1314:
37:
953:, thus suggesting that the skin is the site of entry into the host. This bacterium could therefore represent a significant threat to aquacultured fish species, especially those living in crowded and stressed conditions, where the spread of the disease could be accelerated through direct contact and thus pose a threat to humans.
743:
are primarily marine organisms (hence the use of sodium for growth). They may be free-living or found as colonies associated with certain species of fish. These organisms do not contain any pigmentation and therefore will appear white or colorless. When there is a high density of cells forming a
944:
outbreaks gained from an increase in ulcers noted among the fish populations seem to correlate to warmer seasons, suggesting a seasonal distribution in the incidence of the disease, dependent upon the waters temperature and salinity along with a decreased resistance caused by physiological changes
920:
initially experience a reduced appetite accompanied by lethargicness and ulcerative lesions along their flank and head regions. Their stomachs will distend and they will experience extensive hemorrhaging especially in their eyes, mouth, and musculature. There will also be
948:
Seawater is the most likely mode of transmission of the virulent cells of the pathogen. Once it comes into contact with the outer surface of the fish, it is able to adhere to skin and resist the bactericidal action of the skin
809:. Bacterial colonies grow on the infected fish's spleen and kidney, eventually leading to mortality. This disease accounts for severe losses in some fish farming enterprises with some of the most susceptible fish including
1319:
Vezzi, A.; Campanaro, S.; D'Angelo, M.; Simonato, F.; Vitulo, N.; Lauro, F. M.; Cestaro, A.; Malacrida, G.; Simionati, B. (March 4, 2005). "Life at depth: Photobacterium profundum genome sequence and expression analysis".
768:
of marine life. Some of these diseases affect commercially important fish and can therefore indirectly impact human health through their consumption. This genus has been shown to degrade the
925:
of the gills and liver along with the characteristic accumulation of mucus around the gills. It has been noted that the infected fish will swim violently a few minutes before death occurs.
748:
which is proportional to cell density and therefore free-living photobacterium will not fluoresce. Their association with fish may be: symbiotic growth within fish for the formation of
1544:
993:"Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita"
1263:
Hilgarth, Maik et al. βPhotobacterium
Carnosum Sp. Nov., Isolated from Spoiled Modified Atmosphere Packaged Poultry Meat.β Systematic and Applied Microbiology 41.1 (2018): 44β50.
901:. This subspecies has been shown to be pathogenic for humans as it has been isolated from human wounds and has been shown to cause primary septicimia in healthy humans.
1518:
1557:
1492:
787:
1531:
1394:
1071:
1286:
1626:
1593:
752:, as a neutral entity on the surface or within the intestines of fish, as decomposers of dead fish, or as an agent of disease.
1038:
1536:
792:
991:
Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (2021-12-15).
36:
168:
264:
204:
144:
270:
258:
180:
156:
150:
1562:
216:
186:
1631:
307:
210:
162:
1215:
Fouz, B; Toranzo; Milan; Amaro (2000). "Evidence that water transmits the disease caused by the fish pathogen
691:. The development of 16S RNA sequencing has led to many species being shifted into and out of this genus.
132:
126:
120:
114:
174:
138:
1419:
1313:
992:
885:
777:
291:
274:
198:
192:
1398:
1046:
1621:
1598:
1572:
1479:
1331:
1174:
1079:
1004:
1457:
1045:. University of Reading, Reading, UK: The Species 2000 & ITIS. December 5, 2011. Archived from
744:
colony, they will exhibit fluorescence. However, the fluorescence is based on the accumulation of
68:
1379:
1355:
1248:
31:
1580:
1523:
1466:
1371:
1363:
1347:
1322:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1240:
1131:
1020:
868:
1585:
1339:
1232:
1182:
1121:
1012:
729:
282:
with marine organisms. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) isolated and identified multiple strains of
1149:
Zhao; Sun; Liu; Zhao; Wang; Liang; Liu; Li (2009). "Characterization of Two
Phenotypes of
963:
749:
1335:
1178:
1008:
810:
806:
246:
58:
1016:
1615:
1236:
1186:
876:
295:
232:
1383:
1252:
894:
826:
774:
312:
241:
88:
78:
1471:
1505:
1451:
834:
745:
1442:
687:
There are currently 16 species with numerous subspecies known within the genus
1549:
864:
860:
723:
695:
can be distinguished from other genera based on identifiable characteristics.
