750:
of larvae throughout its development. During the process of larval development, feeding can be undertaken to such an extent where it may impose critical damage upon the host, potentially diminishing the whole cambium zone of the tree, and killing the whole tree in general. Critical tree damage typically occurs during this larvae feeding period. Larvae nearing their development will over time begin to diverge away from the initial oviposition site, in order to feed on the phloem and external layers of sapwood, as food sources situated closer to the oviposition site are not as beneficial and nutritious for them. Larvae generally require up to 2.5 months to sufficiently develop into mature larvae, where they typically measure out at around 30-40mm in length, and are of a cream shade, exhibiting no legs. Individual larvae can sustain themselves within branches of just 5cm in diameter. The amount of time it takes larvae to fully develop; however, may vary according to host conditions. When host logs; trees are fresher larvae will take up to 70 days to complete development. If host logs; trees are more arid, this will prolong larvae development, where it may require up to 180 days to complete.
893:
627:. There are two types of sensilla basiconica that can be found on the flagellomeres of the flagellum. This includes sensilla basiconica I and sensilla basiconica II. Sensilla basiconica 1 is distributed all across the flagellomeres of the flagellum, where they are shaped as dull pointed tips, typically bent closer to the base. These sensilla protrude from a detached surface and are approximately 20-26 μm long and 2.5-3.0 μm wide at its base, and gradually decreases to 0.9-1.2 μm as it thins out towards the top. The epidermal layer typically spans from 0.25-0.35 μm in width, on its base. Sensilla basiconica II are also found on its antenna’s flagellomeres. This form of sensilla are purely linear, dull pointed protruding tips that arise from a levitated surface, and are approximately 10-20 μm long and 2.5-4 μm wide, gradually narrowing out to 1.5 - 2 μm towards the top.
534:
808:
1040:
46:
33:
583:. Flight activity is determined by host tree odours. This influences adults to fly in a more upwind motion and land on specific areas of the tree, and also acts as a factor upon when they fly-off. When adults acquire a distinct sense for the odour, they fly in a manner where they move in a compressed non-linear motion. When searching for a host tree, adults utilise a specific flight mechanic that consists of an odour oriented
963:
continuing wandering on the external layer of bark. Males on the other hand are constantly seeking a female to mate with, and depend upon antennal contact in order to detect female mates. Contrary to the slow movements of females on larval hosts, males travelled approximately 21% faster in comparison to females, and only stopped at the point of antennal contact with a female. From a trial conducted, adult
718:
673:
the new environmental conditions. Regions within the
Northern hemisphere including Palestine, the United States, and Morocco are examples in which these beetles have been proven to be a major pest problem. Within the Southern hemisphere, they may also pose as a pest problem; however, in these regions, they are not regarded as a pest that is always causing critical damage upon
2180:
636:
615:. The length of male and female antennas are distinct to each other, where male antennae — 29-33mm — are longer than female antennas — 19-26mm. Antennae are typically equivalent in length, in comparison to its body; however, may measure out to be slightly longer. The structural foundation of its antenna is composed of 11 distinct components —
971:
male-dominated population within host trees, males will try to protect their female mate, often taking violent measures by taunting other males with their antennae and also through biting. This contributes to the reason why, adult males have typically damaged antennae and ligaments, in comparison to females. Over the lifetime of
832:, shared by host plant species. However, adult beetles do not single out host trees; logs based on vision or contact with bark surface, within a constricted area. The decision for adults to decide upon host trees, lies upon two underlying factors — oviposition preference and the degree of larvae performance.
