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468:. These programs make the changes digitally, allowing for faster workflow and more precise results. They also mitigate mistakes by allowing the artist to "undo" errors. Yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current trend is to create images that combine painting, theatre, illustration, and graphics in a seamless photographic whole.
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421:(1912–1988) is an example. His method began with compositions of paper, paint, and photographs put on boards measuring 8½ × 11 inches. Bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he then applied with hand roller. Subsequently, he photographed and enlarged them. The nineteenth century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a composite and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and
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172:, West Yorkshire, and New York. The high point of its popularity came, however, during World War I, when photographers in France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Hungary produced a profusion of postcards showing soldiers on one plane and lovers, wives, children, families, or parents on another. Many of the early examples of fine-art photomontage consist of photographed elements superimposed on
673:
20:
221:, Heartfield lived in Berlin until April, 1933, when he escaped to Czechoslovakia after he was targeted for assassination by the SS. Continuing to produce anti-fascist art in Czechoslovakia until 1938, Heartfield's political photomontages earned him the number five position on the Gestapo's Most Wanted List.
204:
George Grosz wrote, "When John
Heartfield and I invented photomontage in my South End studio at five o’clock on a May morning in 1916, neither of us had any inkling of its great possibilities, nor of the thorny yet successful road it was to take. As so often happens in life, we had stumbled across a
227:
began experimenting with photomontage in 1918. Höch worked for
Ullstein Verlag designing knitting and embroidery patterns that were inspired by her photomontage work of the time. She continued to work with photomontage for almost the rest of her life, even after she broke from the Berlin Dadaists.
212:
Heartfield used photomontage extensively in his innovative book dust jackets for the Berlin publishing house Malik-Verlag. He revolutionized the look of these book covers. Heartfield was the first to use photomontage to tell a “story” from the front cover of the book to the back cover. He also
603:
216:
From 1930 to 1938, John
Heartfield used photomontage to create 240 “Photomontages of The Nazi Period” to use art as a weapon against fascism and The Third Reich. The photomontages appeared on street covers all over Berlin on the cover of the widely circulated AIZ magazine published by
540:
scrapbooking employs a computer to create simple collage designs and captions. The amateur scrapbooker can turn home projects into professional output, such as CDs, DVDs, displays on television, uploads to a website for viewing, or assemblies into one or more books for sharing.
259:
produced photomontage-style paintings based on images culled from magazines. The world's first retrospective show of photomontage was held in
Germany in 1931. A later term coined in Europe was, "photocollage", which usually referred to large and ambitious works that added
208:
John
Heartfield and George Grosz were members of Berlin Club Dada (1916–1920). The German Dadists were instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. The term "photomontage” became widely known at the end of World War I, around 1918 or 1919.
696:
143:
Carnival, South End
Exhibition Rink, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, February 1899; The carefully prepared photomontage composite was a Notman specialty, each figure being photographed separately and then combined as a single
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technology made possible the ability to copy both flat images and three-dimensional objects using the copier as a scanning camera. Such copier images could then be combined with real objects in a traditional cut-and-glue
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to utilize many techniques that would someday influence digital photomontage, down to the naming of tools in
Photoshop. In 1985 he even published a book demonstrating and explaining his techniques, two years before
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Example for an artificially created, totally misleading image: A race car exhibited at an airport (below) was cropped and combined on a computer with snowy mountains, leading to an image of a situation which never
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refers to alterations made to an image. Often, the goal of photograph manipulation is to create another 'realistic' image. This has led to numerous political and ethical concerns, particularly in journalism.
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522:(NPPA) has set out a Code of Ethics promoting the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images ... that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects."
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409:
Other methods for combining images are also called photomontage, such as
Victorian "combination printing", the printing of more than one negative on a single piece of printing paper (e.g.
