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well documented that artists used the photograph as source material and as an aid—however, they went to great lengths to deny the fact fearing that their work would be misunderstood as imitations; and through the photograph's invention artists were open to a great deal of new experimentation. Thus, the culmination of the invention of the photograph was a break in art's history towards the challenge facing the artist—since the earliest known cave drawings—trying to replicate the scenes they viewed.
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206:. Usually this is done either by projecting the slide onto the canvas or by using traditional grid techniques. The resulting images are often direct copies of the original photograph but are usually larger than the original photograph or slide. This results in the photorealist style being tight and precise, often with an emphasis on imagery that requires a high level of technical prowess and
202:. In Photorealism, change and movement must be frozen in time which must then be accurately represented by the artist. Photorealists gather their imagery and information with the camera and photograph. Once the photograph is developed (usually onto a photographic slide) the artist will systematically transfer the image from the photographic slide onto
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Pop Art and photorealism were both reactionary movements stemming from the ever-increasing and overwhelming abundance of photographic media, which by the mid 20th century had grown into such a massive phenomenon that it was threatening to lessen the value of imagery in art. However, whereas the Pop
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states in his books and lectures the following: The invention of photography in the nineteenth century had three effects on art: portrait and scenic artists were deemed inferior to the photograph and many turned to photography as careers; within nineteenth- and twentieth-century art movements it is
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In the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, photorealist approaches were favoured by many artists including Mike Gorman and Eric Scott. The introduction of these European painters to a wider US audience was brought about through the 1982 'Superhumanism' exhibition at the Arnold
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Louis K. Meisel, two years later, developed a five-point definition at the request of Stuart M. Speiser, who had commissioned a large collection of works by the
Photorealists, which later developed into a traveling show known as 'Photo-Realism 1973: The Stuart M. Speiser Collection', which was
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continued as an ongoing art movement, even experiencing a reemergence in the 1930s, but by the 1950s modernist critics and
Abstract Expressionism had minimalized realism as a serious art undertaking. Though Photorealists share some aspects of American realists, such as
101:. However, the admittance to the use of photographs in Photorealism was met with intense criticism when the movement began to gain momentum in the late 1960s, despite the fact that visual devices had been used since the fifteenth century to aid artists with their work.
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Newer
Photorealists are building upon the foundations set by the original Photorealists. Examples would be the influence of Richard Estes in works by Anthony Brunelli or the influence of Ralph Goings and Charles Bell in works by
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With the birth of the
Photorealist movement, many painters who were related to Photorealism, continued to pursue and refine their techniques; they became the second generation of Photorealists. These painters included
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paintings attempt to "fool the eye" and make the viewer think he is seeing an actual object, not a painted one. When observing a
Photorealist painting, the viewer is always aware that they are looking at a painting.
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Phillips, Stephen
Bennett and Spoutz, Eric Ian Hornak (2012), "Ian Hornak Transparent Barricades," exhibition catalogue, Washington D.C.: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Fine Art Program. p.
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in 1969 and appeared in print for the first time in 1970 in a
Whitney Museum catalogue for the show "Twenty-two Realists". It is also sometimes labeled as Super-Realism, New Realism, Sharp Focus Realism, or
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in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States. Photorealists use a photograph or several photographs to gather the information to create their paintings and it can be argued that the use of a
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Though the height of
Photorealism was in the 1970s, the movement continues and includes several of the original photorealists as well as many of their contemporaries. According to Meisel and Chase's
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The evolution of technology has brought forth photorealistic paintings that exceed what was thought possible with paintings; these newer paintings by the photorealists are sometimes referred to as "
444:. However, this has led many to move on from the strict definition of photorealism as the emulation of the photograph. Photorealism is also no longer simply an American art movement. Starting with
281:. Often working independently of each other and with widely different starting points, these original Photorealists routinely tackled mundane or familiar subjects in traditional art genres--
456:, in which American and non-American photorealist painters have traveled together to locations including Prague, Zurich, Monaco and New York, to work alongside each other in producing work.
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are several
European artists associated with photorealism that have emerged since the mid-1990s. This internationalization of photorealism is also seen in photorealist events, such as
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By the time the Photorealists began producing their bodies of work the photograph had become the leading means of reproducing reality and abstraction was the focus of the art world.
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artists were primarily pointing out the absurdity of much of the imagery (especially in commercial usage), the Photorealists were trying to reclaim and exalt the value of an image.
