159:, was the first country to place an absolute ban on the manufacture, use and sale of white phosphorus in matches; this was followed by Denmark in 1874 and France in 1897. In Great Britain, a ban on white phosphorus matches became effective on 1 January 1910. The international association for labor legislation, an international conference, met at Berne, Switzerland, in 1906 and pledged to prohibit the manufacture, importation and sale of white phosphorus matches. This treaty was signed by Finland, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany, in what is considered as the first international attempt to ban an industrial product.
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The first case of phossy jaw was diagnosed in 1839 by
Friedrich Wilhelm Lorinser, a doctor in Vienna. The patient was a female Viennese matchstick maker who had been exposed to the phosphorus vapors over a five-year period. He named the disease "Phosphorimus chronicus". In 1844 Lorinser reported 22
192:
Russia placed a heavy tax on white phosphorus matches in 1892 which was doubled in 1905. By 1906, the production of white phosphorus matches had been reduced to one match in every fifty. India and Japan banned the use of white phosphorus in 1919 after the United States, followed by China's ban on
115:
The clinical features appear first, pain in the teeth and jaw, abscesses, etc. as described above. Once the clinical changes occur and the problem is made known a doctor or dentist could see changes in the jaw bones through radiographs or X-rays. The sequestra, the parts of the bone that die and
78:
of the jaw within six months. The distinguishing feature of this disease was the eventual separation of the sequestrum which was described as porous and light in weight. The lower jaw was more commonly affected than the upper jaw. Affected bones glowed a greenish-white colour in the dark. The
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on April 9, 1912, required manufacturers who used white phosphorus to register with district collectors of internal revenue and to file periodic notices and returns, levied a tax of two cents per hundred matches and required makers of white-phosphorus matches to affix
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In phossy jaw patients, the forensic evidence suggested the conversion of yellow phosphorus to potent amino bisphosphonates by natural chemical reactions in the human body. Yellow phosphorus has a simple chemistry; when combined with
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bisphosphonates in the treatment of cancer. The percentage incidence of BON from this use is approximately 1000 times higher than the incidence of BON caused by the use of oral bisphosphonates.
62:. The pain was characterized as "persistent yet progressive ... spreading to neighboring teeth and jawbone". Over time, pus formation developed penetrating the oral mucosa with the formation of
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38:) without proper safeguards. It is also likely to occur as the result of use of chemical weapons that contain white phosphorus. It was most commonly seen in workers in the
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break off, are light in weight and yellow to brown in color. Thus phossy jaw can be clearly demarcated from similar entities by radiographs. In radiographs, the
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would follow. The disease was extremely painful and disfiguring to the patient, with dying bone tissue rotting away accompanied by a foul-smelling
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Cartsos VM, Zhu S, Zavras AI (January 2008). "Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a medical claims study of 714,217 people".
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652:
439:
Marx, Robert E (2008). "Uncovering the Cause of "Phossy Jaw" Circa 1858 to 1906: Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery Closed Case Files—Case Closed".
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Abu-Id, Mario H; Warnke, Patrick H; Gottschalk, Joachim; Springer, Ingo; Wiltfang, Jörg; Acil, Yahya; Russo, Paul A.J; Kreusch, Thomas (2008).
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Hellstein, J. W; Marek, C. L (2004). "Bis-phossy jaw, phossy jaw, and the 21st century: Bisphosphonate-associated complications of the jaws".
171:, whose secretary, John B. Andrews, began investigating the disease in 1909 and found more than 100 cases. This report was published in the
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industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was caused by white phosphorus vapor, which destroys the bones of the jaw. Modern
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White phosphorus was the active ingredient of most matches from the 1840s to the 1910s. Concern over phossy jaw contributed to the
320:
Hughes, J. P; Baron, R; Buckland, D. H; Cooke, M. A; Craig, J. D; Duffield, D. P; Grosart, A. W; Parkes, P. W; Porter, A (1962).
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103:. Removal of the jaw bone also had serious effects on patients' ability to eat, leading to further health concerns including
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509:""Phossy Jaw" and "Bis-phossy Jaw" of the 19th and the 21st Centuries: The Diuturnity of John Walker and the Friction Match"
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593:"The phosphorous necrosis of the jaws and what can we learn from the past: a comparison of "phossy" and "bisphossy" jaw"
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and decalcified. Separation of the dead bone from the surrounding bone appears clearly demarcated in the radiographs.
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in 1906 and its provisions were implemented in national laws over the next few years that industrial use ceased.
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and some other conditions. BON, sometimes called "bis-phossy jaw", is primarily associated with the use of
217:. The Salvation Army also campaigned with local retailers to get them to sell only red phosphorus matches.
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and surgery. Surgical removal of the afflicted jaw bones could save the patient; otherwise, death from
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Lee, R. Alton (1966). "The
Eradication of Phossy Jaw: A Unique Development Of Federal Police Power".