444:
Contemporary photograph editors in magazines now create "paste-ups" digitally. Creating a photomontage has, for the most part, become easier with the advent of computer software such as
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53:" (from the name of the popular software system). A composite of related photographs to extend a view of a single scene or subject would not be labeled as a montage, but instead a
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is photographed so that the final image may appear as a seamless physical print. A similar method, although one that does not use film, is realized today through
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359:, while working primarily in advertising and commercial art in the 1960s and 1970s, used photomontage techniques to create satirical posters and postcards.
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The pioneering techniques of early photomontage artists were co-opted by the advertising industry from the late 1920s onward. The
American photographer
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81:, arising as a result of technical exploitation of new inventions, is a long-standing human practice throughout the ages. Such environments as
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A photomontage may contain elements at once real and imaginary. Combined photographs and digital manipulations may set up a conflict between
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1197:
Maria Makela (1996). "By Design: The Early Work of Hannah Höch in
Context". In Boswell, Peter; Makela, Maria; Lanchner, Carolyn (eds.).
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and the interests that they believed inspired the war. Photomontage survived Dada and was a technique inherited and used by European
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of Montreal used photomontage to commemorate large social events which could not otherwise be captured on film. Fantasy photomontage
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phenomenon, in which family images are pasted into scrapbooks and a collage created along with paper ephemera and decorative items.
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is composed of multiple facets, artists also combine montage techniques. A series of black and white "photomontage projections" by
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243:. Individual photographs combined to create a new subject or visual image proved to be a powerful tool for the Dadists protesting
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photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. Sometimes the resulting
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John Heartfield and the Agitated Image: Photography, Persuasion, and the Rise of Avant-Garde Photomontage
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514:– for instance, in fake photographs that are presented to the world as real news. For example, in the
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Marie-Monique Huss, Histoires de famille: cartes postales et culture de guerre (Paris: Noesis, 2000).
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Other major artists who were members of Berlin Club Dada and major exponents of photomontage were
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did, and began using it to produce digital photomontage, becoming a founder of the modern genre.
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Following his exile to Mexico in the late 1930s, Spanish Civil War activist and montage artist,
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Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany
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797:"Apparatus and Method for Application of Selective Digital Photomontage to Motion Pictures"
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such as "Fading Away" (1858). These works actively set out to challenge the then-dominant
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experimented with pasting pictures together, a form of art later named "Photomontage.”
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tried to get Uelsmann to test out Photoshop. Uelsmann didn't like it, but his wife
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1442:"HP Celebrates America's Inventiveness by Creating World's Largest Digital Image,"
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1491:– a technical paper on a semi-automated approach to photomontage, published at
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328:, experimented with photomontage on life and social issues in Mexican cities.
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Static Films and Moving Pictures: Montage in Avant-Garde Photography and Film
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A timeline of fantastic photomontage and its possible influences, 1857–2007
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Harue Koga: David Bowie of the Early 20th Century Japanese Art Avant-garde
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Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism And Research in Education
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413:, 1857), front-projection and computer montage techniques. Much as a
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The first and most famous mid-Victorian photomontage (then called
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Photomontage of kiwifruit and lemons, digitally manipulated using
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1996:
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1448:"A Portrait of Goldwater Is a Computer-Aided Mosaic of His Own,"
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255:. Its influence also spread to Japan where avant-garde painter
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became influential in the photomontage world, using multiple
124:, followed shortly thereafter by the images of photographer
45:. This latter technique is referred to by professionals as "
597:, design for a stand at the entrance to an exhibition, 1920
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employed groundbreaking typography to enhance the effect.
1455:"Musings on Collage: The Photomontages of Romare Bearden"
703:
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and North American "consumer culture". His contemporary,
164:. One of the preeminent producers in this period was the
339:, began to contribute photomontage work on the theme of
264:, brushwork, or even objects stuck to the photomontage.
1485:
Historical essay on William Notman, with video clips.
1269:"ART FOR A CHANGE - Posters of the Spanish Civil War"
714:
Gallery of jane.jeruto Eldoretian like many of Eding
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The Chronicle of Higher Education; February 1, 2002.
1326:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
16:
Composite image created from two or more photographs
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2005:
1952:
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1426:, Dada and Political Photomontage, January 9, 2017.