827:
effectiveness is indicative by the movement of adult beetles towards single stressed host trees and by their movement towards host trees, characterised by fresher conditions. By utilising olfaction to distinguish between host tree odours, adults are able to discriminate certain plant species which do
663:
is not considered as a major pest and a factor of much economic importance in its native country of
Australia. Significant damage imposed by this eucalyptus borer is not common in Australia, as the majority of attacks are limited to trees subject to droughts. However, these insects have been found to
786:
varies; however, in host trees with high larvae competition, their total lifecycle may be significantly depleted and only span up to two months. However, in some regions around the world, such as southern
California, adults may appear at different times, where these borers are present all throughout
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is present, as the development of other larvae may be constricted, due to the formation of the pupal chamber resulting in the depletion of nutritional food source, available to other larvae, primarily in the form of sapwood. The time which larvae take to pupate will vary according to climate. During
749:
Larvae which complete sufficient development before winter are likely to develop into larger sized adults, as nutritional resources are of higher quality before the season. The nutritional resources, which the host provides is also a factor which influences the degree of sizeable growth and fitness
672:
mines which have been recently replanted. In their non-native ecosystems, they are considered as a major pest problem imposing a great amount of damage upon natural biodiversity, typically on trees that are placed under stress. This is primarily due to their inability to sufficiently accommodate to
548:
mm in length; however, females are recorded to be slightly larger than their male counterparts. Their bodies are of a darker reddish colour, and typically consists of a protruding spine at the end. Adults are primarily found during the spring and summer seasons, coming out during the evening hours,
835:
During oviposition, female adults cannot afford to choose poor host tree species, as it is crucial for them to distinguish which host trees will provide adequate conditions for the sufficient development and survivorship of larvae. As larvae are exclusively constricted to their larval hosts, adult
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may increase trees' susceptibility to more frequent longhorn borer attacks. During the process of irrigation, shallow watering is avoided, as this can substantially diminish the condition of the tree root. Facilitating the degree of dryness of host species, through taking off the bark of stressed
970:
Mating is conducted in periodical time intervals, where it can last for a few hours. Males will continue to be paired with the female gripping the female's elytra with their front legs, until the point of oviposition. After oviposition occurs, both females and males separate. Due to there being a
219:
are typically dark brown & beige in colour and are approximately similar in size measuring at around 2.3cm long. They are primarily active during the more temperate initial dusk hours, and are found in populations within host trees, which are predominantly male-oriented. These host trees are
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species is influenced by the degree of maintenance taken to preserve the conditions of host trees. The provision of sufficient water during long durations of dry condition, is a measure that may be implemented to mitigate the effects in which these beetles may impose on the natural environment.
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tissues. This is done up to the point they turn into mature larvae, as these tree tissues have the most nutrient content to facilitate the larvae’s development. The degree of density of bark is a component, which has an influence upon the trajectory of larvae development as these areas serve as
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behaviour towards mating. Females are found typically slowly wandering around the external layer of bark of the larval hosts, seeking to find areas where they can potentially oviposit their eggs. During this process, female adults often stop to deposit eggs for a short period of time, before
888:
host species, which provide the best conditions for neonate development, under lower larvae density conditions. Under high oviposition conditions, larvae mortality will be typically greater, due to the degree of larvae competition there is within these sites. This is largely a result of the
770:
warmer climates, larvae will undergo pupation at a faster rate, in comparison to development occurring within colder climates. In colder climates, larvae will typically go through an inactive period pre-pupation stage, where they resume development during the spring season.
803:
are more active in the earlier warmer evening hours, and are found in host trees primarily characterised by a more male ratio based population. Being an
Eucalyptus long-horned borer, these beetles predominantly targets host trees which are impaired in
791:
varies from season to season. In the spring and summer seasons, these beetles may only require 3 to 4 months to complete its lifecycle; however, during autumn and winter, beetles may require up to 9 months in order to complete its lifecycle.
1005:
have been recorded to impose negative effects upon larvae survivorship. Female wasps of this nature infuse a certain venom within the larvae, prior to oviposition, halting any further development and feeding that can be done by the
1062:
trees, is also a measure that may be implemented to reduce the period of time beetles are able to develop, and also serve as a control measure imposed to mitigate the environmental damage caused by the
Eucalyptus longhorn borer.
746:. The degree of oviposition also has an effect on the survivorship of larvae. With a greater rate of oviposition occurring, there will be a higher rate of competition between larvae and a lower rate of survival for larvae.
836:
females will base their decision according to oviposition suitability, in respective of various factors including the degree of predation on larvae, larvae density within ecosystems, and nutrients available for adult
646:
was first deemed as an insect pest problem in 1906 in South Africa. They have now spread across all regions around the world, and typically affect areas characterised by arid heat and areas with an abundance of
892:
578:
insects, adult flight activity is restricted to the warmer evening hours, when temperatures are above 15 degrees celsius. Adults fly, seeking mates and females scout for any potential areas in which they can
709:
of females can stretch up to 2cm. Eggs measure at around 2.5mm to 3mm and are of a yellow colour, shaped in an elongated oval, and may require 1 to 2 weeks to hatch, based on the weather conditions.
