the governmental institutions.
472:
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420:
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The alleged port was discovered during construction on the site in 2011 and investigated by a team of Lebanese
857:
Justin Salhani, Archaeological report: Razed ruins not Phoenician port, The Daily Star Lebanon, June 29, 2012.
839:"Port phénicien de Beyrouth, le responsable des Fouilles Hisham Sayegh démissionne", Libnanews, 30 June 2012.
869:"Van Meguerditchian., Venus lacked license to demolish disputed site, The Daily Star Lebanon, 10 July 2012"
1901:
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780:"Phoenician Port in Beirut faces Mega Project", Van Meguerditchian, The Daily Star Lebanon, June 25, 2012.
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waterfront lay around 300 metres (330 yd) behind the modern port due to coastal regularisation and
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Other Lebanese civil societies and organizations have raised criticism and controversy over the issue.
460:
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721:""Wardy casts doubt on Layyoun's intentions" Van Meguerditchian, The Daily Star Lebanon, 5 July 2012"
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752:""Behind the destruction of Beirut's heritage" Shane Farrell, Now Lebanon, 4 July 2012"
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691:"L'Orient le Jour - Le " port phénicien de Beyrouth " détruit à coups de pelleteuse"
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674:(Thèse de doctorat) (in French). University of Marseille I. pp. 398 & 412.
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2,500 year-old Phoenician shipyard destroyed today in Beirut - Hummus for thought
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expressed his horror at the speed and extent of the demolition, interviewed by
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495:(who initially supported Sageyh's findings, then reversed his opinion) and
1007:
23:
1956:
1941:
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to destroy the ruins for the $ 500 million construction project of three
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Controversy arose in June 2012, when authorization was given by Lebanese
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Based on the information of Sayegh, in a letter dated April 2011,
305:. The alleged port, classified as archaeological site BEY194 was
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1311:
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and former director of the French Archaeological Mission of
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Another alleged port, suggested to consist of two ancient
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Association for the Protection of the Lebanese Heritage
533:
Association for the Protection of the Lebanese Heritage
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119:
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59:
367:at Mina al-Hosn, behind Hotel Monroe in downtown
43:
222:is located between Rue Allenby and Rue Foch in
1033:
927:
475:(responsible for the excavation of Kition in
8:
375:, assistant director-general for culture at
357:Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company
16:
789:
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277:at different times has not been ruled out.
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289:and the foundations of a massive ancient
1974:
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395:and his scientific committee including
715:
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246:in 2000 and determined to date to the
238:. It was excavated and reported on by
7:
2039:Port cities of the Mediterranean Sea
63:Between Rue Allenby & Rue Foch,
435:(research director emeritus at the
313:at 6:00 a.m. on 27 June 2012.
322:Directorate General of Antiquities
14:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1049:
1006:
254:periods. Two nineteenth-century
42:
35:
1056:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
1912:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
625:Beirut through the ages, p. 49
230:. Studies have shown that the
1:
355:for a private company called
826:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.003
293:was located at Plot 1398 in
281:Controversy over site BEY194
216:Phoenician Harbour of Beirut
2034:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
1597:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
1557:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2060:
565:and its managing director
473:Jean-Christophe Sourisseau
220:archaeological site BEY039
1847:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
1497:Phoenician port of Beirut
1417:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
1062:
1004:
949:
421:Alexandria Studies Centre
415:(director of research at
391:by the previous minister
212:Phoenician port of Beirut
30:
21:
17:Phoenician port of Beirut
1217:Canalizations of Zenobia
552:, a decision from Judge
1402:Kouachra megalith field
1292:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
668:Marriner, Nick (2007).
96:33.886944°N 35.513056°E
2024:Transport in Phoenicia
1902:Temple of the Obelisks
1552:Roman Forum of Berytus
1452:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
1202:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
622:Nina Jidejian (1973).