316:
299:
1351:
1024:
1343:
941:
818:
765:
714:
315:(an organism capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures) and a
279:
1375:
1367:
1244:
1135:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1436:
922:
331:
Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of
236:
48:
1497:
1359:
1510:
1126:
1101:
311:
are adapted for optimal growth in the deep cold seas making it both a
1202:
Bacterial Fish
Pathogens:Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish; 4th Edition
769:
287:
1413:
1106:
and 16S rRNA genes clearly discriminates between both subspecies of
950:
250:
785:
are among the most virulent and are divided into two subspecies:
1417:
1484:
1066:
1064:
1426:
679:Note: + = Positive; β =Negative; V =Variable (+/β)
707:Cell wall structure is classified as gram-negative
841:. This subspecies is not pathogenic for humans.
945:experienced by the host during sexual maturity.
704:Morphological shapes are straight or plump rods
319:(an organism which thrives at high pressures).
1273:Madigan, Michael T; Martinko, John M (2009).
8:
855:Fish-virulent strains of this subspecies of
1414:
20:
1125:
235:, oxidase positive and catalase positive
1167:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
1100:Osorio; Toranzo; Romalde; Barja (2000).
337:
249:, that is they have the ability to emit
1277:(12 ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA:
976:
335:species are shown in the Table below.
7:
1573:8f19bda7-7bf0-483d-bc34-252f546f6dc9
986:
984:
982:
980:
14:
1017:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156
865:damselfish (Family Pomacentridae)
1312:
1237:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00992.x
1187:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00251.x
916:Fish infected by the subspecies
760:Some of the 15 known species of
35:
1275:Brock biology of microorganisms
1225:Journal of Applied Microbiology
805:is the causative agent of fish
722:Incapable of forming resistant
323:Biochemical characteristics of
1039:"Results for "Photobacterium""
1:
1114:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
863:in species of fish such as;
772:of the Deep Sea Tanner Crab (
699:Identifying characteristics
245:. Members of the genus are
1648:
929:Transmission/infection of
570:
416:
398:Physiological characters
387:Morphological characters
265:Photobacterium phosphoreum
1281:. pp. 392, 423β425.
1102:"Multiplex PCR assay for
710:Require sodium for growth
519:
397:
351:
271:Photobacterium ganghwense
259:Photobacterium leiognathi
111:
106:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1395:"PHOTOBACTERIUM SPECIES"
1072:"Photobacterium Species"
417:Biochemical characters
308:Photobacterium profundum
256:Many species, including
1627:Bioluminescent bacteria
1389:(subscription required)
1344:10.1126/science.1103341
1217:Photobacterium damselae
1157:from Diseased Juvenile
1153:damselaesubsp.damselae
1108:Photobacterium damselae
931:Photobacterium damselae
846:Photobacterium damselae
783:Photobacterium damselae
444:Oxidative-Fermentative
1165:in Cage Mariculture".
907:Photobacteria damselae
886:Seriola quinqueradiata
877:sandbar/brown sharks (
571:Acid production from
275:Photobacterium marinum
1049:on September 13, 2019
879:Carcharhinus plumbeus
409:Growth at 6.5% NaCl
292:Saint Martin's Island
622:N-Acetylglucosamine
1550:photobacterium.html
1336:2005Sci...307.1459V
1179:2009JWAS...40..281Z
1009:2021Aquac.54537156P
352:Colony characters
69:Gammaproteobacteria
764:have evolved into
504:Nitrate reductase
169:P. iliopiscariumal
1609:
1608:
1581:Open Tree of Life
1420:Taxon identifiers
1330:(5714): 1459β61.
