Photography - Knowledge (XXG)

752: 1529: 505: 1859: 488: 476: 64: 2263: 376:. The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham. While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the 2243: 610:

deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer

1420: 1987: 618: 1340:') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see 2069: 1171:, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look". 2105:) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining, including 2291: 553: 1397: 1041: 1272: 956:

cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all

936:. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost, chemical stability, and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography. Monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular 1256: 6450: 2017:. In 1974 the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann concluded the separation of the painterly background and the photographic layer by showing the picture elements in a symbiosis that had never existed before, as an unmistakable unique specimen, in a simultaneous painterly and at the same time real photographic perspective, using lenses, within a photographic layer, united in colors and shapes. This Neumann 1798: 331: 6461: 1192: 467:. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over. 2124: 656:, had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834 but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long 979: 735: 808:

optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as

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Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions.

885:"look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including (1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors), (2) resolution, and (3) continuity of tone. 3143:

Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.

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Wildlife photography involves capturing images of various forms of wildlife. Unlike other forms of photography such as product or food photography, successful wildlife photography requires a photographer to choose the right place and right time when specific wildlife are present and active. It often

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focuses on capturing candid images of both the artist or band as well as the atmosphere (including the crowd). Many of these photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their management to cover a specific show. Concert photographs are often used to promote the artist or band

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Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower

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are causing a stir. Sontag is concerned that "to photograph is to turn people into objects that can be symbolically possessed". Desensitization discussion goes hand in hand with debates about censored images. Sontag writes of her concern that the ability to censor pictures means the photographer has

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dismisses the objectivity of photography. This is a highly debated subject within the photographic community. Sontag argues, "To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting one's self into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge, and therefore like power."

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is a particular form of photography (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast

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technique that manipulates the foreground, subject or middle-ground, and background layers in a way that they all work together to tell a story through the image. Layers may be incorporated by altering the focal length, distorting the perspective by positioning the camera in a certain spot. People,

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Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion. While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy.

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and anyone is free to photograph anything seen in public spaces as long as it is in plain view. In the UK, a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places. In South Africa, any person may

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There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at

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continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital

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Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and

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or out of casual interest, rather than as a business or job. The quality of amateur work can be comparable to that of many professionals. Amateurs can fill a gap in subjects or topics that might not otherwise be photographed if they are not commercially useful or salable. Amateur photography grew

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Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed

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is a type of photographic camera that takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The

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Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive

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water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears

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in 1838, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph to include people. It is a view of a busy street, but because the exposure lasted for several minutes the moving traffic left no trace. Only the two men near the bottom left corner, one of them apparently having his boots polished by the

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The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice

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Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely

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Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e.g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography). The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the

586:, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy. 1939:

of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as

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in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable

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According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a

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Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013

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provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the

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All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th

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forms that changes perception and changes the structure of society. Further unease has been caused around cameras in regards to desensitization. Fears that disturbing or explicit images are widely accessible to children and society at large have been raised. Particularly,

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which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to the present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera. Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in

876:" had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for 2334:

The camera doesn't rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit, and, at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate – all activities that, unlike the sexual push and shove, can be conducted from a distance, and with some detachment.

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Photographers decide what to take a photo of, what elements to exclude and what angle to frame the photo, and these factors may reflect a particular socio-historical context. Along these lines, it can be argued that photography is a subjective form of representation.

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Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist

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from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years

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painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper.

257:, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834. This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980. 1279:

A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques.

2387:" in which local inhabitants are positioned and defined by the camera lens. However, it has also been argued that there exists a "reverse gaze" through which indigenous photographees can position the tourist photographer as a shallow consumer of images. 1453:

Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared

831: 3275:... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle, and wrapped the bottle in ... 2410:

photograph any other person, without their permission, in public spaces and the only specific restriction placed on what may not be photographed by government is related to anything classed as national security. Each country has different laws.

3294:. In Appendix A (pp. 217–227), Litchfield evaluates assertions that Schulze's experiments should be called photography and includes a complete English translation (from the original Latin) of Schulze's 1719 account of them as reprinted in 1727. 1252:, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications. 2227:

The first photographed atom was discovered in 2012 by physicists at Griffith University, Australia. They used an electric field to trap an "Ion" of the element, Ytterbium. The image was recorded on a CCD, an electronic photographic film.

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was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light.

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Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" (also known as synthetic aperture photography). This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected

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frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.

1017:. This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an 390:

mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper.

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at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm.

2169:, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of 880:

films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951.

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usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is a broader category for food and some natural photography and can be used for advertising

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candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images.

1064:. Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through the scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images. 3117: 3056: 726:

was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made the first

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used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle and on that basis many German sources and some international ones credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. The fiction book

4673: 593:, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the 301:

seem not to have known or used the word "photography", but referred to their processes as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre).

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machines are similar in design to pinhole cameras, with high-grade filters and laser radiation. Photography has become universal in recording events and data in science and engineering, and at

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to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists

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films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in

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filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm.

777:. It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the 282:'s – regarding Daguerre's claim of invention. The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print. It was signed "J.M.", believed to have been Berlin astronomer 2782: 704:, the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the "Steinheil method". 1106:, the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the 1789:

Real estate photography focuses on the production of photographs showcasing a property that is for sale, such photographs requires the use of wide-lens and extensive knowledge in

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to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent

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made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong

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Upadhyay, J.; Chakera, J.A.; Navathe, C.P.; Naik, P.A.; Joshi, A.S.; Gupta, P.D. (2006). "Development of single frame X-ray framing camera for pulsed plasma experiments".

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Hannes Schmidt: Comments on the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in the "Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, S. 6.

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The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (

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focuses on capturing photographs of buildings and architectural structures that are aesthetically pleasing and accurate in terms of representations of their subjects.

