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manipulated by either adding or subtracting visible weight. Reverse retouching is just as common as making models skinnier, "distorting the bodies of very thin models to make them appear more robust in a process called reverse retouching. It is almost worse than making someone slimmer because the image claims you can be at an unhealthy weight but still look healthy. In reality, you can't, you have to
Photoshop it". Reverse retouching includes eliminating shadows from protruding bones, adding flesh over body parts, color correcting, and removing hair generated for warmth from extreme weight loss. Professionals are saying that if an image is not labeled "not retouched," then the public can assume that photograph has been modified. As the fashion industry continues to use photos that have been manipulated to idealize body types, there is a need for education about how unreal and unhealthy these images are and the negative implications they are promoting.
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weight of models in photographs should be stopped, so that children and teenagers are not exposed to body types that cannot be attained in reality. The
American Medical Association as a whole adopted a policy to work with advertisers to work on setting up guidelines for advertisements to try to limit how much digital image manipulation is used. The goal of this policy is to limit the number of unrealistic expectations for body image in advertisements.
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appearance of up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). However, in the past 20 years, the practice has changed, as more celebrities are on social media and the public is now more aware of their actual appearances; it is likely that significant alterations would be noticed. The retoucher notes that the industry's goal is to make significant income in advertising and that the unrealistic ideals cycle will continue as they have to maintain this.
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features such as skin complexion, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many of the alterations to skin involve removing blemishes through the use of features included within popular image editing programs which are designed for just such purposes. Photo editors may also alter the color of hair to remove roots or add shine. Additionally, the model's teeth and eyes may be made to look whiter than they are in reality.
257:. At the onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality. The transition from film to digital has been an ongoing process, although much progress was made in the early 21st century as a result of innovation that has greatly improved digital image quality while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment.
963:, she stated that their readers are not idiots and that they can tell when a model has been retouched. Also, some who support photo manipulation in the media state that the altered photographs are not the issue, but that it is the expectations that viewers have that they fail to meet, such as wanting to have the same body as a celebrity on the cover of their favorite magazine.
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659:(NPPA) established a Code of Ethics which promotes the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects." Infringements of the Code are taken very seriously, especially regarding digital alteration of published photographs, as evidenced by a case in which
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758:. Photo editing techniques include the addition of polls, GIFs, music, countdowns, donations, and links. Influencers use filters to grow engagement and boost follower activity, in order to be seen as unique, creative, or fascinating. Meta reported that over 600 million people have used an AR effect on Facebook or Instagram.
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already subjective photograph creates a constructed reality for the individual and it can become difficult to differentiate fact from fiction. With the potential to alter body image, debate continues as to whether manipulated images, particularly those in magazines, contribute to self-esteem issues in both men and women.
398:, photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative. In 1860, a photograph of the politician John Calhoun was manipulated and his body was used in another photograph with the head of the president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. This photo credits itself as the first manipulated photo.
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Dove and People Weekly also did a survey to see how photo manipulation affects the self-esteem of females. In doing this, they found that 80% of the women surveyed felt insecure when seeing photos of celebrities in the media. Of the women surveyed who had lower self-esteem, 70% of them do not believe
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Photo manipulation has been used in advertisements for television commercials and magazines to make their products or the person look better and more appealing than how they look in reality. Some tricks that are used with photo manipulation for advertising are: fake grill marks with eye-liner, using
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A common form of photographic manipulation, particularly in advertising, fashion, and glamour photography, involves edits intended to enhance the appearance of the subject. Common transformations include smoothing skin texture, erasing scars, pimples, and other skin blemishes, slimming the subject's
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showed that 90% of the individuals surveyed would prefer seeing a wider variety of body shapes in media. This would involve them wanting to see cover models that are not all thin, but some with more curves than others. The survey also talked about how readers view the use of photo manipulation. One
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of the series from him, it became clear that an element had been removed from one of the original photographs." As of 2015, up to 20% of World Press Photo entries that made it to the penultimate round of the contest were disqualified after they were found to have been manipulated or post-processed
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In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome. While the equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. In the 20th century, digital retouching
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Please avoid using the term 'photoshop' as a verb, meaning any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs for editing images, such as
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None but those who have endeavoured can realise the insurmountable difficulties of portraying a modern battle by the camera. To include the event on a single negative, I have tried and tried, but the results are hopeless. Now, if negatives are taken of all the separate incidents in the action and
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discusses the objectivity, or lack thereof, in photography, concluding that "photographs, which fiddle with the scale of the world, themselves get reduced, blown up, cropped, retouched, doctored and tricked out". A practice widely used in the magazine industry, the use of photo manipulation on an