1279:Benjamin Cummings
1127:10.3354/dao040177
1043:Catalogue of Life
871:Anguilla anguilla
813:Thunnus albacares
730:chemoorganotrophs
677:
676:
224:
223:
16:Genus of bacteria
1639:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1401:on June 18, 2013
1397:. Archived from
1390:
1387:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1267:External sources
1257:
1256:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1078:. Archived from
1068:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1028:
988:
837:Morone americana
829:Morone saxatilis
811:Yellowfin tuna (
781:). The species
512:Ξ²-Galactosidase
468:Voges-Proskauer
420:Gram's staining
347:Characteristics
338:
305:Species such as
145:P. frigidiphilum
40:
39:
21:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1632:Bacteria genera
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1422:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1318:
1311:
1289:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
990:
989:
978:
973:
964:Vibrio fischeri
959:
938:
914:
883:, Yellowtails (
853:
758:
738:
719:Are luminescent
701:
685:
520:Hydrolysis of
487:
329:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
184:
178:
172:
166:
160:
157:P. halotolerans
154:
148:
142:
136:
130:
124:
118:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1458:Photobacterium
1448:
1432:
1430:
1428:Photobacterium
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1391:
1309:
1287:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1231:(3): 531β535.
1207:
1192:
1173:(2): 281β289.
1151:Photobacterium
1141:
1120:(3): 177β183.
1092:
1076:filebox.vt.edu
1060:
1030:
975:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
958:
955:
937:
927:
913:
903:
889:), seabreams (
852:
843:
827:Striped bass (
807:pasteurellosis
762:Photobacterium
757:
754:
741:Photobacterium
737:
734:
733:
732:
726:
720:
717:
715:polar flagella
711:
708:
705:
700:
697:
693:Photobacterium
689:Photobacterium
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
342:
333:Photobacterium
328:
325:Photobacterium
321:
288:marine sponges
284:Photobacterium
247:bioluminescent
239:in the family
231:is a genus of
228:Photobacterium
222:
221:
217:P. rosenbergii
205:P. phosphoreum
187:P. lipolyticum
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:Photobacterium
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
59:Pseudomonadota
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
25:Photobacterium
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:9781405823876
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1082:on 2014-12-24
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
977:
970:
966:
965:
961:
960:
956:
954:
952:
946:
943:
936:
932:
928:
926:
924:
919:
912:
908:
904:
902:
900:
898:
892:
888:
887:
882:
880:
874:
872:
866:
862:
858:
851:
847:
844:
842:
840:
838:
835:White perch (
832:
830:
824:
822:
816:
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
776:
771:
767:
763:
756:Pathogenicity
755:
753:
751:
747:
742:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
718:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
694:
690:
682:
680:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
494:
490:
488:S Production
483:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
339:
336:
334:
326:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:
303:
301:
297:
296:Bay of Bengal
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:gram-negative
230:
229:
220:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
181:P. leiognathi
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
164:
163:P. histaminum
159:
158:
153:
152:
151:P. ganghwense
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
116:
110:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1427:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1327:
1321:
1274:
1262:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1075:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1042:
1033:
1000:
996:
962:
947:
940:Evidence of
939:
934:
930:
923:petechiation
917:
915:
910:
906:
905:Symptoms of
897:Scophthalmus
896:
890:
884:
878:
870:
856:
854:
849:
845:
836:
828:
820:
812:
802:
798:
793:
786:
782:
775:Chionoecetes
773:
761:
759:
750:light organs
746:autoinducers
740:
739:
713:Contain 1-3
692:
688:
686:
678:
654:D-Trehalose
646:D-Melibiose
332:
330:
324:
313:psychrophile
306:
304:
294:Area of the
283:
269:
263:
257:
255:
242:Vibrionaceae
240:
227:
226:
225:
215:
211:P. profundum
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
137:
131:
125:
119:
113:
112:
99:
98:
89:Vibrionaceae
24:
18:
1622:Vibrionales
1506:iNaturalist
1452:Wikispecies
1159:Trachinotus
1053:January 23,
997:Aquaculture
951:mucus layer
933:subspecies
909:subspecies
857:P. damselae
848:subspecies
819:Seabreams (
801:subspecies
799:P. damselae
670:D-Turanose
598:D-Fructose
460:Methyl Red
139:P. fischeri
133:P. damselae
127:P. carnosum
121:P. aplysiae
115:P. angustum
79:Vibrionales
1616:Categories
1405:October 6,
1086:2011-04-27
1003:: 737156.