1562:Roman temple of Bziza
1107:Akkar plain foothills
381:World Heritage Centre
158:Excavation dates
542:Save Beirut Heritage
491:based on reports of
481:Hassan Salame Sarkis
429:University of Oxford
419:and director of the
379:and director of the
336:specialist from the
214:, also known as the
101:33.886944; 35.513056
51:Shown within Lebanon
1817:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
844:9 July 2012 at the
818:2006MGeol.230...99M
727:on 9 September 2017
546:Al Akhbar (Lebanon)
531:, president of the
427:(researcher at the
389:"cultural heritage"
349:Minister of Culture
338:Lebanese University
271:Phoenician period D
92: /
18:
1857:Tell Sultan Yakoub
1807:Tell Neba'a Litani
1802:Tell Neba'a Chaate
1167:Baidar ech Chamout
465:University of Iasi
437:University of Lyon
413:Jean Yves Empereur
373:Francesco Bandarin
201:Public access
2029:History of Beirut
1965:
1964:
1897:Temple of Jupiter
1887:Temple of Bacchus
1647:Tell Ain Ghessali
1642:Tell Ain el Meten
1572:Saraain El Faouqa
1015:
1014:
628:. Dar el-Machreq
208:
207:
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2044:Achaemenid ports
2006:
2005:
1994:
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1982:
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1892:Temple of Eshmun
1502:Plain of Zgharta
1442:Maronite mummies
1397:Khirbet El-Knese
1352:Kamouh el Hermel
1282:Haret ech Cheikh
1252:Douris (Baalbek)
1232:Deir El Aachayer
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875:on 15 April 2016
871:. Archived from
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1657:Tell Ain Saouda
1652:Tell Ain Nfaikh
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812:(1–2): 99–114.
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1853:
1852:Tell Shamsine
1850:
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1787:Tell Mureibit
1785:
1783:
1780:
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1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
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1742:Tell Khardane
1740:
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1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
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1713:
1710:
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1707:Tell el-Burak
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
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1533:
1532:Ras Baalbek I
1530:
1528:
1527:Qasr el Banat
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Qal'at Bustra
1510:
1508:
1505:
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1325:
1323:
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1300:
1298:
1297:Hermel plains
1295:
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1288:
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1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
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1237:Deir Al-Ahmar
1235:
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1222:Dahr El Ahmar
1220:
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1158:
1157:Augusti Pagus
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Antelias cave
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
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1080:
1078:
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1043:
1038:
1036:
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1023:
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1009:
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996:
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991:
989:
986:
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948:
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932:
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923:
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905:
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747:
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697:on 2020-03-14
696:
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673:
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609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
589:
586:
581:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
558:Shura council
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
529:Pascale Ingea
525:
522:
518:
513:
510:
505:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