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In 2015, France proceeded to pass a law that battles against the use of unrealistic body images and anorexia in the fashion industry. This includes modeling and photography. The models now have to show they are healthy and have a BMI of over 18 through a note from their doctor. Employers breaking
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The
American Medical Association stated that it is opposed to the use of photo manipulation. Dr. McAneny made a statement that altering models to such extremes creates unrealistic expectations in children and teenagers regarding body image. He also said that the practice of digitally altering the
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enable users to manipulate photos using the back or front camera, applying pre-made filters to enhance the quality of the picture, distort themselves, or add creative elements such as text, coloring or stickers. Filters provided on social media platforms are made by social media companies or are
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A digital manipulation expert, who edited and altered a lot of images for the fashion industry and wants to remain private, says it is normal to digitally manipulate a photograph of a model to make them appear thinner, regardless of actual weight. Generally, photographs are edited to remove the
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is one specific industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be a concerning element as many people look up to celebrities in search of embodying the 'ideal figure'). Manipulation of a photo to alter a model's appearance can be used to change
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allow users to modify their own personal images. Social media users, especially younger people, are thus exposed to an extreme amount of manipulated imagery presenting unrealistic, unachievable body ideals. For example, social media platforms such as TikTok have include filters that create an
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In an article entitled "Confessions of a
Retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women", a professional retoucher who has worked for mega-fashion brands shares the industry's secrets. Along with fixing imperfections like skin wrinkles and smoothing features, the size of the model is
834:, take photos of him that emphasized his flaws. Chuck Close is known for his photos that emphasize the skin flaws of an individual. Pitt did so in an effort to speak out against media using image manipulation software and manipulating celebrities' photos in an attempt to hide their flaws.
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Whereas manipulating photographs with tools such as
Photoshop and GIMP is generally skill-intensive and time-consuming, the 21st century has seen the arrival of image editing software powered by advanced algorithms which allow complex transformations to be mostly automated. For example,
1007:, "Photoshopping and airbrushing, many believe, are now an inherent part of the beauty industry, as are makeup, lighting and styling". In a way, these image alterations are "selling" actual people to the masses to affect responses, reactions, and emotions toward these cultural icons.
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appear closer together than they actually were in the original photograph. The incident triggered a debate about the appropriateness of falsifying an image, and raised questions regarding the magazine's credibility. Shortly after the incident, Tom
Kennedy, director of photography for
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Image manipulation software has affected the level of trust many viewers once had in the aphorism "the camera never lies". Images may be manipulated for fun, aesthetic reasons, or to improve the appearance of a subject but not all image manipulation is innocuous, as evidenced by the
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this law will be fined and can serve a jail sentence of up to six months. When a creator of a photograph does not disclose that the picture is edited or retouched, no matter how small the edit, they may also receive a fine or 30% of the costs of what they used to create their ad.
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said they intended to no longer manipulate photos of their models. The decision was made after a 14-year-old girl, Julia Bluhm, petitioned that the magazine use a minimum of one unaltered photo in each of their spread per issue. The petition received over 84,000 signatures.
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was added to a sign carried by a demonstrator. A spokesman for Dublin Pride defended the change, saying that the "practice of altering iconic images for campaigns is a common practice". The altered image was ultimately removed from the Dublin Pride website.
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object to what they refer to as misuse of their trademarked software name, and consider it an infringement on their trademark to use terms such as "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term, to prevent
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In today's world, photo manipulation has a positive impact by developing the creativity of one's mind or maybe a negative one by removing the art and beauty of capturing something so magnificent and natural or the way it should be. According to
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by piecing photos or negatives together. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash out parts of the photograph, hand coloring for aesthetic purposes, or mimicking a fine art painting.
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and made the first photographic print from a photoengraved printing plate. Traditional photographic prints can be altered using various methods and techniques that involve manipulation directly to the print, such as retouching with ink, paint,
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773:", which translates to an overall aspect of cuteness; exerting fragile, girly, and childlike emotions. Kawaii-enhanced photos present a perception of perfection in a photo booth setting. This notion catalyzed the first selfie phone camera by
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agreed to release "un-airbrushed images of herself next to the digitally altered ones". The fundamental motive behind her move was to "highlight the pressure exerted on women to look perfect". In 2014, Hungarian pop vocalist and songwriter
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Photo manipulation is largely considered a useful tool in modern political campaigning and photo manipulations are oftentimes used to amplify political messages and undermine political opponents. For example, on
January 6, 2020, US Rep.
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statistic stated that 15% of the readers believed that the cover images are accurate depictions of the model in reality. Also, they found that 33% of women who were surveyed are aiming for a body that is impossible for them to attain.