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812:""Bis-phossy jaws" – High and low risk factors for bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw"
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257:, a class of phosphorus-based drugs that inhibit bone resorption and are used widely for treating
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322:"Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-Day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies"
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cases of phossy jaw and established the toxic effects of white phosphorus in matchsticks.
1139:
774:
Durie BG; Katz M; Crowley J (July 2005). "Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates".
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However it was not until the use of white phosphorus was prohibited by the international
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molecules from respiration and some amino acids such as lysine, bisphosphonates result.
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opened a match-making factory in 1891 that used the much safer, though more expensive,
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present a typical worm-eaten appearance similar to a pumice stone. Sequestra appear
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practices have since eliminated the working conditions that caused this disease.
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condition also affected the brain, provoking seizures in some chronic cases.
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386:"The phosphorus necrosis of the jaws and what can we learn from the past"
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Jacobsen, C; Zemann, W; Obwegeser, J. A; Grätz, K. W; Metzler, P (2014).
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74:(dead bone that has separated from living bone) after three months and
67:
63:
59:
1338:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
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262:
205:, and although this strike did not end the use of white phosphorus,
713:"Phosphorus Poisoning in the Match Industry in the United States".
39:
884:
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International and national legislation and public organisations
175:. The White Phosphorus Match Act of 1912, signed by President
54:
Those with phossy jaw would usually begin suffering painful
87:
Treatments included topical antimicrobials, conservative
507:
Pollock, RA; Brown TW, Jr; Rubin, DM (September 2015).
1361:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
193:
white phosphorus usage in match production in 1925.
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1547:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1332:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
477:. New Zealand Department of Labour. Archived from
1344:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
253:(MRONJ), has been described as a side-effect of
1392:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
708:
706:
685:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
513:Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction
70:. Further progression led to the formation of
1356:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1306:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
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251:medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw
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1000:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
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169:American Association for Labor Legislation
558:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
532:
441:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
353:
764:. Rootsweb.com. Retrieved on 2018-04-12.
1526:Immediately dangerous to life or health
816:Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
494:"Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis"
305:
228:Mechanism of action of white phosphorus
1713:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
985:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
681:"Matchmakers' "phossy jaw" eradicated"
679:Myers, M. L; McGlothlin, J. D (1996).
653:"The Return of the Dreaded Phossy Jaw"
326:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
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16:Disease caused by phosphorus exposure
7:
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1403:Working Environment Convention, 1977
1572:Workers' right to access the toilet
1643:International Chemical Safety Card
639:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1966.tb01764.x
14:
1653:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1311:International Labour Organization
167:Phossy jaw was publicized by the
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783:(1): 99–102, discussion 99–102.
203:London matchgirls strike of 1888
30:affecting those who worked with
863:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0016
173:Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor
1608:Environment, health and safety
1263:Occupational health psychology
912:Occupational safety and health
393:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
24:phosphorus necrosis of the jaw
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1479:Personal protective equipment
1232:Workplace health surveillance
1521:Standard operating procedure
1454:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1207:Hierarchy of hazard controls
66:, tooth loss, and recurrent
1658:NIOSH air filtration rating
1350:Health and Safety Executive
1258:Occupational health nursing
1222:Occupational exposure limit
1060:Hospital-acquired infection
1025:Exposure to human nail dust
789:10.1056/NEJM200507073530120
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1718:Workplace health promotion
1623:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1397:Worker Protection Standard
1100:Noise-induced hearing loss
828:10.1016/j.jcms.2007.06.008
570:10.1016/j.joms.2004.09.004
453:10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.006
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1316:World Health Organization
1227:Occupational epidemiology
1212:Prevention through design
1070:Laboratory animal allergy
995:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
970:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
492:Chustecka, Zosia (2005).
405:10.1007/s10006-012-0376-z
1633:Hostile work environment
1613:Environmental toxicology
1506:Redundancy (engineering)
1120:Repetitive strain injury
749:August 19, 2008, at the
284:Osteonecrosis of the jaw
245:Links to bisphosphonates
1678:Quality of working life
1464:Administrative controls
745:. salvationarmy.org.au
1273:Occupational therapist
1253:Industrial engineering
1045:Glassblower's cataract
1010:Decompression sickness
525:10.1055/s-0035-1558452
153:Grand Duchy of Finland
1793:Occupational diseases
1743:Occupational diseases
1708:Workers' compensation
1268:Occupational medicine
1130:Silo-filler's disease
1095:Mule spinners' cancer
727:10.1001/jama.2010.696
475:"Workshops of Horror"
255:amino-bisphosphonates
249:A related condition,
1469:Engineering controls
1444:Emergency evacuation
1248:Environmental health
1015:De Quervain syndrome
1005:Concussions in sport
58:and swelling of the
44:occupational hygiene
28:occupational disease
22:, formally known as
1603:Effects of overtime
1486:Job safety analysis
1474:Hazard substitution
1439:Emergency procedure
1217:Exposure assessment
1202:Occupational stress
1195:Psychosocial hazard
1175:Occupational hazard
1040:Flock worker's lung
338:10.1136/oem.19.2.83
184:to the matchboxes.
