107:
33:
1423:
acid and the mechanism of staining is not fully understood. The active component of haematoxylin is the oxidised form, haematin, although this rarely acknowledged in the literature which refer to haematoxylin staining. Phosphotungstic acid forms a lake with haematin. The make âup of the reagent is uncertain, examination of a year old sample showed there to be three coloured components, blue, red and yellow. These were not identified. Some investigations of âmodelâ systems, reacting various compounds such as
24:
244:
150:
382:
387:
762:
826:. The anion has full tetrahedral symmetry and comprises a cage of twelve tungsten atoms linked by oxygen atoms with the phosphorus atom at its centre. The picture on the right shows the octahedral coordination of oxygen atoms around the tungsten atoms, and that the surface of the anion has both bridging and terminal oxygen atoms. Further investigation showed that the compound was a hexahydrate not a pentahydrate as Keggin had proposed.
377:
519:
1422:
Mallory described the reagent now generally known as PTAH in 1897. PTAH stains tissues either reddish brown or blue depending on their type. This property of simultaneously staining two different colours is different from other haematoxylin reagents e.g. alum-haematoxylin. The role of phosphotungstic
1489:
In a number of analytical procedures one of the roles of phosphotungstic acid is to precipitate out proteins. It has been termed a "universal" precipitant for polar proteins. Further studies showed that no precipitation occurred with α-amino groups but did occur with guanidino, Δ-amino and imidazole
1447:
In these reagents two or three basic dyes are used with phosphotungstic acid, in either a one step or multi-stage procedure. These reagents colour different tissue types different colours. Again the mechanism of staining is not fully understood. Some explanations include the proposal that
1294:
anion. Its acidity in acetic acid has been investigated and shows that the three protons dissociate independently rather than sequentially, and the acid sites are of the same strength. One estimate of the acidity is that the solid has an acidity stronger than
2487:
UskokoviÄ-MarkoviÄ S, MilenkoviÄ M, TopiÄ A, Kotur-StevuljeviÄ J, StefanoviÄ A, AntiÄ-StankoviÄ J (2007). "Protective effects of tungstophosphoric acid and sodium tungstate on chemically induced liver necrosis in wistar rats".
395:
357:
647:
hydrate). It is odorless and soluble in water (200 g/100 ml). It is not especially toxic, but is a mild acidic irritant. The compound is known by a variety of names and acronyms (see 'other names' section of infobox).
2110:"On certain improvements in histological technique: I. A differential stain for amoeligbĂŠ coli. II. phosphotungstic-acid-hĂŠmatoxylin stain for certain tissue elements. III. A method of fixation for neuroglia fibres"
651:
In these names the "12" or "dodeca" reflects the fact that the anion contains 12 tungsten atoms. Some early workers who did not know the structure called it phospho-24-tungstic acid, formulating it as 3H
291:
18%21%24(O%16%18%23(O56(O1)(O247(O9%22(O%12%13(O2)(O3%11%14(O%17%19(O(O3)(O4)(O5)(67%15%2089%10(O(O(O%10)(O%11)(O%12)(%13%14%15))(O%16)(O%17)(%18%19%20))(O%21)(O%22)))(O%23))))(O%24)O))O))O
473:
1989:
Farcasiu D, Li JQ (March 1995). "Acidity measurements on a heteropolyacid hydrate in acetic acid solution: a case of three hydrons ionizing independently, rather than consecutively".
876:
Phosphotungstic acid solutions decompose as the pH is increased. A step-wise decomposition has been determined and the approximate compositions at various pH values are as follows:
639:
phosphotungstic acid, its alcohol solution used in biology. It has the appearance of small, colorless-grayish or slightly yellow-green crystals, with melting point 89 °C (24
532:
465:
1690:
Gouzerh P, Che M (2006). "From
Scheele and Berzelius to MĂŒller Polyoxometalates (POMs) revisited and the "missing link" between the bottom up and top down approaches".
1468:
of 74. The mechanism of the adsorption onto tissue has been proposed as being electrostatic rather than involving hydrogen bonding, as adsorption is not affected by pH.
267:(hydrate): InChI=1S/H3O4P.H2O.36O.12W/c1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/h(H3,1,2,3,4);1H2;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1323:
phosphotungstic acid is a catalyst and its high acidity and thermal stability make it a catalyst of choice according to some researchers. It is in solution as a
2577:
283:
2016:
Devassy BM, Lefebvre F, Halligudi SG (2005). "Zirconia-supported 12-tungstophosphoric acid as a solid catalyst for the synthesis of linear alkyl benzenes".