1958:
201:
primarily seeks for decaying trees and branches which have been critically impaired due to natural disasters. In other regions of the world, it inflicts critical damage upon introduced
765:, will establish pupal chambers, within the sapwood or in some cases the heartwood, where they will develop into adult beetles. Pupation may take up to 10 days. During this process,
823:
s antennae serve as primary olfactory tools, enabling them to distinguish certain environmental factors — one of them being the detection of host tree determination. The degree of
1814:"Fine structure of antennal sensilla basiconica and their detection of plant volatiles in the eucalyptus woodborer, Phoracantha semipunctata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
967:
mating solely depend upon the ability of males to detect females to mate with. Upon male antennae contact, each interaction between male and female adults resulted in mating.
840:
consumption. Adults may be placed under selective tension, if larvae require fresh host conditions to develop within. Larvae mortality was found to be significantly lower in
2537:
599:
adults serve as peripheral sensory tools, which help identify key environmental factors, including host tree determination. These antennas exhibit a broad category of
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regions providing adequate sapwood for larvae consumption. This contributes to lower larvae mortality rates and also a greater possibility of more emergence of adult
2396:
2435:
1431:"Within-Tree Distribution and Survival of the Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a Mediterranean-Type Ecosystem"
782:
will then begin digging themselves out the pupal chamber in which they will then create a 8-10mm opening in the external bark layer. The total life cycle of
295:. Adult beetles within the Cerambycidae family are generally recognised as "longicorn" or "longhorned" beetles, due to their especially long antennae.
2499:
2370:
2422:
1688:"Encoding of host and non-host plant odours by receptor neurones in the eucalyptus woodborer, Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
889:
cannibalistic competition and a lack of nutritional sources available for the consumption of larvae situated within later stages of development.
1646:"Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Serious Pest of Eucalyptus in California: Biology and Laboratory-Rearing Procedures"
1910:"Attractiveness and Suitability of Host Tree Species for Colonization and Survival of Phoracantha Semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
2532:
2331:
2184:
655:
may be one of the key factors responsible for the degree of invasiveness of the species. The transportation of beetle populated
184:. Native to Australia, it has now spread to many parts of the world, including practically all countries where tree species of
1307:"Mating behavior of the eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the adaptive significance of long "horns""
986:
eggs and larvae are subject to various natural predators which may diminish their viability, during the development process.
2427:
1224:
1909:
2000:"Effects of Single Versus Multiple Mates: Monogamy Results in Increased Fecundity for the Beetle Phoracantha semipunctata"
701:
lay approximately a batch of 40 eggs, where eggs are laid below detached bark, present within stressed host trees, during
1361:"Effects of Temperature on Fecundity and Longevity of Phoracantha recurva and P. semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
2234:
1758:"Olfactory orientation responses of the eucalyptus woodborer, Phoracantha semipunctata, to host plant in a wind tunnel"
2409:
2266:
2243:
2146:"Resource Partitioning among Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Phoracantha semipunctata in Their Native Range"
45:
2349:
2052:"Influence of host log age and refuge from natural enemies on colonization and survival of Phoracantha semipunctata"
2440:
1359:
Bybee, Linda F.; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Paine, Timothy D.; Campbell, Kathleen; Hanlon, Christopher C. (1 April 2004).
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determined according to the suitability of adult mating and oviposition, and the viability of larvae development.
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1012:
829:
766:
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are predominantly dark brown and cream in colour, with a zigzag line dividing the cream coloured area of the
1136:
1129:
533:
807:
2527:
2196:
1633:. University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program Agriculture and Natural Resources.
1166:
2271:
975:, adult females may have multiple mates, especially within host trees where population density is large.
1645:
1182:
874:
140:
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larvae host. There are also other species of beetle which impose lower larvae survivorship, including
995:
213:
trees that are introduced are seen as invasive plant species imposing harm on the natural environment.
1686:
Barata, Eduardo; Mustaparta, Hanna; Pickett, John A.; Wadhams, Lester J.; Araujo, Jorge (March 2002).
1001:
2450:
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1625:
1543:
1533:"Host species preference and larval performance in the wood-boring beetlePhoracantha semipunctata F."