1517:" is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point. 1072:

in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of

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in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue

1040: 483:. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera. 3888: 1762:

displays a series of photos to give the impression of a rotating object. This technique is commonly used by ecommerce websites to help shoppers visualise products.

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Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.

2330:(1954), the camera is presented as promoting voyeurism. 'Although the camera is an observation station, the act of photographing is more than passive observing'. 1583:

are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an

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In parallel to this development, the then largely separate interface between painting and photography was closed in the second half of the 20th century with the

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over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).

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made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with

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Photography is both restricted and protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of photographs is typically achieved through the granting of

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process, later familiar as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He had discovered in 1819 that

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of the previous decades. These works of art were almost simultaneous with the invention of photography by various important artists who characterized

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demonstrates, but in its earliest years, the need for special equipment, long exposures, and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare.

5010: 3347: 1699:. In this light, money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. The commercial photographic world could include: 3798: 1821:

is a form of photojournalism in which the photographer captures candid images of athletes, celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people.

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can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life photography but requires some special skills.

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Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the

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turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.

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invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot.

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The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.

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of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.

366: 3493: 3164: 1744:, emphasizes clothes and other products; glamour emphasizes the model and body form while glamour photography is popular in advertising and 6484: 6413: 3540: 1057: 2774: 2672: 4248: 2808: 4568: 1009:

The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist

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can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.

1110:. Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s. 504: 314: 6116: 4809: 4795: 4781: 4738: 4701: 4655: 4628: 4483: 4462: 3758: 3467: 3327: 3221: 3186: 2821: 2705: 2648: 2383:

One of the practices through which photography constitutes society is tourism. Tourism and photography combine to create a "tourist

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photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image.

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is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory.

2185:. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. 1382:

Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras).

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or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the

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Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",

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Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective".

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Advertising photography: There are photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as

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steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability.

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The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura.

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Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a "

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Digital imaging has raised ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post-processing. Many

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The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujifilm in 1988.

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independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician

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The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias

176:. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a 6385: 6380: 4197: 4050: 3896: 2190: 1543: 1215:. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. 1083: 991: 55: 2552: 1225:, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than 681:, one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence. 30: 6390: 5667: 5169: 4221:"Photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological apparatus: Invented by Mr. Brooke of Keppel-Street, London" 3658: 2583: 906: 5809: 6659: 6121: 5712: 5005: 3973: 2434: 2052:

in their early stages, and later Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy in the twenties and by the painter in the thirties

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Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques.

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Barrett, T 2012, Criticizing Photographs: an introduction to understanding images, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.

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typically captures the presence of nature but can also focus on human-made features or disturbances of landscapes.

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of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised.

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by draping objects directly onto appropriately sensitized photo paper and using a light source without a camera.

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have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard

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from the seventies of the 20th century thus differs from the beginning of the previously created cameraless

1450:, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions. 6254: 6058: 5962: 5826: 5677: 5509: 5414: 5057: 4975: 4941: 3237: 2396: 2267: 2213: 2178: 2151: 2127: 2094: 1881: 1772: 1759: 1439: 1428: 665: 438: 173: 2262: 1419: 1333:(CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper. 633:

in 1835. Shown here in positive form, this may be the oldest extant photographic negative made in a camera.

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relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in-camera processing allow

2242: 1980: 1782: 1691:

Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography for which the photographer is paid for

927: 894: 770: 701: 693: 673: 657: 617: 575: 541:, the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i.e., of the image of a real-world scene, as formed in a 310: 169: 165: 161: 133: 3234:

The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914

2839:

Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

2138:

for example), small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in

1945: 785:

or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and the glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on

532: 480: 294: 6370: 6165: 6073: 6068: 6053: 6043: 6018: 6003: 5864: 5797: 5767: 5727: 5637: 5627: 5464: 5343: 5306: 5229: 4190:"The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution" 2429: 2102: 2068: 1834: 1775:

consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an

1432: 1326: 1208: 1121: 1073: 1049: 1034: 449: 320: 153: 137: 5922: 4385: 3351: 3810: 3688:"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world" 3559:

The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution

128:

the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a

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was often frowned upon at first, it was eventually used to great extent to produce artistic effects.

2237: 2209: 2170: 2158:. Crime scene photos are usually taken from three vantage points: overview, mid-range, and close-up. 2155: 2118: 1973: 1929: 1877: 1840: 1824: 1605:

during the late 19th century due to the popularization of the hand-held camera. Twenty-first century

1538: 1466: 1443: 1158: 1014: 842: 520: 516: 359: 3520: 2154:

in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as

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for an unprecedented $ 3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive at the time.

1828: 1765: 1749: 1735: 1629: 1322: 1230: 1180: 1133: 1026: 1010: 987: 723: 697: 552: 4675:

Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer

1396: 6304: 5967: 5917: 5742: 5597: 5556: 5536: 5474: 5429: 5394: 5369: 4926: 4891: 4427: 4297: 4240: 4127: 4119: 4003: 3919: 3497: 3156: 3034: 2919: 2722: 2356: 2275: 2106: 2098: 1932:', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else. 1731: 1708: 1576: 1499: 1348: 1295: 1249: 1241: 1128:, another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special 1087: 1061: 800:

introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the

793: 743: 653: 630: 430: 283: 177: 149: 110: 3537: 2664: 2295: 2254:

requires great patience and considerable skill and command of the right photographic equipment.

2022: 1740: 6615: 6274: 6210: 6197: 6128: 5792: 5717: 5707: 5697: 5682: 5546: 5514: 5374: 5209: 4980: 4805: 4791: 4777: 4773: 4749: 4734: 4711: 4697: 4679: 4651: 4624: 4610:

Cotton, C. (2015), The Photograph as Contemporary Art, 3rd edn, Thames & Hudson, New York.