1424:"Official John Heartfield Exhibition & Archive"
393:Ten years later in 1995, Adobe's creative director
320:, a book of photomontage images highly critical of
1444:HP website. See also Business Wire; June 12, 2002.
1319:
1169:"John Heartfield Photomontages Of The Nazi Period"
1201:(1. ed.). Minneapolis: Walker Art Center. p. 62.
1237:Cut & Paste. European Photomontage 1920–1945
1101:"John Heartfield Photomontage Book Dust Jackets"
1430:"Life through a lens: A different perspective,"
969:"George Grosz Quote On Photomontage Invention"
1514:
1071:"Malik-Verlag Photomontage Book Dust Jackets"
8:
1438:; Outdoor Advertising Association of America
1322:Truth Needs No Ally: Inside Photojournalism
77:, notes that the creation of an artificial
1521:
1507:
1499:
1478:Cut & Paste: a history of photomontage
318:Fata Morgana USA: the American Way of Life
33:is the process and the result of making a
530:Photomontage also may be present in the
520:National Press Photographers Association
331:In Argentina during the late 1940s, the
292:created pioneering photomontage work as
138:
49:", and in casual usage is often called "
848:The History of Photography: An Overview
787:
625:
565:
390:began selling Photoshop through Adobe.
120:) was "The Two Ways of Life" (1857) by
75:Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion
795:Clark, Lloyd Douglas; Brown, Brian A.
176:, a combination returned to by (e.g.)
662:Photomontage showing what a complete
7:
1111:from the original on 10 January 2017
1081:from the original on 10 January 2017
1009:from the original on 10 January 2017
1240:. Gangemi Editore spa. p. 13.
1173:Official John Heartfield Exhibition
1105:Official John Heartfield Exhibition
1075:Official John Heartfield Exhibition
1003:Official John Heartfield Exhibition
973:Official John Heartfield Exhibition
755:Famous photographical manipulations
284:, and the husband-and-wife team of
1028:Zervigón, Andrés (November 2012).
205:vein of gold without knowing it."
14:
2304:Audiovisual introductions in 1857
1363:from the original on 7 March 2021
883:Valcke, Jennifer (October 2011).
272:Parallel to the Germans, Russian
148:In late Victorian North America,
2103:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1489:Interactive Digital Photomontage
1199:The photomontages of Hannah Höch
1133:Photomontages of the Nazi Period
929:Laughter is a Devastating Weapon
809:from the original on 2022-10-09.
695:
683:
671:
655:
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85:were made of composited images.
1300:from the original on 2007-08-22
1275:from the original on 2007-08-04
1150:from the original on 2023-07-19
1052:from the original on 2023-07-19
950:from the original on 2023-07-19
1432:Ealing Times; January 3, 2006.
853:University of New Mexico Press
156:were also popular in the late
1:
1410:, NPPA Code of Ethics webpage
1130:Heartfield, John (May 1997).
268:Russian/Soviet Constructivism
999:"Berlin Club Dada 1916-1920"
926:King, David (October 2015).
425:until the widespread use of
1234:Becker, Lutz (2011-11-11).
1036:University of Chicago Press
889:. GRIN Verlag. p. 11.
666:might look like under water
189:Heartfield, Grosz, and Dada
2330:
562:Examples by modern artists
499:
316:, compiled his acclaimed,
1540:
1353:"WITHIN (photo collages)"
1318:Chapnick, Howard (1994).
296:, such as in the journal
79:immersive virtual reality
1373:// Foreword: art critic
845:Davenport, Alma (1991).
472:Legal and ethical issues
2309:Photographic techniques
2238:Painting in Hälsingland
550:Photograph manipulation
545:Photograph manipulation
373:Starting in the 1960s,
366:A 1950 photomontage by
820:Geelan, David (2006).
638:of 11 different images
497:
492:endurance race car at
482:
370:
145:
113:
101:
43:image-editing software
27:
1483:Composite Photographs
1219:Eskola, Jack (2015).