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used a photograph of
Stewart's face on the body of a much slimmer woman for their cover, suggesting that Stewart had lost weight while in prison. Speaking about the incident in an interview, Lynn Staley, assistant managing editor at
495:, with the caption "The world is a better place without these guys in power." It was pointed out that this meeting never took place and in reality was a doctored photo of a meeting between President Obama and Indian Prime Minister
882:(#3 Jazz Album, #17 World Music Album). In the videos, the artist is shown singing as she is extensively retouched in real-time, ending with a side-by-side comparison of her natural and manipulated images as the song fades out.
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74:. Some photograph manipulations are considered to be skillful artwork, while others are considered to be unethical practices, especially when used to deceive. Motives for manipulating photographs include political
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stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterward as a mistake, and we wouldn't repeat that mistake today."
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in
Belgium. Hurley argued with his superiors over the ethics of compositing photos, arguing that war was conducted on such a vast scale that it was impossible to capture the essence of it in a single negative.
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that has decided that " must stop exposing impressionable children and teenagers to advertisements portraying models with body types only attainable with the help of photo editing software". These include
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can even be edited into pictures to look as though the model was wearing them when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, the appearance of a model may be drastically changed to mask imperfections.
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was coined in 2017 to refer to real images and videos generated with deep-learning techniques. The alterations can be created for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading
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320:. More recently, deep fakes superimposing the faces of celebrities and other persons onto those of pornographic performers for the purpose of creating pornographic material has become prevalent;
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And with digital photography, there is also the possibility of photoshopping – digitally editing the representation to make it more aesthetically pleasing, or to change decisions about framing.
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which smooth skin tone and create more visually pleasing facial proportions (for example, by enlarging a subject's eyes) are available within a number of widely used social media apps such as
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In 2010, a
Ukrainian photographer – Stepan Rudik, winner of the 3rd prize story in Sports Features – was disqualified due to violation of the rules of the
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In 2023, the organizers of Dublin Pride were accused of “intentionally doctoring photos” to push “propaganda” when they posted an altered image from a 1983 protest, in which the slogan
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for being misleading, stating that the flawless skin seen in the photo was too good to be true. The US is also moving in the direction of banning excessive photo manipulation where a
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illusion of physical attributes, such as the "skinny filter" and the "perfect skin filter". Part of the idea of perfection on social media comes from Japanese culture and the word "
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Photo manipulation has triggered negative responses from both viewers and celebrities. This has led to celebrities refusing to have their photos retouched in support of the
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body, and erasing wrinkles and folds. Commentators have raised concerns that such practices may lead to unrealistic expectations and negative body image among the audience.
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enacted legislation making it a requirement to label digital manipulations of the bodies of persons when depicted in advertising. Failure to do so is punishable by a fine.
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Before its release to news media, congressional staff digitally added into this 2013 official portrait the heads of four members absent in the original photo shoot.
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algorithms to automate complex, content-aware transformations, such as changing the age or gender of the subject of a photo, or modifying their facial expression.
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The growing popularity of image manipulation has raised concern as to whether it allows for unrealistic images to be portrayed to the public. In her article "
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and then photographing the dramatized scenes—then pasting faces of the real news-personalities (gathered from unrelated photos) onto his staged images.
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Governments are exerting pressure on advertisers, and are starting to ban photos that are too airbrushed and edited. In the United Kingdom, the
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emphasizes that their clothes are for everyone and that their advertisements have not been retouched in any way, saying "The real you is sexy."
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The image of an engraving depicting a man leading a horse was made in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce, who invented a technique known as heliogravure.
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A notable incident of controversial photo manipulation occurred over a photograph that was altered to fit the vertical orientation of a 1982
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in professional environments, which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by editing software for
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said, "The piece that we commissioned was intended to show Martha as she would be, not necessarily as she is." Staley also explained that
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because they involve creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. For example,
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This article is about the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image manipulation. For the mechanics of altering images, see
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499:. Gosar was criticized for attempting to spread disinformation. The photo had also been previously used in a 2015 advert for Senator
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2987:"Boggie Photoshop music video: Singer uses Nouveau Parfum promo to show how digital trickery can transform you | Metro News"
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Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers or improve storytelling and self-expression. As early as the
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to build confidence in young women, emphasizing "real beauty", or unretouched photographs, in the media. Clothing retailer
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There are other incidents of questionable photo manipulation in journalism. One such incident occurred in early 2005 after
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Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation
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2032:"Doctored images have become a fact of life for political campaigns. When they're disproved, believers 'just don't care.'"
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The photo manipulation industry has often been accused of promoting or inciting a distorted and unrealistic image of
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attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. In a well-known case of
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model's ad was banned because it had exaggerated effects, leading to a misleading representation of the product.