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Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a

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had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it

638: 602: 497: 387: 264: 242: 94: 4576: 3251: 2837: 2695: 2093:

journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g.,

6669: 6329: 6279: 6237: 6222: 6205: 6175: 6170: 5814: 5772: 5722: 5484: 5444: 5384: 5239: 4419: 4316: 4289: 4232: 4103: 3995: 3205: 3200: 3018: 2975: 2895: 2449: 2340: 2321: 2041: 2014: 1990: 1893: 1885: 1863: 1806: 1753: 1618: 1125: 1069: 983: 809: 797: 708: 611: 589:

Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive

579: 279: 145: 106: 98: 4733:"The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography", Richard Zakia, Leslie Stroebel, Focal Press 1993, 6555: 6334: 6242: 5859: 5607: 5489: 5184: 5131: 5126: 5094: 5079: 5037: 4829: 4054: 3717: 3544: 3443: 3331: 3212: 2812: 2535: 2372: 2208:

or accident scenes. The method has been much extended by using other wavelengths, such as

2166: 2162: 2089: 2084: 2076: 2057: 1901: 1897: 1853: 1812: 1776: 1572: 1510: 1424: 1391: 1321:(in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. 1226: 1168: 1129: 961: 957: 932: 900: 689: 606: 479:

Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by

434: 426: 412: 408: 400: 238:) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". 3324: 3291: 2405:

or moral rights to the photographer. In the United States, photography is protected as a

437:

described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. Around 1717,

4604:

Berger, J. (Dyer, G. ed.), (2013), Understanding a Photograph, Penguin Classics, London.

1613:

have made photographic and video recording pervasive in everyday life. In the mid-2010s

1271: 6111: 5937: 5879: 5647: 5328: 5234: 5219: 5214: 5109: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4453: 2344: 2308: 2283: 2197: 2053: 2026: 2006: 1949: 1905: 1625: 1470: 1341: 1337: 1255: 1186: 1107: 1018: 862: 728: 583: 566: 542: 464: 420: 416: 404: 377: 373: 369: 339: 298: 125: 1550:

by adding colors to clarify structure or to add an aesthetic effect. Heiti Paves from

6648: 6548: 6264: 6232: 6217: 6182: 5942: 5787: 5752: 5702: 5338: 5311: 5291: 5259: 5204: 4431: 4301: 4007: 3609: 2454: 2352: 2221: 2135: 1909: 1584: 1547: 1137: 1103: 1099: 1095: 952: 945: 853: 715: 594: 590: 562: 546: 287: 185: 68: 4648:

Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935

4131: 2347:

their pictures or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make "

1944:

to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light";

1116:, the first modern "integral tripack" (or "monopack") color film, was introduced by 700:

and other buildings in Munich, then taking another picture of the negative to get a

6538: 6518: 6430: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6269: 6155: 6150: 5804: 5524: 5494: 5276: 5271: 5254: 5099: 4921: 4911: 4901: 3119:

Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

3058:

Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

3038: 2923: 2474: 2348: 2313: 2217: 1913: 1868: 1797: 1696: 1671: 1610: 1606: 1363: 1314: 1307: 1237: 1154: 1143: 1022: 846: 738: 678: 669: 622: 578:(at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his 528: 157: 114: 90: 4822: 1632:

that significantly decreased skill and effort needed to take high quality images.

330: 4497: 3999: 3399: 2638: 2615: 1021:

of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing

241:

Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently.

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Modern photography has raised a number of concerns on its effect on society. In

2306:

There are many ongoing questions about different aspects of photography. In her

2271: 2205: 2196:

Science regularly uses image technology that has derived from the design of the

2147: 1921: 1889: 1712: 1521: 1520:

These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of

1514: 1376: 1212: 873: 392: 78: 4423: 3826:"The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth" 830: 755:

Advertisement for Campbell's Photograph Gallery from The Macon City Directory,

384:, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century. 6620: 6600: 6575: 6425: 5947: 5927: 5841: 5831: 5692: 5657: 5632: 5561: 5301: 5286: 5266: 5148: 5084: 5000: 4946: 4613:

Heiferman, M. (2013), Photography Changes Everything, Aperture Foundation, US.

4410:

Bissell, K.L. (2000). "A Return to 'Mr. Gates': Photography and Objectivity".

4043: 3746: 3582: 2578: 2246: 2139: 1962:

states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art.

1955: 1936: 1925: 1917: 1614: 1568: 1455: 1347:

As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking

1113: 1079: 1045: 835: 813: 381: 372:(Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true 4189: 4115: 4047: 2907: 6610: 6580: 6339: 5912: 5874: 5836: 5732: 5622: 5089: 5052: 5047: 5032: 4985: 4968: 3775: 3750: 3742: 2484: 2402: 2367: 2123: 2030: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1818: 1660: 1622: 1580: 1564: 1356: 1325:

use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as

1191: 1147: 1136:

cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding

1132:, the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but 941: 920: 782: 778: 719: 582:

process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with

496:, 1826, the earliest surviving camera photograph. Original plate (left) and 444: 351: 3163:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. 3030: 2915: 978: 614:

is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait.

734: 172:, depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of 6605: 6585: 5932: 5747: 5244: 5174: 5042: 4963: 4958: 4476:

The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution

2775:"Sir John Frederick William Herschel (British, 1792–1871) (Getty Museum)" 2299: 2174: 1704: 1656: 1533: 1318: 1196: 1082:, the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the 916: 661: 423:

are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials.

181: 4244: 1727:

focuses on photographing guests and occurrences at mostly social events.

290:

is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839.

6565: 6528: 5972: 5121: 5067: 4790:

An Approach to Personal Expression by Bruce Barnbaum, Rocky Nook 2010,

4669: 4616:

Shore, S. (2015), The Nature of Photographs, 2nd ed. Phaidon, New York.

4293: 4123: 4091: 2464: 2459: 2033: 1831:: Are photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images. 1303: 1222: 786: 626: 2553:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, γρα^φ-ή" 911: 597:

process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by

6560: 5519: 4936: 4886: 4836:

Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process

4601:

Bate, D. (2009), Photography: The Key Concepts, Bloomsbury, New York.