469:
1514:. The interest lies in the potential of these composite materials in the manufacture of fuel cells as they have improved operating characteristics.
23:
2327:
Everett MM, Miller WA (1974). "The role of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids in connective tissue staining I. Histochemical studies".
2157:
Terner JY, Gurland J, Gaer F (May 1964). "Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin; spectrophotometry of the lake in solution and in stained tissue".
769:
Gouzerh summarises the historical views on the structure of phosphotungstic acid leading up to Keggin's determination of the structure as:
3116:
2608:
2517:
1972:
1764:
1264:
produces a brown coloured compound. the related silicotungstic acid when reduced forms a similar brown compound where one of the four
2084:
1958:
1939:
1881:
1603:
258:
2714:
2570:
1829:
1477:
The potassium salt is only slightly soluble, unlike most other phosphotungstate salts, and has been proposed as a method for the
1406:
750:
3121:
457:
1551:
1460:
Adsorption onto tissue or the surface of viruses and its electron density are the bases of phosphotungstic acids action as a
1900:
Zhu Z, Tain R, Rhodes C (2003). "A study of the decomposition behaviour of 12-tungstophosphate heteropolyacid in solution".
2956:
2948:
1902:
453:
539:
2940:
431:
201:
695:, which correctly identifies the atomic ratios of P, W and O. This formula was still quoted in papers as late as 1970.
386:
2872:
2853:
2563:
222:
381:
2192:
Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Meloan SN (1980). "On the mechanism of
Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin stain".
822:
The structure was determined by J.F Keggin first published in 1933 and then in 1934 and is generally known as the
3126:
157:
2981:
1507:
1498:
Very little work appears to have been carried out in this area. One example relates to liver necrosis in rats.
1296:
1692:
32:
3096:
2655:
1361:
1328:
461:
376:
145:
3028:
2794:
2770:
2698:
1827:). The true structure of Keggin's 'pentahydrate' from single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data".
2900:
2892:
2786:
2778:
2663:
2639:
2600:
2194:
1351:
1344:
1324:
409:
369:
1934:
T Okuhara, M Misono
Encyclopedia of Inorganic chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons
1506:
The heteropoly acids, including phosphotungstic acid, are being investigated as materials in composite
3053:
2884:
2841:
2754:
2706:
2526:
2018:
1773:
1621:"Contribution to the chemistry of phosphomolybdic acids, phosphotungstic acids and allied substances"
1523:
1478:
477:
1452:
to bind the dye to the tissue or that alternatively it binds to tissue blocking it to dye molecules.
1182:
Tungstophosphoric acid is thermally stable up to 400 °C, and is more stable than the analogous
239:
3101:
2932:
2924:
2833:
2802:
2762:
2686:
2647:
2631:
1183:
445:
65:
1807:
Brown GM, Noe-Spirlet MR, Busing WR, Levy HA (1977). "Dodecatungstophosphoric acid hexahydrate, (H
2989:
2821:
2746:
2586:
2469:
2352:
2227:
1744:
1701:
1979:, Davis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
437:
2405:"Phosphotungstate: a "universal" (nonspecific) precipitant for polar polymers in acid solution"
423:
3111:
2916:
2542:
2497:
2461:
2426:
2344:
2309:
2268:
2219:
2211:
2174:
2139:
2090:
2080:
2035:
1954:
1935:
1877:
1846:
1789:
1736:
1672:
1599:
1565:
1557:
1547:
1256:
Phosphotungstic acid is less sensitive to reduction than phosphomolybdic acid. Reduction with
870:
723:
127:
1969:
1953:
M.T.Pope, Encyclopedia of
Inorganic Chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons
1464:. This electron density arises from the presence of the 12 tungsten atoms which each have an
2908:
2741:
2538:
2534:
2453:
2416:
2383:
2336:
2299:
2258:
2203:
2166:
2129:
2121:
2072:
2027:
1998:
1911:
1869:
1838:
1781:
1728:
1664:
1655:
Quintarelli G, Zito R, Cifonelli JA (November 1971). "On phosphotungstic acid staining. I".
1632:
1591:
1261:
835:
823:
306:
2515:
Alberti G, Casciola M (2003). "Composite
Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells".