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Adan, Joan and Spoutz, Eric Ian Hornak (May 2012), "Transparent Barricades: Ian Hornak, A Retrospective," exhibition catalogue, Glendale, California: Forest Lawn Museum. pp. 1–3.
463:". With new technology in cameras and digital equipment, artists are able to be far more precision-oriented and can produce imagery using a wider range of media. The artist
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120:, they tried to set themselves as much apart from traditional realists as they did Abstract Expressionists. Photorealists were much more influenced by the work of
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in 1978 and is shown in several of its museums as well as traveling under the auspices of 'site'. The definition for the 'originators' was as follows:
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Head, Clive (2004) "Post-Photoreal Painting" in Brunelli, Anthony; Head, Clive; Menie, Bertrand Meniel; and Spence, Raphaella (2004),
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Erikson, Matthew (2004-07-25) "Slight of Eye: New Britain Museum features Trompe L'oeil paintings, a genre based on trickery".
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has developed his own technique for creating photorealistic images using soil, pollen, human hair, and cremated human remains.
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63:. Although the term can be used broadly to describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer to a specific
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is a wrongly attributed comparison, an error in observation or interpretation made by many critics of the 1970s and 1980s.
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associated with photorealism for their painted, lifelike sculptures of average people that were complete with simulated
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The artist must have exhibited work as a Photo-Realist by 1972 to be considered one of the central Photo-Realists.
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Steve Greenberg (1992-06-02). "Photo Realism: Artist Bill Fink uses human ash to create a visual AIDS memorial".
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The artist must have devoted at least five years to the development and exhibition of Photo-Realist work.
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The Photo-Realist uses a mechanical or semi-mechanical means to transfer the information to the canvas.
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The Photo-Realist must have the technical ability to make the finished work appear photographic.
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This article is about the artistic movement. For the use of the term in computer graphics, see
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is the only remaining original Photorealist actively working in the Photorealist style.
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Peinture et Photographie: Pop art, figuration narrative, hyperréalisme, nouveaux pop
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Photorealism's influence and popularity continues to grow, with new books such as
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and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another
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Auping, Michael; Bishop, Janet; Ray, Charles; and Weinberg, Jonathan (2005),
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The Photo-Realist uses the camera and photograph to gather information.
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The first generation of American Photorealists includes the painters
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Significant artists whose work meets the criteria of Photorealism:
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of American painters that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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American Culture in the 1980s (Twentieth Century American Culture)
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in the 1980s Clive Head, Raphaella Spence, Bertrand Meniel, and
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Cars and Ketchup, Photorealist Images of the American Landscape
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Significant artists whose work helped define Photorealism:
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Though the movement is primarily associated with painting,
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New Photorealists, Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York 2004.
1350:
American Painting: From the Colonial Period to the Present
80:
As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from
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Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
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Binghamton, New York: Roberson Museum and Science Center
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1486:"Photorealism - Technical Mastery and Effortless Style"
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and other graphic media, in which an artist studies a
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detailing current trends within the artistic genre.
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1972:
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1752:Rose, Joshua (November 2008), "Beyond Perception"
1180:, "The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II",
124:and were reacting against Abstract Expressionism.
1866:"The The Illusion Reality Of Of Reality Illusion"
1834:. Lunenburg, Vermont: Stinehour Press Publishers.
1367:
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1307:
1305:
1586:"Howard Kanovitz, Pioneer of Photorealism Dies"
1332:
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366:(2005), oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist
198:Photorealist painting cannot exist without the
1782:"Closer - Het Megarealisme van Tjalf Sparnaay"
1919:
1817:Pill, Steve (December 2007), "Photorealism",
1348:Prown, Jules David and Rose, Barbara (1977),
1344:
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8:
1192:
1190:
436:no longer considers himself a photorealist.
3929:
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1969:
1926:
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1904:
1733:"James Torlakson, William Farley · SFMOMA"
1718:Lamagna, Catherine. "William A. Nichols,"
1281:Baltimore: Allan Lane, The Penguin Press.
1173:
1171:
1169:
1832:Outward Bound: Contemporary American Art
946:, New York: William Morrow and Company.