177:William Howard Taft
1638:Indoor air quality
1542:Diving regulations
1459:Hazard elimination
1278:Safety engineering
721:(22): 2303. 2010.
261:, bone disease in
211:The Salvation Army
111:Diagnostic imaging
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1688:Safety data sheet
1501:Operations manual
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1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:Occupational
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Sports injury
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Low back pain
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Farmer's lung
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
928:
923:
920:Occupational
917:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
883:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:(2): 95–103.
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
648:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:The Historian
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
609:
594:
591:Jacobsen, C.
587:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
519:(3): 262–70.
518:
514:
510:
503:
500:
495:
488:
485:
480:
476:
470:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
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387:
380:
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370:
365:
361:
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351:
347:
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339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
314:
312:
310:
306:
299:
295:
292:
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287:
285:
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280:
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272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
227:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:William Booth
204:
196:
194:
187:
185:
183:
178:
174:
170:
163:United States
162:
160:
158:
154:
151:In 1872, the
146:
141:
139:
132:
127:
125:
123:
119:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:organ failure
94:
90:
82:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1764:
1735:
1562:Right to sit
1552:Potty parity
1145:Tennis elbow
1140:Surfer's ear
1104:
1085:Mesothelioma
1055:Hearing loss
857:(1): 23–30.
854:
850:
844:
819:
815:
805:
780:
775:
769:
757:
718:
714:
691:(4): 330–2.
688:
684:
659:. July 2009.
657:RDH Magazine
656:
647:
630:
626:
599:. Retrieved
586:
561:
557:
551:
516:
512:
502:
487:
479:the original
469:
444:
440:
396:
392:
332:(2): 83–99.
329:
325:
294:Radium Girls
259:osteoporosis
248:
231:
219:
200:
191:
172:
166:
150:
136:
122:osteoporotic
114:
105:malnutrition
86:
53:
35:
23:
19:
18:
1598:Drug policy
1535:Legislation
1241:Professions
1065:Indium lung
960:Brucellosis
955:Berylliosis
601:27 November
496:. Medscape.
399:(1): 31–7.
267:intravenous
89:debridement
1788:Phosphorus
1782:Categories
1698:Toxic tort
1648:Job strain
1618:Ergonomics
1593:Break room
1115:Radium jaw
1105:Phossy jaw
980:Chalicosis
950:Barotrauma
940:Asbestosis
762:Phossy jaw
300:References
289:Radium jaw
72:sequestrum
56:toothaches
40:matchstick
20:Phossy jaw
1419:Checklist
1387:ISO 45001
1375:Standards
1125:Silicosis
935:Acrodynia
133:Discovery
118:sequestra
101:discharge
93:sequestra
83:Treatment
68:abscesses
26:, was an
1748:Journals
1737:Category
1663:Overwork
1581:See also
1334:(Canada)
1325:National
1288:Agencies
1150:Tinnitus
1020:Erethism
927:injuries
922:diseases
871:18167381
836:18234504
797:16000365
747:Archived
633:: 1–21.
578:15573361
543:27053988
461:18940506
421:22798482
413:23271457
364:14449812
346:27721724
273:See also
237:O and CO
76:necrosis
50:Symptoms
1766:Commons
1346:(Spain)
1340:(Italy)
1167:hygiene
965:Burnout
697:8901233
534:4812794
355:1038164
128:History
64:fistula
1449:Hazard
1412:Safety
945:Asthma
869:
834:
795:
695:
576:
541:
531:
459:
419:
411:
362:
352:
344:
263:cancer
147:Europe
1588:Break
596:(PDF)
417:S2CID
389:(PDF)
342:JSTOR
1399:(US)
1363:(US)
1352:(UK)
1290:and
925:and
867:PMID
832:PMID
793:PMID
715:JAMA
693:PMID
603:2022
574:PMID
539:PMID
457:PMID
409:PMID
360:PMID
209:and
188:Asia
60:gums
859:doi
855:139
824:doi
785:doi
781:353
723:doi
719:303
635:doi
566:doi
529:PMC
521:doi
449:doi
401:doi
350:PMC
334:doi
91:of
1784::
865:.
853:.
830:.
820:36
818:.
814:.
791:.
735:^
717:.
705:^
689:57
687:.
683:.
665:^
655:.
631:29
629:.
611:^
572:.
562:62
560:.
537:.
527:.
515:.
511:.
455:.
445:66
443:.
429:^
415:.
407:.
397:18
395:.
391:.
372:^
358:.
348:.
340:.
330:19
328:.
324:.
308:^
107:.
1568:)
1564:(
1558:)
1554:(
904:e
897:t
890:v
873:.
861::
838:.
826::
799:.
787::
729:.
725::
699:.
641:.
637::
605:.
580:.
568::
545:.
523::
517:8
463:.
451::
423:.
403::
366:.
336::
239:2
235:2
233:H
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