770:Surrealist techniques
690:A modern photomontage
500:Further information:
488:
479:
427:digital image editing
365:
314:Josep Renau Berenguer
166:Bamforth & Co Ltd
142:
107:
96:
22:
2258:Pressed flower craft
1468:Photomontage Artists
824:. Sense Publishers.
775:Crimes de la commune
351:Postwar photomontage
298:USSR in Construction
126:Henry Peach Robinson
118:combination printing
98:The Two Ways of Life
59:digital image mosaic
1675:Spinning (textiles)
1593:Friendship bracelet
1294:"Untitled Document"
282:Alexander Rodchenko
1460:The New York Times
1406:2006-12-12 at the
1385:, literary critic
1136:. Universe Books.
498:
483:
423:offset lithography
371:
326:Lola Alvarez Bravo
290:Valentina Kulagina
146:
114:
102:
28:
2291:
2290:
2181:Hardstone carving
2129:Balloon modelling
1643:Ribbon embroidery
1247:978-88-492-6515-6
1223:. Kindle, e-book.
896:978-3-656-03720-0
862:978-0-8263-2076-6
760:Multiple exposure
2321:
2263:Qing handicrafts
2068:Chemical milling
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1296:. zonezero.com.
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1179:on 12 March 2017
1175:. Archived from
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975:. Archived from
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750:Facial Composite
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454:Corel Photopaint
357:Alfred Gescheidt
322:American culture
276:artists such as
219:Willi Münzenberg
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2273:Straw marquetry
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2025:Enamelled glass
2001:
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1530:Decorative arts
1527:
1463:. May 11, 1997.
1453:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1408:Wayback Machine
1399:
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1382:Василий Ломакин
1379:, photo artist
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855:. p. 164.
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745:Derivative work
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650:Perspective run
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614:The Constructor
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502:Derivative work
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446:Adobe Photoshop
411:O. G. Rejlander
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353:
310:
308:In the Americas
270:
241:Johannes Baader
233:Kurt Schwitters
195:John Heartfield
191:
186:
180:in about 1915.
134:tableau vivants
132:and theatrical
122:Oscar Rejlander
91:
67:
39:composite image
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419:Romare Bearden
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375:Jerry Uelsmann
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286:Gustav Klutsis
274:Constructivist
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237:Raoul Hausmann
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979:on 9 May 2019
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399:Maggie Taylor
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73:in his book,
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60:
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52:
51:photoshopping
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
2221:Glass mosaic
2139:Bone carving
1939:Wood carving
1934:Wood burning
1909:Chip carving
1866:Scrapbooking
1851:Papier-mâché
1817:Papercutting
1770:Iris folding
1758:Photomontage
1757:
1753:Papier collé
1718:Altered book
1578:Cross-stitch
1458:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1376:Теймур Даими
1375:
1365:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1342:
1321:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1236:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1172:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1132:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1030:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:the original
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
928:
921:
912:
900:. Retrieved
885:
878:
866:. Retrieved
847:
840:
821:
815:
790:
765:Photo mosaic
730:Composograph
713:
613:
610:El Lissitzky
579:
548:
536:
532:scrapbooking
529:
526:Scrapbooking
505:
443:
431:
408:
395:Russel Brown
392:
372:
354:
344:
340:
330:
317:
311:
304:government.