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theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as a manipulation. In
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taken in August 1972 sharing the same platform at a 1971 antiwar rally, the latter of which carried a fake
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Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide: A Biographical Dictionary, 1839–1865
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during the 19th century. The practice began not long after the creation of the first photograph (1825) by
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chart hit "ParfĂĽm" (Hungarian version) and "Nouveau Parfum" (French version) from her self-titled album
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Photograph manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression it is a painting complete with brush strokes
228:). Negatives can be manipulated while still in the camera using double-exposure techniques, or in the
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theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations. In "How to Do Things with Pictures",
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The term photoshopping is a neologism, meaning "editing an image", regardless of the program used.
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resigned his post following the revelation that a number of his photographs had been manipulated.
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Some companies have begun to speak out against photo manipulation in advertising their products.
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Digitally manipulated composite: horses in the original photo are added to a photo of a pasture.
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was artificially generated by converting the infrared data into the visible-color spectrum.
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to darken and lighten photographs. Other techniques include retouching using ink or paint,
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854:'s 2012 March/April issue, makeup-free and without digital retouching for the first time.
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34:. For the restoration of physical photographs and documents using digital techniques, see
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Metzmacher, Dirk. "Smashing Magazine." Smashing Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. April 16, 2014.
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The Secret Parts of Fortune: Three Decades of Intense Investigations and Edgy Enthusiasms
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Depending on the application and intent, some photograph manipulations are considered an
3492:"Here Is Adobe's Attempt to Stop People From Using the Term "Photoshop" All Willy-Nilly"
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are usually generated from data provided by complex digital cameras. Raw images include
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made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes. On May 5, 1920, his predecessor
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3559:"Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: 'Photoshop'"
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are games organized online with the goal of creating humorous images around a theme.
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There is a growing body of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in
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3707:"House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi defends altered photo of women House members"
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The Commissar Vanishes: the falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia
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2692:"Photoshop contributes to unrealistic expectations of appropriate body image: AMA"
2143:"Dublin Pride removes altered photo of protest from its website after complaints"
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that their appearance is pretty or stylish enough in comparison to cover models.
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Graphic Design Portfolio-Builder: Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator Projects
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1916:"Political Art. Official John Heartfield Exhibition. Integrity. Courage. Genius"
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The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was
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3185:"Influencers In Norway Will Legally Have To Disclose Their Photoshopped Images"
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white glue instead of milk, or using deodorant to make vegetables look glossy.
1290:"It's harder than ever to identify a manipulated photo. Here's where to start"
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Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on
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3158:"France Bans Too-Thin Fashion Models, Demands That Photoshopping Be Labeled"
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1948:. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques.
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Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being
1605:"The real 'fake news': how to spot misinformation and disinformation online"
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disclosed on page 3 that the cover image of Martha Stewart was a composite.
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details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically.
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2506:"4 Companies That Refuse to Photoshop—And Why That Matters For All Genders"
2480:"Photoshop shock: Insider reveals fashion industry image editing practices"
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produced two music videos that achieved global attention for its stance on
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3212:"In Defense of Photoshop: Why Retouching Isn't As Evil As Everyone Thinks"
3062:"Aerie's Unretouched Ads 'Challenge Supermodel Standards' For Young Women"
2718:"FaceTune is conquering Instagram – but does it take airbrushing too far?"
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1825:"Analysis of Key Photo Manipulation Cases and their Impact on Photography"
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combined, some idea may then be gained of what a modern battle looks like.
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light, which is invisible to humans. This composite representation of the
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2105:"Republican Congressman Shares Fake Image of Obama and Iranian President"
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3238:"Women Need Further Educating Into Extent of Digital Manipulation of Mo"
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Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
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Bakhshi, Saeideh; Shamma, David; Kennedy, Lyndon; Gilbert, Eric (2015).
2427:"Confessions of a retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women"
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The terms "Photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping", derived from
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magazine altered her body, making it look unnaturally thin. 42-year-old
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Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism, And Research in Education
2911:"SEE PICS! Before & After: Britney Spears' airbrushed Candie's ads"
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advises against using "photoshop" as a verb because Adobe Photoshop is
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in 1999, which led to the posting of selfies during the beginnings of
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credit with the intent to change the public's perspective of reality.
1990:. Seventh International Conference of Computer Ethics. Archived from
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as an issue. In an interview with the editor of the French magazine
3242:
2298:
953:
Some editors of magazine companies do not view manipulating their
550:
377:
352:
317:
126:
42:
3587:
2785:"Beauty filters are changing the way young girls see themselves"
1701:"Where do all those colors in space telescope images come from?"