761:
481:
210:
83:
3106:
1976:
1336:
1332:
1164:
855:
567:
75:
243:
149:
2530:
1777:
1271:
units in the Keggin structure becomes a metal-metal bonded cluster of three edge shared
489:
2207:
2134:
2109:
1461:
1402:
1382:
1355:
1320:
1279:
1209:
are absorbed into the bulk phase and not simply adsorbed onto the surface. Solid state
746:
734:
510:
419:
2388:
1637:
1586:
Dias, J. A.; Dias, S. C. L.; Caliman, E. (2014). "Keggin
Structure Polyoxometalates".
3090:
2964:
2304:
2287:
1465:
726:, and replaces the anions of dyes from these materials, selectively decoloring them.
342:
190:
138:
2473:
2356:
1705:
501:
2231:
1748:
1378:
707:
441:
1864:
Bailar, Jr., John C.; Booth, H. S.; Grennert, M. (1939). "Phosphotungstic Acid".
449:
2444:
Sternberg MZ (January 1970). "The separation of proteins with heteropolyacids".
2371:
1306:. This acidic strength means that even at low pH the acid is fully dissociated.
624:
2031:
1873:
1595:
2170:
2053:
1842:
1432:
1424:
1377:
Phosphotungstic acid has been used to precipitate different types of dyes as "
1167:. At pH less than 8, the presence of ethanol or acetone stabilises the anion,
578:
332:
118:
2546:
2313:
2215:
2094:
2076:
2039:
1850:
1793:
1740:
1397:
for staining specimens, as a component of phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin,
1620:
1569:
1394:
1303:
1257:
699:
2501:
2178:
2143:
2002:
1785:
2465:
2457:
2430:
2348:
2272:
2223:
1762:
Keggin JF (1934). "The structure and formula of 12-phosphotungstic acid".
1719:
Keggin JF (1933). "Structure of the
Molecule of 12-Phosphotungstic Acid".
1676:
1365:
1206:
730:
719:
703:
581:
2125:
2340:
1449:
1214:
636:
176:
158:
2421:
2404:
1668:
2555:
2263:
2246:
1732:
1511:
1428:
715:
572:
2288:"Dyes and other colorants in microtechnique and biomedical research"
1915:
509:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
415:
2067:
Hunger K, Herbst W (2000). "Pigments, Organic". In Bohnet M (ed.).
1436:
760:
742:
738:
587:
106:
96:
493:
2372:"Gravimetric determination of potassium as phospho-12-tungstate"
2057:
US patent: 2999026 Issue date: Sep 1961, Inventor: Chester Davis
1561:
1414:
1398:
711:
497:
2559:
1210:
1217:
absorbed in the bulk phase show that both protonated dimers,
485:
227:
1381:". Examples are basic dyes and triphenylmethane dyes, e.g.
749:, and other biological tissue materials for imaging by a
1439:
with PTAH show that they give rise to different colours.
834:
Phosphotungstic acid can be prepared by the reaction of
2247:"Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin, reactivity in vitro"
527:
49:
Phosphotungstic acid (PTA, PWA) 12-Phosphotungstic acid
1590:. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 36. p. 210-217.
792:
proposed by
Miolati and further developed by Rosenheim
2071:(6 ed.). Weinheim, Germany: Wiley InterScience.
3005:
2980:
2865:
2814:
2734:
2679:
2624:
2593:
729:Phosphotungstic acid is electron dense, opaque for
1544:Advanced inorganic chemistry: a comprehensive text
2490:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
1927:
1925:
1364:of the dehydration of 2-propanol to propene and
1302:= â13.16, which would qualify the compound as a
189:
2409:The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
2251:The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
1657:The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
1347:of the hydrolysis of propene to give 2-propanol
347:89 °C (192 °F; 362 K) (hydrate)
82:
74:
2069:Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry
2571:
1650:
1648:
8:
1205:Large quantities of polar molecules such as
1147:is a lacunary, or defective Keggin ion. The
2977:
2578:
2564:
2556:
242:
148:
126:
15:
2420:
2387:
2303:
2262:
2133:
1636:
1339:. Some acid catalysed reactions include:
1278:Phosphotungstic acid is the strongest of
209:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
1932:Oxide catalysts in solid state chemistry
1289:
1285:
1267:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1093:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
973:
965:
961:
947:
943:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
901:
897:
880:
873:, HCl. This procedure has been updated.