4236: 3969: 1941: 1289: 1091: 995: 964:

color channels to produce a monochrome image from one shot in color.

796:

and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891,

598: 355: 246: 129: 4107: 2943:

Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one)

1892:

system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including

944:

process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The

4315:

Blitzer, Herbert L.; Stein-Ferguson, Karen; Huang, Jeffrey (2008).

3825: 3741:

Schewe, Jeff (2012). The Digital Negative: Raw Image Processing In

2351:", passing them as "real" photographs. Today's technology has made 1167:

may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a

1124:. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the 6543: 6187: 5602: 5062: 3022: 2899: 2289: 2261: 2241: 2201: 2122: 2067: 1985: 1857: 1796: 1692: 1601: 1527: 1490:

movement, light and a variety of objects can be used in layering.

1418: 1395: 1270: 1254: 1117: 1039: 977: 910: 877: 857: 829: 750: 733: 616: 551: 503: 474: 343: 329: 141: 86: 82: 62: 4607:

Bright, S 2011, Art Photography Now, Thames & Hudson, London.

3611:

The Focal Manual of Photography: photographic and digital imaging

1120:

in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer

97:. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., 3481:

William H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative-positive process

2384: 2146:

of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording

1204: 121: 102: 6480: 4845: 2867:

Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought

1571:

machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static

574:

Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long

93:, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as 6523: 6476: 4841: 4153:

Rohde, R.R. (2000). Crime Photography. PSA Journal, 66(3), 15.

3447: 2640:

Hercule Florence: a descoberta isolada da fotografia no Brasil

2601:

Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil

1971:

On 7 February 2007, Sotheby's London sold the 2001 photograph

1639: 937: 948:

process, publicly revealed in 1847, produces brownish tones.

232: 225: 218: 211: 204: 197: 1920:

for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston,

812:, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser 3945:"How to use layering in photography for exceptional photos" 2753:]. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 258–59. 3889:"Incorporating Layering Composition Into Your Photography" 1617:

cameras added numerous automatic assistance features like

852:

The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by

718:

made many contributions to the new field. He invented the

101:), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, 1600:

Amateur photographers take photos for personal use, as a

1532:

Devices other than cameras can be used to record images.

1872:(1907) shows unique aesthetic of black-and-white photos. 196:

The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots

3290:, etc., London, Duckworth and Co. Out of copyright and 1667: 751: 570:

other, remained in one place long enough to be visible.

34: 3875:

Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography

2697:

Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies

1400:

An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app

380:

and the pinhole, and performed early experiments with

152:

for subsequent display or processing. The result with

51:

Art and practice of creating images by recording light

4165:

Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph

3653: 3651: 3494:"Hippolyte Bayard (French, 1801–1887) (Getty Museum)" 2189:

a little later developed similar instruments for the

1730:

Fashion and glamour photography usually incorporates

531:

was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor

3561:. Burlington, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier. p. 75. 2806:

Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis

1940:

determining what component of a photograph makes it

452:, described what can be interpreted as photography. 245:, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, 136:. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an 6401: 6348: 6253: 6196: 6102: 5986: 5898: 5850: 5590: 5357: 5157: 4879: 4730:, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005 4092:"Chemigram: A New Approach to Lensless Photography" 3797:Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (Spring 1993). 3479:Fox Talbot, William Henry and Jammes, André (1973) 2200:to avoid distortions that can be caused by lenses. 4643:, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln : Könemann, 1998 3608: 3538:History of Kodak, Milestones-chronology: 1878–1929 2249:and their cygnets photographed on Wolvercote lakes 1509:the photograph has been captured. As explained by 362:used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. 346:) that provides an image of a scene dates back to 278:, discussing several priority claims – especially 270:of 25 February 1839 contained an article entitled 2604:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 2506:The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies 2445:List of photographs considered the most important 1359:necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens. 4650:, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999, 1575:rather than photographic medium, hence the term 1211:for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the 4194:European Society for the History of Photography 3381:"1837: Die Erfindung der Fotografie in München" 3232:Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) 1964: 4708:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography 3161:Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 2359:of photos to detect tampering for purposes of 1294:The camera is the image-forming device, and a 6492: 4857: 4722:Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography 4539:"You Have Every Right to Photograph That Cop" 4478:, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 37–48, 4021:Oloruntimilehin, Israel (17 September 2018). 3799:"The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited" 2302:, was the first photography museum in Europe. 113:. A person who makes photographs is called a 8: 3196: 3194: 2969: 2967: 2727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1207:unveiled the first consumer camera to use a 986:made by the three-color method suggested by 272: 262: 251: 6409:Conservation and restoration of photographs 4023:"How To Take Good Pictures With Your Phone" 3986:Peterson, C.A. (2011). "Home Portraiture". 3659:"1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year" 3401:Seizing the light: a history of photography 3179:The history of the discovery of photography 2224:and improved much further since that time. 1044:Color photography was possible long before 692:and a cardboard camera to make pictures in 18: 6499: 6485: 6477: 6146:Comparison of digital and film photography 4864: 4850: 4842: 4802:Image Clarity: High Resolution Photography 4746:Basic Photographic Materials and Processes 4694:Das Lexikon der Fotografen: 1900 bis heute 4525:"Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze" 4360:. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 3920:"Using layers to enhance your photography" 3682: 3680: 2842:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. 1734:and is a form of advertising photography. 1715:or with an in-house corporate design team. 1465:Uses of full spectrum photography are for 1094:color filter layer made of dyed grains of 816:, it has persisted into the 21st century. 660:in the camera, but in 1840 he created the 6366:Photographs considered the most important 4838:– State Library & Archives of Florida 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4283: 3661:. King's College London. 3 January 2017. 3615:(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Focal Press. 3342: 3340: 2980:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2946:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 460. 2150:and the scenes of accidents, such as the 1229:and professional photography, commercial 834:Undeveloped Arista black-and-white film, 3458:Feldman, Anthony and Ford, Peter (1989) 3155:Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015). 2935: 2933: 2831: 2829: 1801:Example of a studio-made food photograph 1779:may be used to capture specific details. 1190: 486: 81:, application, and practice of creating 24:This is an accepted version of this page 4804:by John B. Williams, Focal Press 1990, 3596:from the original on 23 September 2015. 3375: 3373: 3216:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. 2496: 2220:. Those methods were first used in the 1409:Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared 1331:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor 1140:during a complex processing procedure. 89:, either electronically by means of an 20: 4728:The Oxford Companion to the Photograph 4318:Understanding forensic digital imaging 3772:"Glossary: Digital Photography Review" 3167:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2740: 2738: 2720: 2665:"Who First Used the Word Photography?" 2538:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1843:demonstrates the life of wild animals. 1355:camera) or even worn hidden behind an 605:vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated 448:, published in 1760, by French author 4549:from the original on 25 February 2016 4033:from the original on 16 October 2018. 2694:Mathur, P, K & S (6 March 2014). 741:, a branded slave from Louisiana—per 684:In March 1837, Steinheil, along with 7: 4724:, 1719 p., New York: Routledge, 2006 4710:, 1736 p., New York: Routledge 2005 4621:Photography. A Critical Introduction 4057:", 1914. Retrieved 2 September 2006. 3845:"An introduction to Dualphotography" 3519:Paulson Gage, Joan (5 August 2013). 3437:William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) 3348:"The First Photograph – Heliography" 3288:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer 3286:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). 3256:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. 2747:History of Photography, 4th. edition 2700:. Partridge Publishing. p. 50. 2675:from the original on 18 January 2017 1427:is an example of the application of 1058:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii 249:, used the French form of the word, 109:, recreational purposes, hobby, and 6361:Museums devoted to one photographer 4079:from the original on 18 March 2007. 3698:from the original on 2 October 2017 3665:from the original on 4 January 2017 2785:from the original on 1 October 2018 1236:Digital imaging uses an electronic 1033:of color reproduction pioneered by 5908:Timeline of photography technology 4335:from the original on 29 April 2016 4251:from the original on 29 April 2016 4167:. London: Imperial College Press. 3855:from the original on 16 April 2017 3583:"H&D curve of film vs digital" 3418:from the original on 29 April 2016 2440:List of most expensive photographs 2380:the ability to construct reality. 2097:, social documentary photography, 1025:of the three images made in their 415:, and the techniques described in 315:Timeline of photography technology 49: 6675:Audiovisual introductions in 1822 4770:Photography and The Art of Seeing 4575:. 28 January 2009. Archived from 4200:from the original on 13 June 2016 4067:Schonauer, David (7 March 2007). 