1577:"This app uses neural networks to put a smile on anybody's face"
1075:
1061:
580:
Photojournalism § Ethical, legal, and social considerations
419:
254:
147:, the latter giving rise to the phrase "airbrushed from history"
2650:"How girls use social media to build up, break down self-image"
2017:
The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era
3114:"Julia Roberts Makeup Ads Banned in UK for Too Much Photoshop"
1041:" or "genericide" of the company's trademark. Separately, the
169:
was not discovered for almost a century, when photojournalist
3762:"Nancy Pelosi Defends Altered Photo Of Congresswomen (PHOTO)"
2810:"Digital Media Literacy: The Problem with Photo Manipulation"
2318:"Blade Editor: Detrich Submitted 79 Altered Photos This Year"
441:" process involved reenacting real news events with costumed
267:, burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) a photograph.
2752:"The Power of Kawaii: How Cute, Squishy Things Influence Us"
2363:"World Press Photo Organizer: 20% of Finalists Disqualified"
632:. The image in question was a fraudulent composite image of
3472:(Press release). Adobe Systems Incorporated. Archived from
2936:"Single Top 40 slágerlista - Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták"
1521:(Interview). Interviewed by Tom Legro. South Florida: WPBT2
1392:
Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set
840:
2861:"Keep It Real Challenge: Photoshop's Impact on Body Image"
1074:
via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in a form of
700: most specifically in younger people. The world of
173:
noticed Lincoln's mole was on the wrong side of his face.
2580:"Why We Filter Our Photos and How It Impacts Engagement"
1086:
Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax.
1060:
in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on
971:
A survey done by the United Kingdom-based fashion store
324:
has been criticized due to issues with lack of consent.
2617:
2615:
1631:"How deepfakes could impact the 2019 Canadian election"
390:
celebrating the outbreak of World War I in Munich.
119:, meaning to digitally edit an image with any program.
2453:"Here's how retouched photos impact our mental health"
2062:
2060:
1940:
Carlson, Kathryn; DeLevie, Brian; Oliva, Aude (2006).
1140:
Original photograph of horses being sorted in a corral
1110:
of 16 photos which have been digitally manipulated in
1895:""The Commissar Vanishes" in The Vanishing Commissar"
1446:
The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Fourth Edition
838:
spoke out against photo manipulation in media after
2535:Mueller, Marie Elisabeth; Rajaram, Devadas (2022).
3644:Danielson, Stentor; Braun, David (March 8, 2005).
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1114:to give the impression that it is a real landscape
3859:Digital Tampering in the Media, Politics, and Law
3528:(2). State University of New York. Archived from
3137:"US watchdog bans photoshopping in cosmetics ads"
3009:"The Evolution Video – Dove Self Esteem Project"
1798:Peter E. Palmquist, Thomas R. Kailbourn (2005).
1209:, browser extension for detecting altered images
3795:"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"
3740:"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"
3679:"Pelosi Defends Altered Photo of Congresswomen"
3313:"Photoshop: A Positive and Negative Innovation"
1500:"Ansel Adams, and Photography Before Photoshop"
1449:. Focal Press; 4 edition. p. Preface, 24.
1082:", which was widely circulated as a so-called "
452:used a type of photo manipulation known as the
418:("condemnation of memory") image manipulation,
2249:
2247:
1869:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
308:. Fraudulent creations can be used to conduct
192:is a composite of three different photographs.
2256:"The Camera Never Lies, But The Software Can"
1240:"One man's record of the war to end all wars"
8:
3328:"Photoshop: It's Not Just a Program Anymore"
2673:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2137:
2135:
2133:
1482:"Making The Transition From Film To Digital"
55:photograph from three original negatives of
27:Transformation or alteration of a photograph
3814:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3087:"AMA Adopts New Policies at Annual Meeting"
2193:
2191:
630:Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
590:magazine cover. The altered image made two
3646:"Shark "Photo of the Year" Is E-Mail Hoax"
2623:"Do You Use a Filter Every Time You Post?"
2225:"Martha Stewart Gets New Body In Newsweek"
2218:
2216:
1729:(20 October 2010). Accessed 22 March 2022.
1722:"Famous Hitler photograph declared a fake"
894:created the Dove Self-Esteem Fund and the
487:(R-Ariz.) tweeted a photo of US President
3793:WSET News (ABC TV-13) (January 4, 2013).
3522:Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal
3490:Katharine Trendacosta (August 26, 2015).
3311:L. Boutwell, Allison (February 5, 2012).
2595:
1802:. Stanford University Press. p. 55.
1777:. Duke University Press. pp. 96–97.