865:
861:
845:
841:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
783:
779:
775:
686:
682:
678:
674:
642:
614:
606:
602:
598:
590:
584:
575:
322:
318:
314:
2539:10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154702
1534:
765:Structure of the phosphotungstate anion
706:of cell specimens, often together with
288:
263:
238:
1895:
1893:
1581:
1579:
337:2880.2 g/mol (anhydrous)
139:
1401:, and âtrichromeâ reagents, and as a
270:Key: AVFBYUADVDVJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7:
2114:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2518:Annual Review of Materials Research
2054:Non-staining pigments and their use
1502:Composite proton exchange membranes
1413:Phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (
830:Preparation and chemical properties
179:
2208:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1980.tb04109.x
1765:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
1588:Keggin Structure Polyoxoometalates
14:
1868:. Vol. 1. pp. 132â133.
1546:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
619:. It is normally isolated as the
2446:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
2370:Rieben WK, Van Slyke DD (1944).
2305:10.1111/j.1478-4408.2006.00009.x
1830:Acta Crystallographica Section B
1407:transmission electron microscope
1393:Phosphotungstic acid is used in
1331:"supported" on a substrate e.g.
751:transmission electron microscope
698:Phosphotungstic acid is used in
517:
385:
380:
375:
31:
22:
2376:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1625:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1542:Cotton FA, Wilkinson G (1966).
1448:phosphotungstic acid acts as a
513:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1:
2389:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51159-5
2108:Mallory FB (September 1897).
1903:Canadian Journal of Chemistry
1638:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86325-6
2982:Organotungsten(VI) compounds
1282:. Its conjugate base is the
53:Dodecatungstophosphoric acid
47:Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)
3143:
3117:Electron microscopy stains
2403:Scott JE (November 1971).
2032:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.09.024
1874:10.1002/9780470132326.ch49
1596:10.1002/9781118744994.ch39
1179:, reducing decomposition.
570:with the chemical formula
2329:The Histochemical Journal
2171:10.3109/10520296409061220
1843:10.1107/s0567740877005330
1508:proton exchange membranes
1485:Precipitation of proteins
1319:In common with the other
507:
356:
351:
299:
279:
254:
167:(hydrate): 603-020-3
58:
51:12-Tungstophosphoric acid
44:
39:
30:
21:
2245:Terner JY (April 1966).
2077:10.1002/14356007.a20_371
623:= 24 hydrate but can be
432:Precautionary statements
1362:heterogeneous catalysis
3122:Coordination complexes
2003:10.1006/jcat.1995.1073
1786:10.1098/rspa.1934.0035
1329:heterogeneous catalyst
766:
560:tungstophosphoric acid
2458:10.1002/bit.260120102
2292:Coloration Technology
2195:Journal of Microscopy
1352:homogeneous catalysis
1345:homogeneous catalysis
887:principal components
764:
17:Phosphotungstic acid
2019:Journal of Catalysis
1991:Journal of Catalysis
1693:L'Actualité Chimique
1524:Phosphomolybdic acid
1479:gravimetric analysis
1325:homogeneous catalyst
627:to the hexahydrate (
595:. It forms hydrates
552:Phosphotungstic acid
3006:Polytungstate salts
2531:2003AnRMS..33..129A
2286:Kiernan JA (2006).
2126:10.1084/jem.2.5.529
1866:Inorganic Syntheses
1778:1934RSPSA.144...75K
1373:Dyeing and pigments
1184:silicotungstic acid
702:as a component for
18:
2587:Tungsten compounds
2341:10.1007/bf01011535
1975:2011-08-11 at the
1444:Trichrome reagents
767:
724:connective tissues
540:Infobox references
16:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
2422:10.1177/19.11.689
1910:(10): 1044â1050.
1727:(3321): 908â909.
1669:10.1177/19.11.641
1457:Negative staining
1405:for imaging by a
1131:
1130:
871:hydrochloric acid
869:, acidified with
733:. It is a common
548:Chemical compound
546:
545:
410:Hazard statements
223:CompTox Dashboard
108:Interactive image
3134:
3127:Heteropoly acids
3072:
2978:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2264:10.1177/14.4.345
2242:
2236:
2235:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2159:Stain Technology
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1837:(4): 1038â1046.
1804:
1798:
1797:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1733:10.1038/131908b0
1716:
1710:
1709:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1619:Hsein W (1920).