358:
1842:
1840:
1196:Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh (1991),
1139:
432:have moved away from Photorealism; and
4607:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
1603:"Mike Bayne - Louis K. Meisel Gallery"
2627:Art of the late 16th century in Milan
1691:The Child-Works by Gottfried Helnwein
1633:. Ithaca, New York:Cornell University
131:The association of photorealism with
7:
1799:, New York: New York Graphic Society
1689:Parker, Harry S. Parker III (2004),
97:and photographs is an acceptance of
1705:Taylor, John Russell (April 2008),
1290:Meisel and Chase (2002), pp. 11–14.
1265:Meisel and Chase (2002), pp. 11–12.
1184:61 (November–December 1973), p. 98.
1163:Meisel and Chase (2002), pp. 14–15.
1052:: The Complete Paintings, 1966-1985
944:Superrealist Painting and Sculpture
47:is a genre of art that encompasses
3962:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
2813:Neoclassical architecture in Milan
1707:Exactitude: Hyperrealist Art Today
1695:Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
348:and real clothes. They are called
14:
4036:American Figurative Expressionism
2372:International Gothic art in Italy
1819:Artists and Illustrators Magazine
1021:and Harris, Elizabeth K. (2013),
896:Photorealism: The Liff Collection
33:John's Diner with John's Chevelle
4986:
4985:
3545:Neue KĂĽnstlervereinigung MĂĽnchen
1889:
1627:Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art
4467:Tunisian collaborative painting
3940:International Typographic Style
1754:American Art Collector Magazine
1555:. No. 604. pp. 80–81.
1023:Photorealism in the Digital Age
925:: The Complete Works, 1970–1990
669:Dennis James Martin (1956–2001)
4220:The Caribbean Artists Movement
1499:Meisel and Chase (2002), p. 8.
1001:Photorealism at the Millennium
963:. New York: Abradale/Abrams.
844:University of California Press
376:Photorealism at the Millennium
1:
2576:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
1894:The dictionary definition of
1864:Baker, Kenneth (1982-06-22).
1224:Battock, Gregory. Preface to
861:. Paris: Editions du ChĂŞne.
214:in specular surfaces and the
40:, oil on canvas, 30Ă—48 inches
4691:Modern European ink painting
4063:Bay Area Figurative Movement
1484:Wallace, Nora. (2015-10-15)
857:Chalumeau, Jean-Luc (2007),
621:Anthony Brunelli (born 1968)
218:rigor of man-made environs.
4352:Artificial intelligence art
1198:The Visual Arts: A History,
894:Chase, Linda (ed.) (2001),
672:Jack Mendenhall (born 1937)
289:rather than naturalistic),
5055:
5027:Contemporary art movements
4265:Post-painterly abstraction
4088:Situationist International
3462:Pennsylvania Impressionism
1584:Weber, Bruce (2009-02-02)
1096:. London: Lund Humphries.
999:and Chase, Linda. (2002),
942:Lindey, Christine (1980),
795:Hyperrealism (visual arts)
681:Reynard Milici (born 1942)
678:Betrand Meniel (born 1961)
675:Kim Mendenhall (born 1949)
648:Robert Gniewek (born 1951)
329:Katzen Gallery, New York.
15:
4981:
3848:California Scene Painting
3727:California Scene Painting
3683:Figurative Constructivism
2734:Poussinists and Rubenists
1950:
1821:London. Issue number 255.
1795:Kulteremann, Udo (1976),
1765:Thompson, Graham (2007),
1149:Lindey (1980), pp. 27–33.
666:Noel Mahaffey (born 1944)
592:Ben Schonzeit (born 1942)
4946:Prehistoric European art
4595:Contemporary African art
4078:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
4006:GeneraciĂłn de la Ruptura
3633:Universal Constructivism
3425:California Impressionism
3380:American Barbizon school
1722:, September 1979, p. 15.
1074:Scarborough Realists Now
842:. Berkeley, California:
800:Photorealistic rendering
726:Paul Staiger (born 1941)
639:Randy Dudley (born 1950)
90:Minimalist art movements
18:Photorealistic rendering
4773:Walking Artists Network
4110:Letterist International
3950:Washington Color School
2864:Arts in the Philippines
1607:Louis K. Meisel Gallery
1256:Meisel and Chase (2002)
1200:3rd Edition. New York:
1076:. London: Orage Press.