946:
665:
616:
486:
2099:"Body size influences mating success of the Eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
1278:
1159:
1119:
1098:
934:
910:
554:
1644:
Hanks, Lawrence M.; McElfresh, J. Steven; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Paine, Timothy D. (1 January 1993).
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segments, excavating through the external layer of bark to consume in the inner bark and exterior
2145:
2126:
2079:
2027:
1937:
1885:
1858:"The Role of Antennae in Mate Recognition in Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"
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There are 4 key processes that occur within its lifecycle — Egg, larval, pupation and adult.
2157:
2110:
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2011:
1998:
Bybee, Linda F.; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Paine, Timothy D.; Hanlon, Christopher C. (July 2005).
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1959:"NZ Farm Forestry - Introduced longhorn beetle (Phoracantha semipunctata) in New Zealand"
2051:
1757:
1547:
2357:
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1465:
1430:
932:, display some degree of protection to these borer's attacks. However, species such as
824:
612:
1829:
1812:
Lopes, Orlando; Barata, Eduardo N; Mustaparta, Hanna; Araújo, Jorge (September 2002).
2521:
2067:
1999:
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host species were respectively recorded to be the least and most attractive to adult
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1941:
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plants. The main cause of invasion is not completely known; however, the process of
2490:
2297:
1579:
1032:, has been recorded to be responsible for disposing of roughly greater than 90% of
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appear in non-native ecosystems, when populating host trees with a large diameter.
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2015:
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have been introduced. It has been classified as an invasive pest species of
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infestation. These species are typically adapted to more arid climates.
2484:
2279:
2213:
656:
2284:
1925:
1531:
Hanks, Lawrence M.; Paine, Timothy D.; Millar, Jocelyn G. (March 1993).
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1322:
730:
669:
652:
571:
2388:
1305:
Hanks, Lawrence M.; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Paine, Timothy D. (May 1996).
1028:
population have not been analysed. In
California, the egg parasitoid,
1908:
Paine, T.D.; Hanks, L.M.; Millar, J.G.; Paine, E.O. (December 2000).
858:. At lower population density levels, larvae mortality was lowest in
734:
350:
177:
97:
87:
67:
2190:
2323:
558:, but differs in the larger size and more extensive dark markings.
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Hanks, Lawrence M.; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Paine, Timothy D. (1996).
1038:
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the end of spring to the end of autumn. The complete lifecycle of
738:
726:
716:
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trees; however, the degree of damage they directly impose on the
1020:. Ants are estimated to have extracted 36% of beetle eggs within
1429:
Seaton, Stephen; Matusick, George; Hardy, Giles (4 April 2020).
758:
659:, is also another rationale which may explain its invasiveness.
2310:
2194:
1856:
Lopes, Orlando; Marques, Paulo C.; Araújo, Jorge (March 2005).
537:
Top view and bottom view of an adult
Phoracantha semipunctata
2144:
Paine, T.D.; Paine, E.O.; Hanks, L.M.; Millar, J.G. (2000).
2050:
Paine, T.D.; Millar, J.G.; Paine, E.O.; Hanks, L.M. (2001).
549:
commonly feeding on pollen & nectar within host trees.
247:
subfamily, which it shares with 11 other genera including
235:
Portugal. The beetle is classified as a species within the
668:
850:, considering at normal population density levels. These
1271:"Phoracantha semipunctata (eucalyptus longhorned borer)"
1222:
A Photographic
Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World
950:, are classified as highly resistant to borer attacks.
896:
Eucalyptus camaldulensis in
Central Western Queensland
1624:
Paine, T. D.; Dreistadt, S. H.; Millar, J. G. (2009).
209:
may be seen as a positive factor in some regions, as
2474:
2203:
958:There is a contrast between male and female adult
1650:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
908:infestation. This consists of species such as
904:species, which are regarded as most liable to
884:. Adult beetles are found to be most drawn to
729:emerge and begin acquiring nutrients from the
8:
761:will occur after larvae development. Larvae
639:The external bark surface of a 'Jarrah' tree
231:was initially observed in the late 1980s in
587:and autonomous contrary zig-zag movements.
2191:
31:
20:
1464:
1446:
1376:
623:and nine flagellomeres consisting in the
1756:Barata, E. N.; Araujo, J. (March 2001).