3976:. PhD Thesis, Stanford University 3918:Goldby, Dylan (20 January 2019). 3636:"Black & White Photography". 781:(a positive image on glass), the 515:'s silver chloride photograph of 334:A camera obscura used for drawing 6459: 6449: 6448: 4569:"Jail for photographing police?" 4321:. Academic Press. pp. 8–9. 3753:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, 3206:A concise history of photography 3082:quantitative for the first time. 2779:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles 2266:Photography may be used both to 2258:Social and cultural implications 1644: 1552:Tallinn University of Technology 926:Originally, all photography was 6460: 4225:The Illustrated Magazine of Art 3974:Digital Light Field Photography 3304:Werge, John (1 December 1894). 2974:Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). 2165:, the Honorary Director of the 558:View of the Boulevard du Temple 538:View from the Window at Le Gras 500:reoriented enhancement (right). 493:View from the Window at Le Gras 4748:. et al. Boston: Focal Press. 4696:, Munich: Knaur 2002, 512 p., 4573:British Journal of Photography 4543:American Civil Liberties Union 4502:(2nd ed.). London: Sage. 3887:Lackey, Tamara (12 May 2016). 3843:Zand, Tristan (8 April 2017). 3774:. Dpreview.com. Archived from 3310:The Newcastle Weekly Chronicle 3095:"Who Invented Camera Obscura?" 2181:, and the three components of 1876:During the 20th century, both 1659:format but may read better as 1199:body with Digital Storage Unit 940:depending on the process. The 1: 5958:Painted photography backdrops 5890:Golden triangle (composition) 5165:35 mm equivalent focal length 4623:, 3rd ed. Routledge, London. 4457:, Penguin, London, pp. 3–24, 3292:available free at archive.org 1707:, are generally done with an 1587:to produce digital pictures. 845:began pioneering work on the 756: 164:into a visible image, either 4823:World History of Photography 4641:A New History of Photography 4000:10.1080/03087298.2011.606727 3718:"Research & Development" 3462:. Bloomsbury Books, p. 128, 3125:. p. 99. Archived from 3064:. p. 98. Archived from 2508:. Focal Press. p. 454. 2343:have declared they will not 1738:, like the work featured in 1544:scanning electron microscope 1221:In 1991, Kodak unveiled the 994:. The subject is a colored, 233: 219: 205: 160:, which is later chemically 56:Photography (disambiguation) 5668:Intentional camera movement 4357:Guinness World Records 2014 4069:"The first $ 3M photograph" 3607:Jacobson, Ralph E. (2000). 3177:Potonniée, Georges (1973). 2751:Geschichte der Photographie 2643:. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. 2584:Online Etymology Dictionary 1546:. Note that image has been 1485:Layering is a photographic 1259:Photography on a smartphone 1151:resembling Agfa's product. 1048:, as this 1903 portrait by 907:Black and White Photography 765:In the March 1851 issue of 6691: 6356:Most expensive photographs 5713:Multi-exposure HDR capture 4424:10.1177/073953290002100307 4412:Newspaper Research Journal 3590:Digital Photography Review 3557:Peres, Michael R. (2008). 3460:Scientists & inventors 2435:List of photography awards 2394: 2366:Photography is one of the 2235: 2116: 2082: 1851: 1791:high-dynamic-range imaging 1497: 1412: 1389: 1374: 1287: 1195:Kodak DCS 100, based on a 1184: 1178: 990:in 1855, taken in 1861 by 971: 904: 898: 892: 823: 318: 308: 226: 212: 198: 53: 6629: 6514: 6444: 4776:, Key Porter Books 1989, 4744:Stroebel, Leslie (2000). 3809:(1): 3–12. Archived from 3803:Journal of Film and Video 3099:Photography History Facts 2869:. A&C Black. p. 205. 2863:Crombie, Alistair Cameron 2836:Krebs, Robert E. (2004). 1769:in addition to the venue. 1719:Architectural photography 1448:full spectrum photography 1415:Full spectrum photography 794:photographic glass plates 509:Carl August von Steinheil 6290:Digital image processing 4832:From The History of Art. 4090:Cordier, Pierre (1982). 3877:. surrealcolor.110mb.com 3824:Belisle, Brooke (2013). 3543:10 February 2012 at the 2050:William Henry Fox Talbot 1924:, and others formed the 1317:" (on plate or film) or 773:published his wet plate 664:process, which used the 146:electronically processed 31:latest accepted revision 6665:19th-century inventions 5963:Photography and the law 4828:31 October 2010 at the 4788:The Art of Photography: 4354:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3398:Hirsch, Robert (1999). 3385:www.deutsches-museum.de 3306:"The Oldest Photograph" 3238:Oxford University Press 2940:Plott, John C. (1984). 2540:A Greek-English Lexicon 2397:Photography and the law 2214:ultraviolet photography 2179:atmospheric electricity 2152:Wootton bridge collapse 2128:Wootton bridge collapse 2095:documentary photography 1884:became accepted by the 1882:documentary photography 1773:Crime scene photography 1760:360 product photography 1668:converting this section 1429:ultraviolet photography 865:known as nitrate film. 439:Johann Heinrich Schulze 411:(1516–1571) discovered 403:(1193–1280) discovered 350:. Greek mathematicians 6634:List of artistic media 6310:Gelatin silver process 5334:Science of photography 5319:Photographic processes 5297:Perspective distortion 4720:Lynne Warren (Hrsg.): 4692:Hans-Michael Koetzle: 4646:Franz-Xaver Schlegel, 4386:"Wildlife photography" 4188:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 4163:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 3988:History of Photography 3832:. 37/38 (3/1): 117–37. 3442:3 October 2010 at the 3330:7 October 2015 at the 2637:Kossoy, Boris (1980). 2425:Science of photography 2420:Outline of photography 2357:digital fingerprinting 2337: 2303: 2287: 2250: 2131: 2080: 1998: 1981:Conceptual photography 1969: 1873: 1802: 1783:Still life photography 1555: 1436: 1401: 1276: 1260: 1200: 1102:to produce a positive 1053: 999: 923: 895:Monochrome photography 839: 771:Frederick Scott Archer 762: 748: 634: 571: 524: 501: 484: 335: 326:Precursor technologies 311:History of photography 273: 263: 252: 71: 5768:Schlieren photography 5307:Photographic printing 5230:Exposure compensation 4053:3 August 2004 at the 3211:29 April 2016 at the 3181:. Arno Press. p. 50. 2811:29 April 2016 at the 2803:Campbell, Jan (2005) 2598:Boris Kossoy (2004). 2557:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2504:Spencer, D A (1973). 2430:List of photographers 2407:First Amendment right 2332: 2298:, founded in 1985 in 2293: 2265: 2245: 2191:Greenwich Observatory 2126: 2117:Further information: 2113:Science and forensics 2103:celebrity photography 2071: 1989: 1958:in his classic essay 1861: 1835:Landscape photography 1800: 1531: 1477:and law enforcement. 1422: 1399: 1327:charge-coupled device 1274: 1258: 1209:charge-coupled device 1194: 1146:similarly structured 1056:Russian photographer 1050:Sarah Angelina Acland 1043: 1035:Louis Ducos du Hauron 981: 914: 833: 754: 737: 621:A latticed window in 620: 555: 507: 490: 478: 450:Tiphaigne de la Roche 333: 321:History of the camera 260:The German newspaper 180:, either by using an 154:photographic emulsion 66: 5552:Straight photography 5190:Chromatic aberration 4706:John Hannavy (ed.): 4474:Levinson, P. (1997) 3899:on 14 September 2021 3813:on 24 November 2009. 2745:Eder, J.M. (1945) . 