979:Photorealism Since 1980
618:Arne Besser (1935–2012)
606:Linda Bacon (born 1942)
5022:American art movements
4884:Illuminated manuscript
4532:The Designers Republic
4482:Neue Slowenische Kunst
4405:Pattern and Decoration
4305:Institutional critique
3945:Abstract expressionism
2925:Latin American Baroque
2881:Colonial Asian Baroque
1277:Scharf, Aaron (1969),
735:Rod Penner (born 1965)
636:Davis Cone (born 1950)
609:Mike Bayne (born 1977)
487:Original photorealists
474:'s 2014 book entitled
371:
191:
86:Abstract Expressionism
41:
4522:Artist-run initiative
4497:Young British Artists
4462:New European Painting
4398:Moscow Conceptualists
4320:Feminist art movement
4098:Ukrainian underground
4073:Gutai Art Association
3472:Ten American Painters
2976:Western influence in
1953:List of art movements
1830:Gibson, Eric (1999),
1417:Meisel (1980), p. 15.
1408:Meisel (1980), p. 14.
1399:Meisel (1980), p. 13.
1387:Meisel (1989), p. 12.
1324:Lindey (1980), p. 23.
1315:Lindey (1980), p. 12.
872:Chase, Linda (1988),
750:Ken Orton (born 1951)
663:Don Jacot (born 1949)
482:List of photorealists
362:
210:to simulate, such as
173:
31:
5037:Photorealist artists
4332:Saqqakhaneh movement
4225:Chicano art movement
4093:Soviet Nonconformist
3899:Boston Expressionism
3882:Abstraction-Création
3700:Arbeitsrat fĂĽr Kunst
3693:Cologne Progressives
3413:Art Nouveau in Milan
3216:Anglo-Japanese style
3192:National romanticism
2622:Fontainebleau School
2532:Northern Renaissance
2367:International Gothic
1352:. New York:Rizzoli.
900:Naples Museum of Art
785:Contemporary realism
775:Abstract illusionism
84:and as a counter to
4867:Hierarchy of genres
4432:Saint Soleil School
4368:Post-conceptual art
4337:The Stars Art Group
4215:Black Arts Movement
4178:Neo-Dada Organizers
3979:Lyrical abstraction
3712:Australian tonalism
3385:California Tonalism
3057:Hudson River School
2860:Colonial Asian art
2600:English Renaissance
2549:Ghent–Bruges school
2537:Early Netherlandish
2449:Italian Renaissance
2362:Gothic art in Milan
1709:(gallery catalogue)
1279:Art and Photography
898:. Naples, Florida:
755:Other photorealists
4909:Landscape painting
4517:New Leipzig School
4457:Neo-conceptual art
4205:Art & Language
4200:Capitalist realism
4122:Florida Highwaymen
4058:Hard-edge painting
3872:Streamline Moderne
3833:Harlem Renaissance
3676:Novecento Italiano
3504:Deutscher Werkbund
3331:Post-Impressionism
2893:Latin American art
2697:Guild of Romanists
2559:German Renaissance
2554:Northern Mannerism
1870:The Boston Phoenix
1848:The Prague Project
1785:Museum De Fundatie
1590:The New York Times
658:Gottfried Helnwein
454:The Prague Project
372:
42:
4999:
4998:
4781:
4780:
4637:Corporate Memphis
4590:Classical Realism
4560:Amazonian pop art
4452:Appropriation art
4420:Neo-expressionism
4290:Environmental art
4195:Nouvelle tendance
3912:
3911:
3860:Socialist realism
3717:Dresden Secession
3336:Neo-Impressionism
3299:Decadent movement
3270:Heidelberg School
3164:
3163:
3062:American luminism
3047:DĂĽsseldorf School
3042:Shoreham Ancients
3032:Nazarene movement
3022:Danish Golden Age
2903:Indochristian art
2581:Antwerp Mannerism
2470:Pittura infamante
2464:Florentine School
2459:Proto-Renaissance
1693:, San Francisco:
1372:Meiselgallery.com
1299:Chase, pp. 12–14.