1419:Abduzeedo Inspiration Guide for Designers
105:together in the darkroom, and scratching
2303:National Press Photographers Association
1078:. An example of the latter category is "
657:National Press Photographers Association
428:censorship of images in the Soviet Union
2420:
2418:
1230:
1130:
1097:
3807:
2666:
2275:Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life
2199:"National Geographic — Altered Images"
1823:Sharma, Jitendra & Rohita (2017).
1312:"World's oldest photo sold to library"
3267:"Why Beauty Ads Should Be Legislated"
2839:Truly Deeply – Brand Agency Melbourne
2686:
2684:
2648:Media, Caroline Knorr, Common Sense.
1629:Bogart, Nicole (September 10, 2019).
1273:from the original on March 20, 2022.
491:shaking hands with Iranian President
408:held a speech for Soviet troops that
7:
3623:"The Photoshopping of the President"
3060:Krupnick, Ellie (January 17, 2014).
2223:Jonathan D. Glater (March 3, 2005).
2153:from the original on August 14, 2023
1981:Reynolds, C. J. (July 12–14, 2007).
1711:from the original on April 22, 2024.
1342:"Photo Tampering Throughout History"
1300:from the original on March 13, 2024.
1269:. State Library of New South Wales.
1177:List of photo manipulation incidents
3760:Huffington Post (January 4, 2013).
3705:Washington Post (January 4, 2013).
3358:. Peachpit Press. August 15, 2005.
2478:Clun, Rachel (September 24, 2014).
2067:Thebeault, Reis (January 6, 2020).
1070:magazine. Images may be propagated
165:'s head superimposed on a print of
3627:Salon.com Arts & Entertainment
2886:Roberts, Soraya (March 22, 2012).
2338:"Announcement of disqualification"
2030:Harwell, Drew (January 14, 2020).
1603:Bellemare, Andrea (July 5, 2019).
1546:IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
1498:Jack Dziamba (February 27, 2013).
1422:. Pearson Education. p. 124.
351:or other energy lying outside the
25:
3602:Jenn Shreve (November 19, 2001).
3575:from the original on May 28, 2018
3326:Blatner, David (August 1, 2000).
3265:Matlins, Seth (August 22, 2011).
2451:Flynn, Caitlin (March 30, 2018).
2425:Cage, Carolyn (October 6, 2017).
2174:"Photography's New Bag Of Tricks"
2172:Fred Ritchin (November 4, 1984).
1893:The Newseum (September 1, 1999).
1513:Mia Fineman (November 29, 2012).
1250:from the original on May 7, 2021.
113:, has led to the use of the term
3871:Erased figures in Kagemni's tomb
3846:
3832:
3467:"Use Of The Photoshop Trademark"
3415:. Sense Publisher. p. 146.
3112:Zhang, Michael (July 27, 2011).
2909:Claire, Marie (April 14, 2010).
2013:"How to Do Things with Pictures"
1845:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
1699:Lewis, Briley (April 18, 2024).
1540:Corcoran, Peter (October 2014).
1157:
1145:
1133:
1119:
1100:
984:Social and cultural implications
533:
518:
178:
155:
2989:. metro.co.uk. January 22, 2014
2716:Solon, Olivia (March 9, 2018).
2254:Katie Hefner (March 11, 2004).
1656:Mahdawi, Arwa (April 1, 2023).
1575:Vincent, James (May 27, 2019).
922:has banned an advertisement by
920:Advertising Standards Authority
870:in the beauty industry: the #1
508:"Trans rights are human rights"
3604:"Photoshop: It's All the Rage"
3515:"The Genericide of Trademarks"
2389:"What counts as manipulation?"
2316:Lang, Daryl (April 15, 2007).
2277:. The MIT Press. p. 120.
2103:Qiu, Linda (January 6, 2020).
1942:"Ethics in image manipulation"
1609:Canadian Broadcast Corporation
1288:Yang, Allie (March 12, 2024).
1021:Digital photograph restoration
830:Brad Pitt had a photographer,
343:data generated in response to
36:Digital photograph restoration
1:
3897:Photojournalism controversies
3837:The dictionary definition of
3738:Salon.com (January 4, 2013).
3621:Corrie Pikul (July 1, 2004).
3442:Medical Records for Attorneys
3183:Onibada, Ade (July 1, 2021).
2258:. The New York Times Company.
1750:. Random House. p. 495.
1487:. Adobe Systems Incorporated.
1056:is sometimes associated with
1052:In popular culture, the term
896:Dove Campaign for Real Beauty
525:1903 achromatic photo of the
3677:ABC News (January 4, 2013).
3439:Laurence M. Deutsch (2001).
2176:. The New York Times Company
800:American Medical Association
636:taken on June 13, 1971, and
374:Political and ethical issues
265:darkroom exposure techniques
91:darkroom exposure techniques
68:transformation or alteration
3513:John Dwight Ingram (2004).