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458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Kaliopi Baika
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Laure Salloum
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
332:graduate and
331:
327:
326:Hisham Sayegh
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
267:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Josette Elayi
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Nick Marriner
183:
182:Hisham Sayegh
179:
175:
171:
170:Josette Elayi
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
105:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
38:
29:
25:
20:
1877:Tell Zeitoun
1867:Tell Wardeen
1837:Tell Saoudhi
1832:Tell Safiyeh
1827:Tell Saatiya
1792:Tell Murtafa
1782:Tell Meouchi
1777:Tell Mekhada
1752:Tell Jezireh
1737:Tell Karmita
1727:Tell Hazzine
1702:Tell Dibbine
1677:Tell Beshara
1496:
1482:Neba'a Faour
1432:Majdal Anjar
1347:Kamid el-Loz
1332:Joub Jannine
1327:Jeita Grotto
1322:Jebel Aabeby
1277:Hadeth south
1207:Bustan Birke
1197:Belat temple
983:Demographics
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
863:
852:
834:
809:
805:
799:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
729:. Retrieved
725:the original
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
670:
642:
630:. Retrieved
624:
617:
608:
599:
582:
578:
571:
554:Nadim Zouein
526:
520:
514:
506:
393:Salim Wardeh
388:
346:
315:
311:urbanization
295:Mina al-Hosn
284:
269:used during
260:
248:Iron Age III
219:
215:
211:
209:
129:Iron Age III
1937:Wadi Yaroun
1927:Umm al-Amad
1872:Tell Zenoub
1842:Tell Serhan
1772:Tell Masoud
1722:Tell Fadous
1542:Ras El Kelb
1472:Nachcharini
1372:Kafr Tebnit
1122:Amlaq Qatih
550:Raja Noujem
517:Assaad Seif
493:Hanz Curver
489:Samir Chami
409:Assaad Seif
361:skyscrapers
353:Gaby Layoun
244:Hala Sayegh
194:Hanz Curver
178:Assaad Seif
99: /
75:Coordinates
2018:Categories
1952:Ain W Zain
1932:Wadi Koura
1822:Tell Rayak
1747:Tell Kirri
1667:Tell Ayoub
1627:Tell Addus
1622:Tell Ablah
1617:Tell Aalaq
1587:Sin el Fil
1537:Ras Beirut
1437:Mansourieh
1427:Lion Tower
1342:Kafr Zabad
1267:Fadous Sud
1172:Batroumine
1147:Ard Tlaili
1142:Ard Saouda
1097:Ain Harcha
1092:Ain Choaab
988:Government
701:2012-07-07
592:References
453:Ras Shamra
401:Anis Chaya
307:demolished
232:Bronze Age
153:Site notes
147:Phoenician
87:35°30′47″E
84:33°53′13″N
1757:Tell Jisr
1687:Tell Deir
1632:Tell Ahle
1492:Hosn Niha
1487:Nebi Safa
1467:Nabi Zair
1457:Moukhtara
1407:Ksar Akil
1377:Kfar Qouq
1357:Karak Nuh
1272:Hebbariye
1192:Beit Mery
1182:Bechamoun
998:Education
976:Buildings
653:0996-5904
320:from the
287:dry docks
266:sandstone
236:siltation
1942:Yammoune
1447:Mayrouba
1392:Kharayeb
1382:Kfarhata
1247:Dekwaneh
1112:Al-Bireh
1087:Ain Aata
964:Timeline
842:Archived
585:Aphracts
143:Cultures
60:Location
1996:History
1984:Lebanon
1970:Portals
1592:Sarepta
1547:Rashaya
1522:Qaraoun
1462:Mtaileb
1422:Libbaya
1367:Kefraya
1362:Kaukaba
1317:Jdeideh
1287:Hashbai
1177:Batroun
1162:Baalbek
1102:Akbiyeh
1067:Aadloun
959:History
879:12 July
814:Bibcode
509:bribery
469:Romania
441:Salamis
334:pottery
303:Lebanon
256:Ottoman
252:Persian
228:Lebanon
137:Ottoman
133:Persian
125:Periods
120:History
115:Harbour
69:Lebanon
1612:Tayibe
1577:Shheem
1412:Labweh
1262:Flaoui
1227:Dakoue
1212:Byblos
1187:Beirut
1137:Apheca
1117:Amioun
1077:Aammiq
943:Beirut
762:7 July
731:7 July
651:
632:8 July
502:quarry
477:Cyprus
471:) and
457:Ugarit
449:Kition
385:ICOMOS
377:UNESCO
369:Beirut
365:garden
363:and a
342:Arabic
324:under
299:Beirut
291:temple
263:Ramleh
224:Beirut
65:Beirut
1957:Zahlé
1947:Yanta
1907:Toron
1607:Taire
1582:Sidon
1082:Aaqbe
1072:Aaiha
971:Sites
954:Names
794:2012.
574:boats
463:(PhD
275:coves
2008:Asia
1922:Tyre
1337:Jieh
1312:Jbaa
1302:Iaat
1152:Arqa
881:2012
764:2012
733:2012
649:ISSN
634:2012
487:and
459:),
451:and
417:CNRS
407:and
330:B.A.
328:, a
250:and
242:and
218:and
210:The
112:Type
1507:Qaa
822:doi
810:230
431:),
423:),
309:by
301:in
2020::
820:.
808:.
786:^
772:^
741:^
710:^
680:^
660:^
483:,
467:,
447:,
443:,
403:,
399:,
351:,
297:,
226:,
204:no
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
135:,
131:,
67:,
1972::
1041:e
1034:t
1027:v
935:e
928:t
921:v
883:.
828:.
824::
816::
766:.
735:.
704:.
655:.
636:.
455:-
196:.
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