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891:
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205:trees. However, the damage inflicted by
2538:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
2056:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
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1818:Arthropod Structure & Development
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1069:species which are more resilient to
1692:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
828:not exhibit certain components and
308:
298:
14:
2178:
2068:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00770.x
1774:10.1046/j.1365-3032.2001.00213.x
44:
1057:Avoiding a regular schedule of
1043:Braconid wasp mounted on a tree
664:impose damage amongst juvenile
174:Australian Eucalyptus longhorn
1:
1830:10.1016/S1467-8039(02)00011-7
552:It is similar to the related
1627:Eucalyptus Longhorned Borers
1231:. Retrieved on 22 May 2012.
243:tribe of beetles under the
239:genus, situated within the
2554:
2103:Journal of Insect Behavior
2004:Journal of Insect Behavior
1862:Journal of Insect Behavior
1378:10.1603/0046-225X-33.2.138
1311:Journal of Insect Behavior
705:. During the process, the
631:Distribution & habitat
2533:Beetles described in 1775
2016:10.1007/s10905-005-5609-7
1914:The Canadian Entomologist
1874:10.1007/s10905-005-0478-7
1704:10.1007/s00359-002-0282-1
1013:Trogodendron fasciculatum
821:Phoracantha semipunctata'
767:intraspecific competition
677:. A greater abundance of
500:
483:
466:
449:
432:
415:
398:
381:
364:
347:
330:
313:
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146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2476:Stenocorus semipunctatus
2249:Phoracantha_semipunctata
2235:Phoracantha semipunctata
2205:Phoracantha semipunctata
2185:Phoracantha semipunctata
1762:Physiological Entomology
1365:Environmental Entomology
1151:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1083:Phoracantha semipunctata
1071:Phoracantha semipunctata
984:Phoracantha semipunctata
960:Phoracantha semipunctata
941:Eucalyptus salmonophloia
917:Eucalyptus gomphocephala
861:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
801:Phoracantha semipunctata
780:Phoracantha semipunctata
763:Phoracantha semipunctata
744:Phoracantha semipunctata
699:Phoracantha semipunctata
644:Phoracantha semipunctata
597:Phoracantha semipunctata
568:Phoracantha semipunctata
542:Phoracantha semipunctata
229:Phoracantha semipunctata
217:Phoracantha semipunctata
207:Phoracantha semipunctata
199:Phoracantha semipunctata
169:Phoracantha semipunctata
150:Phoracantha semipunctata
25:Phoracantha semipunctata
1448:10.3390/insects11040225
1137:Eucalyptus dairympleana
1130:Eucalyptus diversicolor
796:Behaviour & ecology
2162:10.1006/bcon.2000.0872
1227:27 August 2013 at the
1167:Eucalyptus sideroxylon
1044:
897:
812:
778:After pupation, adult
725:After the eggs hatch,
722:
640:
538:
1183:Eucalyptus cladocalyx
1120:Eucalyptus citriodora
1042:
1018:Aeschyntelus vittatus
895:
875:Eucalyptus cladocalyx
843:Eucalyptus cladocalyx
810:
720:
638:
536:
2358:Fauna Europaea (new)
2187:at Wikimedia Commons
1662:10.1093/aesa/86.1.96
1145:Eucalyptus vimanilis
1077:Liability levels of
947:Eucalyptus brockwayi
868:, relative to other
721:Cerambycidae larvae
521:(Beetle tribe)
132:P. semipunctata
1926:10.4039/Ent132907-6
1548:1993Oecol..95...22H
1160:Eucalyptus platypus
1105:Eucalyptus trabutii
1099:Eucalyptus globulus
1085:
935:Eucalyptus torquata
911:Eucalyptus globulus
866:Eucalyptus trabutii
848:Eucalyptus trabutii
811:Eucalyptus globulus
194:outside Australia.
2150:Biological Control
2115:10.1007/BF02214016
1556:10.1007/BF00649502
1323:10.1007/BF02214017
1199:Eucalyptus robusta
1192:Eucalyptus saligna
1113:Eucalyptus grandis
1076:
1065:There are certain
1052:The resilience of
1045:
1030:Avetianella longoi
900:There are various
898:
881:Eucalyptus grandis
816:Host determination
813:
723:
641:
539:
197:Within Australia,
176:, is a species of
2515:
2514:
2459:Open Tree of Life
2197:Taxon identifiers
2183:Media related to
1220:Bezark, Larry G.