3385:. Netlibrary. p. 163.
1395:. Routledge. p. 1007.
674:contest. "After requesting
471:, Carson Reynolds extended
3928:
3379:Rodriguez, Edward (2008).
3035:"Aerie for American Eagle"
2961:"It's Boggie for Hungary!"
2201:. Bronx Documentary Center
1920:John Heartfield Exhibition
1872:. Macmillan. p. 228.
1364:"How to manipulate SX-70?"
1014:
741:Social media apps such as
609:was released from prison.
577:
559:returns data representing
557:James Webb Space Telescope
360:James Webb Space Telescope
29:
3902:Photography controversies
3867:– more manipulated photos
2538:Social Media Storytelling
2484:The Sydney Morning Herald
2431:The Sydney Morning Herald
1416:Fabio Sasso (July 2011).
1213:Truth claim (photography)
848:appeared on the cover of
762:Mobile phone applications
683:Retouching human subjects
437:: in the mid-1920s, his "
3651:National Geographic News
3569:Free Software Foundation
2597:10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14622
1554:10.1109/MCE.2014.2338573
1261:Wishart, Alison (2017).
1043:Free Software Foundation
663:-nominated photographer
386:was manipulated to show
337:binary (black-and-white)
131:Early retouching tools:
47:Australian photographer
3892:Photographic techniques
3840:photograph manipulation
3382:Computer Graphic Artist
1958:10.1145/1179171.1179176
1866:Ammann, Daniel (2009).
1443:Peres, Michael (2007).
1263:"Truth and photography"
679:with rules violations.
209:Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
64:Photograph manipulation
3409:Geelan, David (2006).
3352:"Photoshop Essentials"
2009:Mitchell, William John
1771:Rotman, Brian (2008).
756:user-generated content
570:
391:
364:Hubble Space Telescope
237:became available with
148:
123:History and techniques
60:
3907:Photography forgeries
2789:MIT Technology Review
2547:10.4324/9781003275251
2299:"NPPA Code of Ethics"
2269:Kitchin, Rob (2011).
1726:Sydney Morning Herald
1635:Federal Election 2019
1389:Lynne Warren (2006).
1351:on September 8, 2015.
1218:Whitewashing (beauty)
1011:"Photoshop" as a verb
914:Government opposition
554:
448:In the 1930s, artist
381:
130:
46:
3855:at Wikimedia Commons
3135:Anthony, Sebastian.
1362:Klaus Wolfer (ed.).
1202:Straight photography
1187:Error level analysis
1047:proprietary software
886:Corporate opposition
878:, which reached two
794:Celebrity opposition
781:in the early 2000s.
322:deepfake pornography
101:, piecing photos or
3712:The Washington Post
3535:on February 2, 2017
3246:. November 26, 2013
3164:. December 22, 2015
3066:The Huffington Post
3041:on January 29, 2017
2967:. February 28, 2015
2841:. November 19, 2015
2369:. February 12, 2015
2323:Photo District News
2305:. January 28, 2017.
2149:. August 13, 2023.
2074:The Washington Post
1294:National Geographic
1084:National Geographic
1004:The Huffington Post
702:glamour photography
655:, for example, the
598:National Geographic
587:National Geographic
566:Pillars of Creation
477:William J. Mitchell
329:astronomical images
312:, political gains,
224:during developing (
3912:Media manipulation
3865:Hoax Photo Gallery
3853:Photo manipulation
3774:on January 7, 2013
3658:on August 20, 2002
3633:on March 10, 2008.
3557:(April 21, 2018).
3340:on March 15, 2005.
3013:selfesteem.dove.us
2230:The New York Times
2147:www.independent.ie
2109:The New York Times
1478:Reichmann, Michael
1370:. Skylab Portfolio
1368:Polaroid SX-70 Art
1238:Arbuckle, Alex Q.
1088:Photoshop contests
725:Starting in 2012,
571:
396:American Civil War
392:
241:computers running
149:
61:
3851:Media related to
3555:Stallman, Richard
3452:978-0-8318-0817-4
3392:978-81-89940-42-3
3365:978-0-321-33658-3
3218:. August 29, 2010
2627:Newport Institute
2393:World Press Photo
2342:World Press Photo
2284:978-0-262-04248-2
1946:ACM SIGGRAPH 2006
1879:978-1-4299-8685-4
1841:King, D. (1997).