1616:
1610:
1609:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1539:
1368:to hydrocarbons.
1293:
1274:
1270:
1262:iron(II) sulfate
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1233:, and monomers,
1232:
1201:
1178:
1165:Dawson structure
1162:
1146:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1097:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1029:
1013:
997:
985:
969:
951:
939:
923:
905:
881:
868:
853:
836:sodium tungstate
824:Keggin structure
817:
791:
722:, and fibres of
694:
646:
618:
594:
530:
524:
521:
520:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
425:
421:
417:
389:
384:
379:
326:
307:Chemical formula
247:
246:
231:
229:
213:
193:
188:(hydrate):
181:
160:
152:
141:
130:
110:
86:
81:(hydrate):
78:
35:
26:
19:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2589:
2584:
2554:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1977:Wayback Machine
1968:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1930:
1923:
1916:10.1139/v03-129
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1772:(851): 75â100.
1761:
1760:
1756:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1475:
1391:
1375:
1321:heteropolyacids
1317:
1312:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:heteropolyacids
1272:
1269:
1265:
1253:, are present.
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
903:
899:
895:
867:
863:
859:
856:phosphoric acid
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
759:
747:polysaccharides
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
640:
635:is the name of
616:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
577:
571:
568:heteropoly acid
549:
542:
537:
536:
535: ?)
526:
522:
518:
514:
434:
412:
398:
372:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
295:
292:
287:
286:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
250:
232:
225:
216:
196:
182:
170:
133:
113:
100:
89:
68:
54:
52:
50:
48:
12:
11:
5:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Tungstic acids
3089:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2525:(1): 129â154.
2507:
2479:
2436:
2415:(11): 689â91.
2395:
2362:
2319:
2278:
2237:
2202:(3): 383â390.
2184:
2149:
2100:
2085:
2059:
2045:
2008:
1997:(1): 198â203.
1981:
1970:Acid Catalysis
1962:
1943:
1921:
1889:
1882:
1856:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1754:
1711:
1682:
1644:
1611:
1604:
1575:
1552:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:of potassium.
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:negative stain
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1403:negative stain
1390:
1387:
1383:pararosaniline
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1356:Prins reaction
1348:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1298:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1035:
1031:
1030:
957:
953:
952:
911:
907:
906:
893:
889:
888:
885:
849:
831:
828:
820:
819:
793:
758:
755:
735:negative stain
714:. It binds to
690:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
547:
544:
543:
538:
516:
515:
511:standard state
508:
505:
504:
474:P305+P351+P338
466:P303+P361+P353
462:P301+P330+P331
435:
430:
427:
426:
413:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
391:
390:
373:
368:
365:
364:
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
310:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
290:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
269:
266:
265:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
240:DTXSID30583755
235:
233:
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:
198:
197:
195:
194:
185:
183:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
164:
162:
154:
153:
143:
135:
134:
132:
131:
123:
121:
115:
114:
112:
111:
103:
101:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
79:
71:
69:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3139:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3073:
3052:
3050:
3027:
3025:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:Tungsten(III)
2678:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2382:(2): 765â76.
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2257:(4): 345â51.
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:(3): 141â53.
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(5): 529â33.
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2086:9783527306732
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:0-471-93620-0
1956:
1952:
1951:Polyoxoanions
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:0-471-93620-0
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:9780470132326
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(11): 641â7.
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1605:9781118744994
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1466:atomic number
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1385:derivatives.
1384:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1281:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1036:
1033:
1032:
958:
955:
954:
912:
909:
908:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
857:
837:
829:
827:
825:
794:
772:
771:
770:
763:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
649:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
612:
589:
583:
580:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
541:
534:
529:
512:
506:
436:
433:
429:
428:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
383:
378:
374:
371:
367:
366:
362:
360:
355:
350:
346:
344:
343:Melting point
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
311:
308:
304:
303:
298:
289:
285:
278:
264:
260:
253:
245:
241:
237:
236:
234:
224:
220:
219:
212:
208:
207:
205:
203:
200:
199:
192:
187:
186:
184:
178:
174:
173:
166:
165:
163:
161:
156:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
140:ECHA InfoCard
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
122:
120:
117:
116:
109:
105:
104:
102:
98:
93:
92:
85:
80:
77:
73:
72:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
43:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
3012:
2866:Tungsten(VI)
2735:Tungsten(IV)
2720:
2625:Tungsten(II)
2522:
2516:
2510:
2496:(3): 340â9.