1205:
1204:
1176:Eucalyptus nitens
996:Syngaster lepidus
979:Natural predators
544:ranges from 15-23
525:
524:
515:
514:
165:
164:
16:Species of beetle
2545:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2192:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2047:
2036:
2035:
1995:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1963:www.nzffa.org.nz
1955:
1946:
1945:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1753:
1732:
1731:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1584:
1583:
1528:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1450:
1426:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1302:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1232:
1218:
1086:
1002:Bracon capitator
926:E. camaldulensis
924:species such as
609:mechanoreception
595:The antennae of
547:
309:
299:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2199:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2049:
2048:
2039:
1997:
1996:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1789:
1755:
1754:
1735:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1587:
1530:
1529:
1482:
1428:
1427:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1304:
1303:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1235:
1229:Wayback Machine
1219:
1215:
1210:
1050:
1034:P. semipunctata
1026:P. semipunctata
1008:P. semipunctata
981:
973:P. semipunctata
965:P. semipunctata
956:
906:P. semipunctata
856:P. semipunctata
838:P. semipunctata
818:
798:
789:P. semipunctata
784:P. semipunctata
776:
756:
715:
695:
687:
679:P. semipunctata
661:P. semipunctata
633:
611:and thermo and
593:
564:
545:
531:
526:
516:
487:Semiphoracantha
293:Semiphoracantha
226:
161:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2345:Fauna Europaea
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2253:
2240:
2225:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2173:External links
2171:
2168:
2167:
2156:(3): 223–231.
2136:
2109:(3): 369–382.
2089:
2062:(2): 157–163.
2037:
2010:(4): 513–527.
1975:
1947:
1920:(6): 907–913.
1895:
1868:(2): 243–257.
1843:
1787:
1733:
1698:(2): 121–133.
1675:
1636:
1585:
1480:
1384:
1371:(2): 138–146.
1344:
1317:(3): 383–393.
1284:
1233:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1179:
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1125:
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797:
794:
775:
772:
755:
752:
714:
711:
694:
691:
686:
683:
632:
629:
613:hygroreception
592:
589:
563:
560:
530:
527:
523:
522:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
508:
499:
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372:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
312:
307:
305:
297:
225:
222:
180:in the family
163:
162:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
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65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2550:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Phoracanthini
2526:
2525:
2523:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:(1): 96–102.
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
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1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
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1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
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1501:
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1497:
1495:
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1491:
1489:
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1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
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1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
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1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
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1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
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1393:
1391:
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1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:cabi.org/isc/
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
968:
966:
961:
953:
951:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
930:E. cladocalyx
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
903:
894:
890:
887:
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
833:
831:
826:
822:
815:
809:
805:
802:
795:
793:
790:
785:
781:
773:
771:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
719:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
692:
690:
684:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
637:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:, gustation,
606:
602:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
566:The wings of
561:
559:
557:
556:
550:
543:
535:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
471:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
454:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
437:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:Paratessaropa
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
403:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
386:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
369:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
352:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
335:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
318:
311:
310:
304:
303:Phoracanthini
301:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:Phoracanthini
238:
234:
230:
223:
221:
218:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
159:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2475:
2204:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2059:
2055:
2007:
2003:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1917:
1913:
1865:
1861:
1821:
1817:
1768:(1): 26–37.
1765:
1761:
1695:
1691:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1626:
1542:(1): 22–29.
1539:
1535:
1438:
1434:
1368:
1364:
1314:
1310:
1274:
1216:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1123:'Lemon Gum'
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:, including
983:
982:
972:
969:
964:
959:
957:
945:
939:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
909:
905:
901:
899:
885:
879:
873:
869:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:relative to
841:
837:
834:
820:
819:
800:
799:
788:
783:
779:
777:
762:
757:
748:
743:
724:
698:
696:
688:
678:
666:Jarrah trees
660:
648:
643:
642:
603:, including
596:
594:
567:
565:
553:
551:
541:
540:
502:
501:
485:
484:
468:
467:
451:
450:
434:
433:
417:
416:
400:
399:
383:
382:
366:
365:
349:
348:
332:
331:
315:
314:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
245:Cerambycinae
228:
227:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
189:
185:
182:Cerambycidae
173:
168:
167:
166:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
108:Cerambycidae
24:
18:
2384:iNaturalist
2229:Wikispecies
1824:(1): 1–13.