971:References
893:spp.) and
861:septicemia
817:, certain
724:endospores
630:Amygdalin
606:D-Mannose
590:D-Glucose
582:Galactose
447:Oxidative
341:Test type
317:piezophile
300:Bangladesh
199:P. marinum
175:P. indicum
1352:0036-8075
1305:803733371
1301:753429403
1297:762600999
1025:0044-8486
942:epizootic
895:turbots (
803:piscicida
788:piscicida
766:pathogens
662:Glycogen
614:Mannitol
574:Glycerol
563:Tween 80
555:Tween 60
547:Tween 40
531:Aesculin
452:Motility
436:Catalase
401:Motility
280:symbiosis
1443:Q1632556
1437:Wikidata
1384:21290953
1376:15746425
1253:30187907
1245:10747234
1221:Damselae
1200:Austin.
1155:Isolated
1136:10843555
957:See also
918:damselae
911:damselae
683:Taxonomy
638:Maltose
523:Gelatin
428:Oxidase
278:live in
237:bacteria
193:P. logei
107:Species
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
1524:1064105
1498:3222389
1368:1644869
1360:3841724
1332:Bibcode
1323:Science
1219:subsp.
1175:Bibcode
1161:ovatus
1005:Bibcode
935:damsela
850:damsela
794:damsela
778:tanneri
736:Ecology
539:Casein
496:Urease
476:Indole
382:Convex
374:Creamy
358:Medium
327:species
290:of the
95:Genus:
75:Order:
65:Class:
1599:393998
1586:704622
1570:NZOR:
1537:957824
1511:356625
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1295:
1285:
1251:
1243:
1163:Reared
1134:
1023:
891:Sparus
869:eels (
859:cause
833:, and
821:Sparus
770:chitin
390:Shape
379:Shape
371:Color
366:Round
1594:WoRMS
1519:IRMNG
1485:83185
1380:S2CID
1356:JSTOR
1249:S2CID
899:spp.)
823:spp.)
363:Type
355:Size
344:Test
286:from
251:light
1558:NCBI
1545:LPSN
1532:ITIS
1493:GBIF
1472:6P4J
1407:2012
1372:PMID
1364:OCLC
1348:ISSN
1293:OCLC
1283:ISBN
1241:PMID
1132:PMID
1104:ureC
1055:2012
1021:ISSN
791:and
728:Are
393:Rod
262:and
1563:657
1480:EoL
1467:CoL
1340:doi
1328:307
1233:doi
1223:".
1183:doi
1122:doi
1013:doi
1001:545
1618::
1596::
1583::
1560::
1547::
1534::
1521::
1508::
1495::
1482::
1469::
1454::
1439::
1378:.
1370:.
1362:.
1354:.
1346:.
1338:.
1326:.
1303:,
1299:,
1291:.
1247:.
1239:.
1229:88
1227:.
1181:.
1171:40
1169:.
1130:.
1118:40
1116:.
1112:.
1074:.
1063:^
1041:.
1019:.
1011:.
999:.
995:.
979:^
875:,
867:,
825:,
797:.
673:V
665:V
657:+
649:+
641:V
633:+
625:V
617:V
609:β
601:V
593:+
585:+
577:+
566:+
558:+
550:+
542:V
534:V
526:+
515:β
507:+
499:V
491:β
479:+
471:β
463:+
455:+
439:+
431:+
423:β
412:+
404:+
302:.
298:,
273:,
268:,
253:.
1409:.
1386:.
1342::
1334::
1307:.
1255:.
1235::
1204:.
1189:.
1185::
1177::
1138:.
1124::
1110:"
1089:.
1057:.
1027:.
1015::
1007::
881:)
873:)
839:)
831:)
815:)
486:2
484:H
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