2465:Photolab and minilab 2361:forensic photography 2238:Wildlife photography 2232:Wildlife photography 2210:infrared photography 2171:atmospheric pressure 2156:forensic photography 2119:Forensic photography 1974:99 Cent II Diptychon 1930:straight photography 1878:fine art photography 1841:Wildlife photography 1609:and near-ubiquitous 1539:Arabidopsis thaliana 1467:fine art photography 1244:because it involves 1086:in 1907. Autochrome 1027:complementary colors 843:Hurter and Driffield 666:chemical development 601:vapor, developed by 527:The first permanent 360:Anthemius of Tralles 54:For other uses, see 6419:photographic plates 6104:Digital photography 5282:Hyperfocal distance 5195:Circle of confusion 4496:Urry, John (2002). 3949:Parker Photographic 3483:, Macmillan, p. 95. 3250:Susan Watt (2003). 2534:25 May 2013 at the 2280:Nude composition 19 1829:wedding photography 1766:Concert photography 1750:glamour photography 1736:Fashion photography 1630:image stabilization 1231:digital photography 1181:Digital photography 1037:in the late 1860s. 1011:James Clerk Maxwell 988:James Clerk Maxwell 724:sodium thiosulphate 342:("dark chamber" in 21:Page version status 5923:Autochrome Lumière 5918:Analog photography 5743:Pigeon photography 5532:Social documentary 5011:discontinued films 4678:. Watson-Guptill. 4619:Wells, L. (2004), 4451:Sontag, S. (1977) 4294:10.1007/BF02715917 3778:on 18 January 2013 3694:. 2 January 2016. 3644:(12): 38–40. 2011. 3586:(Forum Discussion) 3525:The New York Times 3521:"Icons of Cruelty" 3500:on 24 October 2013 2816:. Polity. p. 114. 2304: 2288: 2276:photo manipulation 2251: 2183:geomagnetic forces 2132: 2107:sports photography 2099:street photography 2081: 2073:National Guardsman 2038:László Moholy-Nagy 1999: 1888:art world and the 1874: 1803: 1709:advertising agency 1670:, if appropriate. 1577:electrophotography 1573:electrical charges 1556: 1500:Light-field camera 1437: 1423:This image of the 1402: 1296:photographic plate 1277: 1261: 1250:photographic paper 1242:photo manipulation 1201: 1155:Instant color film 1100:reversal processed 1054: 1031:subtractive method 1000: 924: 840: 763: 749: 744:The New York Times 654:William Fox Talbot 635: 631:William Fox Talbot 629:, photographed by 572: 525: 502: 485: 336: 284:Johann von Maedler 150:digital image file 111:mass communication 72: 27: 6660:French inventions 6642: 6641: 6616:Site-specific art 6474: 6473: 6275:Collodion process 6211:Chromogenic print 6198:Color photography 5708:Multiple exposure 5683:Lo-fi photography 5210:Color temperature 4774:Freeman Patterson 4755:978-0-240-80405-7 4716:978-0-415-97235-2 4685:978-0-8174-3789-3 4579:on 27 March 2010. 4523:Gillespie, Alex. 4509:978-0-7619-7347-8 4371:978-1-908843-15-9 4328:978-0-12-370451-1 4174:978-1-78326-917-4 3951:. 1 December 2020 3924:Fujilove Magazine 3622:978-0-240-51574-8 3592:. 19 April 2004. 3568:978-0-240-80998-4 3411:978-0-697-14361-7 3354:on 6 October 2009 3263:978-0-7614-1464-3 3201:Gernsheim, Helmut 3157:"Albertus Magnus" 3116:Needham, Joseph. 3055:Needham, Joseph. 3017:(10): 1157–1177, 2987:978-1-4419-0953-4 2953:978-0-89581-678-8 2875:978-0-907628-79-8 2849:978-0-313-32433-8 2760:978-0-486-23586-8 2671:. 28 March 2015. 2611:978-968-03-0020-4 2577:Harper, Douglas. 2515:978-0-13-322719-2 2296:Musée de l'Élysée 2270:and to produce a 2144:macro photography 1725:Event photography 1689: 1688: 1300:photographic film 1165:Color photography 1003:Color photography 998:patterned ribbon. 974:Color photography 870:cellulose acetate 847:light sensitivity 826:Photographic film 792:Many advances in 789:or salted paper. 775:collodion process 639:Hercules Florence 388:Leonardo da Vinci 286:. The astronomer 265:Vossische Zeitung 243:Hércules Florence 138:electrical charge 95:photographic film 39:13 September 2024 6682: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6478: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6330:Print permanence 6280:Cross processing 6238:CMYK color model 6223:Color management 6176:Foveon X3 sensor 6171:Three-CCD camera 5815:Miniature faking 5773:Sabattier effect 5385:Astrophotography 5240:Zebra patterning 4866: 4859: 4852: 4843: 4759: 4689: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4499:The tourist gaze 4493: 4487: 4472: 4466: 4449: 4436: 4435: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4237:10.2307/20537989 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4064: 4058: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3983: 3977: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3895:. 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Neumann 1946:Nicéphore Niépce 1894:Alfred Stieglitz 1886:English-speaking 1864:Alfred Stieglitz 1807:Food photography 1684: 1681: 1675: 1666:You can help by 1648: 1647: 1640: 1619:color management 1336:The camera (or ' 1084:Lumière brothers 984:color photograph 810:astrophotography 798:Gabriel Lippmann 761: 758: 714:British chemist 709:Hippolyte Bayard 686:Franz von Kobell 612:Robert Cornelius 533:Nicéphore Niépce 513:Franz von Kobell 481:Nicéphore Niépce 295:Nicéphore Niépce 280:Henry Fox Talbot 276: 268: 255: 236: 229: 228: 222: 215: 214: 208: 201: 200: 186:contact printing 156:is an invisible 148:and stored in a 107:video production 99:photolithography 6690: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6625: 6556:Decorative arts 6510: 6505: 6475: 6470: 6440: 6397: 6344: 6335:Push processing 6256: 6249: 6243:RGB color model 6192: 6098: 5982: 5894: 5860:Diagonal method 5846: 5586: 5490:Photojournalism 5353: 5185:Black-and-white 5153: 5132:Slide projector 5127:Movie projector 5006:available films 4875: 4870: 4830:Wayback Machine 4819: 4766: 4756: 4743: 4686: 4668: 4665: 4663:Reference works 4637: 4595: 4590: 4588:Further reading 4585: 4584: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4473: 4469: 4450: 4439: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4329: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4219:Brooke (1853). 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4108:10.2307/1574733 4089: 4088: 4084: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4055:Wayback Machine 4042: 4038: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3692:The independent 3686: 3685: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3545:Wayback Machine 3536: 3532: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3457: 3453: 3444:Wayback Machine 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3404:. 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309:Main articles: 307: 224:), "light" and 210:), genitive of 194: 132:during a timed 67:Photography of 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6457: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6112:Digital camera 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Medium.com. 3835: 3830:Film Criticism 3816: 3789: 3763: 3734: 3709: 3676: 3647: 3628: 3621: 3599: 3574: 3567: 3549: 3530: 3511: 3485: 3472: 3451: 3429: 3410: 3390: 3387:. 28 May 2024. 3369: 3336: 3315: 3296: 3279: 3262: 3242: 3225: 3190: 3170: 3147: 3132:on 3 July 2017 3108: 3086: 3071:on 3 July 2017 3047: 3001: 2986: 2963: 2952: 2929: 2878: 2855: 2848: 2825: 2796: 2766: 2759: 2734: 2706: 2686: 2656: 2649: 2629: 2610: 2590: 2569: 2544: 2521: 2514: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2395:Main article: 2392: 2389: 2309:On Photography 2259: 2256: 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2198:pinhole camera 2187:Charles Brooke 2114: 2111: 2083:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2054:Edmund Kesting 2027:Pierre Cordier 2007:Pierre Cordier 1950:Louis Daguerre 1916:, often using 1906:F. Holland Day 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1687: 1686: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1626:face detection 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1560: 1557: 1513:in 1846, the " 1495: 1492: 1482: 1479: 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1342:Process camera 1338:camera obscura 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1268: 1265: 1187:Digital camera 1179:Main article: 1176: 1173: 1138:color couplers 972:Main article: 969: 966: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 863:nitrocellulose 854:George Eastman 824:Main article: 821: 818: 731:in late 1839. 