278:El Lissitzky
271:
230:
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:George Grosz
192:
184:20th century
178:George Grosz
174:watercolours
147:
115:
109:
97:
89:19th century
74:
68:
31:Photomontage
30:
29:
2248:Pietra dura
2211:Micromosaic
2144:Doll making
2098:Silversmith
2015:Cameo glass
1972:Earthenware
1944:Woodturning
1856:Pop-up book
1841:Papermaking
1728:Calligraphy
1723:Bookbinding
1653:Rug hooking
1623:Needlepoint
1603:Lace-making
1568:Canvas work
1348:Yuri Rydkin
725:Compositing
678:Fotocollage
576:Hannah Höch
538:Digital art
368:Grete Stern
337:Grete Stern
249:Surrealists
245:World War I
225:Hannah Höch
110:Fading Away
108:Robinson's
71:Oliver Grau
47:compositing
2298:Categories
2283:Wall decal
2206:Miniatures
2124:Assemblage
1992:Terracotta
1967:Bone china
1846:Paper toys
1812:Papercraft
1738:Cast paper
1733:Cardmaking
1680:String art
1670:Shoemaking
1658:Rug making
1628:Needlework
1583:Embroidery
1573:Crocheting
1534:handicraft
1304:2007-08-26
1279:2007-08-26
1154:2020-08-02
1143:0876639546
1056:2020-08-02
954:2020-08-02
782:References
508:aesthetics
490:BMW M8 GTE
458:Pixelmator
405:Techniques
388:John Knoll
300:, for the
294:propaganda
262:typography
257:Harue Koga
2278:Taxidermy
2268:Scrimshaw
2243:Pargeting
2169:Grotesque
2149:Dollhouse
2093:Goldsmith
2088:Jewellery
2078:Engraving
2035:Glassware
2020:Chip work
1987:Stoneware
1977:Porcelain
1929:Marquetry
1904:Carpentry
1899:Cabinetry
1876:Wallpaper
1802:Embossing
1795:Moneygami
1748:Decoupage
1633:Patchwork
1618:Millinery
1367:8 January
1253:5 January
1183:9 January
1115:9 January
1085:9 January
1013:9 January
983:9 January
902:5 January
868:5 January
740:Decollage
636:Composite
462:Paint.NET
379:enlargers
193:In 1916,
170:Holmfirth
154:postcards
35:composite
2233:Ornament
2196:Lapidary
2191:Lath art
2174:Gargoyle
2134:Beadwork
2108:Ironwork
1924:Intarsia
1919:Fretwork
1914:Ébéniste
1894:Bentwood
1871:Stamping
1861:Quilling
1807:Marbling
1790:Kirigami
1780:Kamikiri
1685:Tapestry
1638:Quilting
1598:Knitting
1493:SIGGRAPH
1404:Archived
1401:nppa.org
1361:Archived
1298:Archived
1273:Archived
1148:Archived
1109:Archived
1079:Archived
1050:Archived
1007:Archived
948:Archived
804:Archived
718:See also
702:Showing
481:existed.
441:manner.
251:such as
130:painting
83:dioramas
2314:Collage
2228:Netsuke
2083:Etching
2063:Andiron
1982:Pottery
1962:Azulejo
1954:Ceramic
1822:Chinese
1785:Origami
1775:Jianzhi
1743:Collage
1700:Weaving
1695:Tie-dye
1690:Tatting
1613:Macrame
1588:Felting
1555:Textile
1545:History
735:Collage
664:iceberg
616:, 1924
557:Gallery
496:in 2021
439:collage
415:collage
335:exile,
69:Author
65:History
2216:Mosaic
2073:Enamel
2040:Mirror
1832:Slavic
1827:Jewish
1665:Sewing
1648:Carpet
1330:
1244:
1205:
1140:
1042:
940:
893:
859:
828:
707:digits
582:, 1919
518:, the
512:ethics
384:Thomas
345:Idilio
341:Sueños
333:German
302:Soviet
239:, and
112:(1858)
2117:Other
2055:Metal
2007:Glass
1765:Decal
1710:Paper
1608:Lucet
1495:2004.
1357:Sygma
807:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
622:Other
464:, or
434:Xerox
168:, of
144:image
57:or a
2186:Inro
1997:Tile
1886:Wood
1532:and
1369:2021
1328:ISBN
1255:2013
1242:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1185:2017
1138:ISBN
1117:2017
1087:2017
1040:ISBN
1015:2017
985:2017
938:ISBN
904:2013
891:ISBN
870:2013
857:ISBN
826:ISBN
704:five
510:and
466:GIMP
386:and
288:and
197:and
160:and
25:GIMP
2300::
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1157:.
1119:.
1089:.
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872:.
834:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