2493:
2489:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2335:(1): 25â34.
2332:
2328:
2322:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2023:
2017:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1907:
1901:
1865:
1859:
1834:
1828:
1802:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1660:
1656:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1587:
1543:
1537:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1476:
1392:
1376:
1318:
1277:
1255:
1204:
1181:
1135:The species
1134:
875:
833:
821:
768:
728:
708:haematoxylin
697:
650:
632:
628:
620:
610:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
401:
358:
59:Identifiers
45:Other names
2815:Tungsten(V)
2594:Tungsten(0)
2452:(1): 1â17.
2298:(1): 1â21.
2026:(1): 1â10.
1631:: 189â220.
1433:pyrimidines
1425:amino acids
1327:, and as a
1275:octahedra.
1213:studies of
838:dihydrate,
396:Signal word
300:Properties
146:100.108.885
3102:Phosphates
3091:Categories
1553:0470175583
1530:References
1510:, such as
689:)·29H
625:desiccated
370:Pictograms
333:Molar mass
211:5KAC2X78XM
119:ChemSpider
95:3D model (
84:12501-23-4
66:CAS Number
2547:1531-7331
2314:1472-3581
2216:0022-2720
2095:751968805
2040:0021-9517
1851:0567-7408
1794:0950-1207
1741:0028-0836
1494:Medicinal
1395:histology
1389:Histology
1304:superacid
1258:uric acid
818:(Pauling)
757:Structure
731:electrons
700:histology
637:ethanolic
470:P304+P340
458:P301+P312
361:labelling
159:EC Number
76:1343-93-7
3112:Staining
2502:17727797
2474:27459070
2357:27429820
2179:14157455
2144:19866848
1973:Archived
1706:42749543
1700:: 9â22.
1570:85904497
1562:66020662
1518:See also
1490:groups.
1473:Analysis
1366:methanol
1315:Catalyst
1207:pyridine
1192:[SiW
848:·2H
778:[P(W
720:collagen
704:staining
566:), is a
352:Hazards
191:16212977
128:21241328
2527:Bibcode
2466:5433882
2431:5121870
2349:4130630
2273:4164215
2232:3148787
2224:6157822
2135:2132861
1774:Bibcode
1749:4122733
1677:4107745
1450:mordant
1429:purines
1354:of the
1333:alumina
1284:[PW
1215:ethanol
1169:[PW
1137:[PW
1088:[PW
1054:[PW
988:[PW
960:[PW
942:[PW
914:[PW
896:[PW
854:, with
800:[PO
739:viruses
609:]·
601:[PW
533:what is
531: (
327:
317:[PW
177:PubChem
3107:Oxides
3059:[H
2545:
2500:
2472:
2464:
2429:
2355:
2347:
2312:
2271:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2177:
2142:
2132:
2093:
2083:
2038:
1957:
1938:
1880:
1849:
1792:
1747:
1739:
1721:Nature
1704:
1675:
1602:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1512:Nafion
1437:amines
1337:silica
1163:has a
1149:[P
1066:[P
1038:[P
1016:[P
1000:[P
972:[P
926:[P
743:nerves
716:fibrin
631:= 6).
528:verify
525:
402:Danger
284:SMILES
40:Names
2668:(hpp)
2656:W(OH)
2609:W(PMe
2601:W(CO)
2470:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2228:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1702:S2CID
1379:lakes
558:) or
259:InChI
97:JSmol
2990:W(CH
2949:WOCl
2941:WOBr
2854:LiWF
2543:ISSN
2498:PMID
2462:PMID
2427:PMID
2345:PMID
2310:ISSN
2269:PMID
2220:PMID
2212:ISSN
2175:PMID
2140:PMID
2091:OCLC
2081:ISBN
2036:ISSN
1955:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1847:ISSN
1790:ISSN
1737:ISSN
1673:PMID
1600:ISBN
1566:OCLC
1558:LCCN
1548:ISBN
1435:and
1415:PTAH
1399:PTAH
1360:the
1350:the
1343:the
1310:Uses
812:(OH)
737:for
712:PTAH
667:·59H
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2167:doi
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2122:doi
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2024:231
1999:doi
1995:152
1912:doi
1870:doi
1839:doi
1819:(PW
1782:doi
1770:144
1729:doi
1725:131
1698:298
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