1809:978-0-8047-4057-9
1784:978-0-8223-4183-3
1757:978-0-375-50338-2
1456:978-0-240-80740-9
1429:978-0-13-268472-9
1402:978-1-135-20536-2
672:World Press Photo
592:Egyptian pyramids
574:Use in journalism
435:Bernarr Macfadden
415:damnatio memoriae
384:Heinrich Hoffmann
333:celestial objects
310:malicious attacks
16:(Redirected from
3919:
3850:
3836:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3770:. Archived from
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3719:on April 2, 2019
3715:. Archived from
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3654:. Archived from
3641:
3635:
3634:
3629:. Archived from
3618:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3593:
3592:
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3580:
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3430:
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3348:
3342:
3341:
3336:. Archived from
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3048:
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3037:. Archived from
3031:
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3005:
2999:
2998:
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2609:
2599:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:on March 5, 2015
2512:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2457:Business Insider
2448:
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2064:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1997:on May 28, 2008.
1996:
1989:
1984:Image Act Theory
1978:
1972:
1971:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1906:
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1566:
1565:
1542:"Digital Beauty"
1537:
1531:
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1413:
1407:
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1386:
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1379:
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1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:. Archived from
1346:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:. March 21, 2002
1308:
1302:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1197:Source criticism
1161:
1149:
1137:
1123:
1104:
1080:Helicopter Shark
1032:Trademark owner
880:Billboard charts
851:Intelligent Life
699:
642:Associated Press
537:
522:
469:Image Act Theory
382:A photograph by
287:. Some, such as
220:, or scratching
182:
159:
57:World War I
21:
3927:
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3538:
3536:
3532:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3479:on May 9, 2015.
3476:
3469:
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3464:
3460:
3453:
3438:
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3433:
3423:
3408:
3407:
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3141:
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3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3093:. June 21, 2011
3085:
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2942:
2940:slagerlistak.hu
2934:
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2929:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2867:. June 29, 2012
2859:
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2808:
2807:
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2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2750:Wong, Kristin.
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
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2715:
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2710:
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2698:
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857:In April 2010,
817:Jessica Simpson
805:Keira Knightley
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737:On social media
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649:photojournalism
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458:Nazi propaganda
450:John Heartfield
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314:financial crime
251:Adobe Photoshop
247:graphic imaging
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167:John C. Calhoun
163:Abraham Lincoln
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3142:December 16,
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2915:Marie Claire
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2722:The Guardian
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2019:. MIT Press.
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1519:PBS Newshour
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1322:November 17,
1320:. Retrieved
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1266:
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1108:Photomontage
1083:
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987:
978:
970:
960:Marie Claire
958:
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952:
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908:
902:'s campaign
889:
875:
868:whitewashing
856:
850:
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829:
813:Andy Roddick
797:
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527:Wright Flyer
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489:Barack Obama
481:
468:
462:
456:to critique
454:photomontage
447:
443:body doubles
439:composograph
432:
430:was common.
413:
410:Leon Trotsky
400:
393:
388:Adolf Hitler
326:
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269:
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235:
226:Polaroid art
198:
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3539:February 2,
3498:February 2,
3445:. ALI-ABA.
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2993:February 1,
2890:. The Juice
2659:October 30,
2510:Groundswell
2463:October 30,
2436:October 30,
2398:January 22,
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2347:January 22,
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3778:January 4,
3745:January 4,
3723:January 4,
3690:January 4,
2965:Eurovision
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2236:January 6,
2205:January 6,
2180:January 6,
1637:. CTV News
1225:References
1034:Adobe Inc.
1015:See also:
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904:#AerieREAL
638:Jane Fonda
634:John Kerry
578:See also:
485:Paul Gosar
473:speech act
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190:City Point
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3276:April 23,
3250:April 19,
3222:April 19,
3097:April 19,
2920:April 23,
2894:March 22,
2871:April 19,
2794:March 19,
2769:March 19,
2764:1059-1028
2730:0261-3077
2701:April 25,
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2633:March 19,
2606:2334-0770
2565:249563030
2157:March 17,
2117:0362-4331
2083:0190-8286
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1670:0261-3077
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1614:March 29,
1582:The Verge
1515:"Artbeat"
1112:Photoshop
941:In 2021,
932:CoverGirl
821:Lady Gaga
809:Brad Pitt
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651:. In the
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368:artifacts
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3294:(1977).
3271:HuffPost
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2845:April 4,
2819:April 4,
2735:April 4,
2520:April 4,
2489:April 4,
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2151:Archived
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2088:April 3,
2011:(1994).
1742:(2000).
1709:Archived
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1480:(2006).
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622:Newsweek
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230:darkroom
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3579:May 28,
3216:The Cut
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3144:2011
3122:2011
3099:2015
3073:2015
3047:2015
3021:2015
2995:2014
2973:2019
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2922:2020
2896:2012
2873:2015
2847:2020
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2703:2016
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