729:glass negative 591:silver halides 584:Louis Daguerre 567:Louis Daguerre 543:camera obscura 472: 469: 465:silver nitrate 455:In June 1802, 421:Book of Optics 417:Ibn al-Haytham 405:silver nitrate 374:pinhole camera 370:Ibn al-Haytham 367:Arab physicist 340:camera obscura 327: 324: 306: 303: 299:Louis Daguerre 297:, Talbot, and 293:The inventors 193: 190: 50: 48: 28: 22: 19: 17: 16: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6687: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6549:pallet crafts 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6467: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6371:Photographers 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:Bleach bypass 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:primary color 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Reversal film 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183:Image sharing 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:United States 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Daguerreotype 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Stopping down 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Rephotography 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Long-exposure 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Architectural 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Shutter speed 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Metering mode 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Color balance 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Angle of view 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Manufacturers 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4810:0-240-80033-8 4807: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4796:1-933952-68-7 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782:1-55013-099-4 4779: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4739:0-240-51417-3 4736: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4702:3-426-66479-8 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4656:3-00-004407-8 4653: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629:0-415-30704-X 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484:0-415-15785-4 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463:0-312-42009-9 4460: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231:(5): 308–11. 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994:(4): 374–87. 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3759:0-321-83957-9 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3468:1-870630-23-8 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3312:. p. 10. 3311: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222:0-486-25128-4 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3187:0-405-04929-3 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:10.1068/p3210 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2977:Smart Cameras 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900:10.1068/p3210 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2822:0-7456-2930-X 2819: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2709: 2707:9781482813982 2703: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2687: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2650:9788531409448 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2480:Medium format 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2455:Image editing 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2373:photos of war 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:image editing 2350: 2349:photomontages 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2282:from 1988 by 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2222:Victorian era 2219: 2216:, as well as 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1928:to advocate ' 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:Edward Weston 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1674:is available. 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1653:This section 1651: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:camera phones 1608: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1585:image scanner 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 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784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 753: 746: 745: 740: 736: 732: 730: 725: 721: 717: 716:John Herschel 712: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648:Meanwhile, a 646: 644: 640: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:daguerreotype 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 568: 564: 563:daguerreotype 560: 559: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 539: 534: 530: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 499: 495: 494: 489: 482: 477: 470: 468: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 446: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 394: 389: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:ancient China 345: 341: 332: 325: 322: 316: 312: 304: 302: 300: 296: 291: 289: 288:John Herschel 285: 281: 277: 275: 269: 267: 266: 258: 256: 254: 248: 244: 239: 237: 235: 223: 221: 209: 207: 191: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120:Typically, a 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85:by recording 84: 80: 76: 70: 69:Sierra Nevada 65: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 6590: 6539:Computer art 6519:Architecture 6431:Polaroid art 6325:K-14 process 6320:Instant film 6315:Gum printing 6270:C-41 process 6255:Photographic 6156:Image sensor 6151:Film scanner 5805:Sun printing 5738:Print toning 5525:space selfie 5495:Pictorialism 5425:Ethnographic 5405:Conservation 5277:Guide number 5272:Focal length 4872: 4801: 4787: 4769: 4745: 4727: 4721: 4707: 4693: 4674: 4647: 4640: 4620: 4593:Introduction 4577:the original 4572: 4563: 4551:. 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Models in 1739: 1697:works of art 1695:rather than 1690: 1680:January 2019 1677: 1672:Editing help 1654: 1607:social media 1599: 1562: 1537: 1519: 1506: 1503: 1484: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1438: 1403: 1380: 1371:Stereoscopic 1364:movie camera 1361: 1352: 1346: 1335: 1315:latent image 1312: 1308:image sensor 1293: 1278: 1262: 1238:image sensor 1235: 1220: 1217: 1202: 1163: 1153: 1142: 1112: 1104:transparency 1078: 1066: 1055: 1008: 1001: 950: 931: 925: 883: 867: 851: 841: 806: 802:interference 791: 766: 764: 742: 739:Wilson Chinn 713: 706: 698:Frauenkirche 683: 679:Lacock Abbey 670:latent image 647: 643:Photographie 642: 636: 623:Lacock Abbey 588: 573: 556: 536: 529:photoetching 526: 523:, March 1837 517:Frauenkirche 491: 454: 443: 429:described a 425: 398: 386: 364: 337: 292: 274:Photographie 271: 261: 259: 253:photographie 250: 240: 231: 217: 203: 195: 158:latent image 119: 115:photographer 91:image sensor 74: 73: 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 6655:Photography 6596:Printmaking 6591:Photography 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