1081:species to
991:parasitoids
703:oviposition
576:crepuscular
529:Description
504:Phoracantha
470:Phytrocaria
453:Coleocoptus
317:Coptocercus
289:Phytrocaria
285:Coleocoptus
250:Coptocercus
237:Phoracantha
119:Phoracantha
2522:Categories
2491:Q109605663
1441:(4): 225.
1208:References
1092:Resilient
1079:Eucalyptus
1067:Eucalyptus
1059:irrigation
1054:Eucalyptus
1048:Management
1022:Eucalyptus
922:Eucalyptus
902:Eucalyptus
886:Eucalyptus
870:Eucalyptus
852:Eucalyptus
804:condition.
707:ovipositor
649:Eucalyptus
555:P. recurva
385:Skeletodes
267:Skeletodes
211:Eucalyptus
203:Eucalyptus
191:Eucalyptus
186:Eucalyptus
98:Coleoptera
78:Arthropoda
2220:Q14812928
2123:0892-7553
2076:0013-8703
2024:0892-7553
1934:0008-347X
1882:0892-7553
1782:0307-6962
1712:0340-7594
1670:1938-2901
1564:0029-8549
1536:Oecologia
1457:2075-4450
1331:0892-7553
830:volatiles
825:olfaction
685:Lifecycle
625:flagellum
605:olfaction
585:optomotor
276:Paratesta
255:Allotisis
158:Fabricius
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2485:Wikidata
2402:11225227
2280:BugGuide
2256:BioLib:
2214:Wikidata
2131:42330825
2084:84004593
2032:45063811
1942:83621962
1890:13610303
1838:18088966
1728:19668881
1720:11919693
1572:28313307
1475:32260437
1339:29241735
1225:Archived
988:Braconid
920:. Other
872:such as
759:Pupation
754:Pupation
657:firewood
601:sensilla
591:Antennae
581:oviposit
368:Epithora
334:Allotsis
263:Epithora
224:Taxonomy
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
2505:5001317
2376:1114140
1580:4785026
1544:Bibcode
1466:7240383
1435:Insects
1089:Liable
731:cambium
697:Female
670:bauxite
653:dunnage
621:pedicel
572:elytra.
233:Setubal
160:, 1775)
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
2448:NZOR:
2441:131698
2428:187570
2389:201891
2350:114781
2337:116132
2324:PHOASE
2311:977815
2285:137613
2272:492594
2259:170266
2129:
2121:
2082:
2074:
2030:
2022:
1968:17 May
1940:
1932:
1888:
1880:
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1726:
1718:
1710:
1668:
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1570:
1562:
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1337:
1329:
1036:eggs.
999:, and
954:Mating
928:, and
914:, and
878:, and
735:phloem
727:larvae
713:Larvae
574:Being
562:Elytra
546:
436:Steata
402:Atesta
351:Thoris
291:, and
281:Steata
271:Atesta
259:Thoris
178:beetle
172:, the
2464:87035
2415:40372
2397:IRMNG
2332:EUNIS
2298:4GQJJ
2127:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2028:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1724:S2CID
1631:(PDF)
1576:S2CID
1335:S2CID
774:Adult
739:xylem
675:flora
617:scape
2500:GBIF
2436:NCBI
2423:ITIS
2371:GBIF
2319:EPPO
2267:BOLD
2119:ISSN
2072:ISSN
2020:ISSN
1970:2021
1930:ISSN
1878:ISSN
1834:PMID
1778:ISSN
1716:PMID
1708:ISSN
1666:ISSN
1568:PMID
1560:ISSN
1471:PMID
1453:ISSN
1327:ISSN
1279:CABI
1016:and
944:and
864:and
733:and
2410:ISC
2306:EoL
2293:CoL
2244:AFD
2158:doi
2111:doi
2064:doi
2012:doi
1922:doi
1918:132
1870:doi
1826:doi
1770:doi
1700:doi
1696:188
1658:doi
1552:doi
1461:PMC
1443:doi
1373:doi
1319:doi
693:Egg
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