1126:978-0-8478-2807-4
1102:978-1-84822-062-1
1088:Paraskos, Michael
1082:978-0-95658-024-5
1070:Paraskos, Michael
1064:978-0-8109-0881-9
1035:978-1-4197-0828-2
1013:978-0-8109-3483-2
991:978-0-8109-3720-8
969:978-0-8109-8092-1
937:978-0-8109-3114-5
914:Geldzahler, Henry
908:978-0-9705158-1-0
889:978-0-8109-1030-0
877:: Essay/Interview
867:978-2-84277-731-9
852:978-0-520-24543-3
840:: A Retrospective
527:Robert Cottingham
434:Robert Cottingham
5044:
5032:Modern paintings
4989:
4988:
4973:Western painting
4919:Modern sculpture
4877:History painting
4580:Art intervention
4373:Installation art
4190:Nouveau réalisme
3930:
3904:Leningrad School
3796:Mexican muralism
3769:Grosvenor School
3509:American Realism
3492:Der Blaue Reiter
3450:Berlin Secession
3445:Vienna Secession
3440:Munich Secession
3358:Pont-Aven School
3177:
3027:Troubadour style
3005:(c. 1770 – 1862)
2972:Qing handicrafts
2938:Western elements
2869:Letras y figuras
2842:African-American
2837:African diaspora
2808:Directoire style
2719:Heptanese school
2702:Dutch Golden Age
2687:Stroganov School
2680:Lutheran Baroque
2675:Louis XIII style
2648:Baroque in Milan
2510:Bolognese School
2505:High Renaissance
2488:Forlivese School
2483:Ferrarese School
2206:Migration Period
1970:
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1226:Meisel, Louis K.
1222:
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1150:
1147:
1108:Wilmerding, John
1041:Meisel, Louis K.
1019:Meisel, Louis K.
997:Meisel, Louis K.
975:Meisel, Louis K.
957:Meisel, Louis K.
918:Meisel, Louis K.
822:Western painting
780:Contemporary art
739:Raphaella Spence
613:Roberto Bernardi
450:Roberto Bernardi
431:
276:
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4894:Interactive art
4777:
4751:SoFlo Superflat
4676:Kitsch movement
4600:Africanfuturism
4552:
4546:
4425:Transavantgarde
4356:
4310:Light and Space
4295:Performance art
4275:Psychedelic art
4158:Nueva Presencia
4148:Otra FiguraciĂłn
4136:
4068:Les Plasticiens
4053:New York School
4031:Action painting
4016:Metcalf Chateau
3925:
3920:
3908:
3828:Cercle et Carré
3764:New Objectivity
3671:Return to order
3613:School of Paris
3591:
3435:School of Paris
3396:
3282:Arts and Crafts
3187:Neo-romanticism
3172:
3160:
3156:Etching revival
3108:Barbizon school
3052:Pre-Raphaelites
3004:
3001:
2994:
2937:
2931:
2824:
2798:Louis XVI style
2740:
2729:Louis XIV style
2692:Animal painting
2653:Flemish Baroque
2631:
2542:World landscape
2493:Venetian School
2435:
2422:Majorcan school
2389:Novgorod School
2379:Lucchese School
2351:Opus Anglicanum
2343:Norman-Sicilian
2287:Italo-Byzantine
2187:Early Christian
2168:
2152:Pompeian Styles
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1858:Further reading
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1136:
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1045:Perreault, John
831:
826:
770:
709:James Torlakson
697:William Nichols
595:
563:Howard Kanovitz
484:
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311:Jack Mendenhall
270:
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167:donated to the
156:Louis K. Meisel
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105:Louis K. Meisel
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4864:
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4820:Ballets Russes
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4803:Asemic writing
4795:
4793:History of art
4789:
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4786:Related topics
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4721:Relational art
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4644:Hypermodernism
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2898:Casta painting
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2874:Tipos del PaĂs
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721:Tjalf Sparnaay
718:
715:Denis Peterson
712:
706:
700:
694:
691:Robert Neffson
688:
685:Marilyn Minter
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
655:
649:
646:
640:
637:
634:
628:
625:Bryan Charnley
622:
619:
616:
610:
607:
600:
599:
594:
593:
590:
584:
581:Malcolm Morley
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
503:Robert Bechtle
500:
493:
489:
488:
483:
480:
442:Glennray Tutor
387:Robert Bechtle
368:Glennray Tutor
356:
353:
260:Richard McLean
252:Robert Bechtle
223:
220:
195:
192:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
154:was coined by
147:
144:
77:
74:
72:
69:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5050:
5049:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Art movements
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
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4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
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4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
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4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Fantastic art
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:Christian art
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
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4774:
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4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Skeuomorphism
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Massurrealism
4684:
4682:
4681:Lightpainting
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4664:Post-Internet
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
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4652:
4650:
4647:
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4638:
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4555:
4549:
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4537:Grunge design
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4523:
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4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Retrofuturism
4490:
4488:
4487:Scratch video
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Memphis Group
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Telematic art
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Guerrilla art
4435:
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4426:
4423:
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4418:
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4413:
4411:
4408:
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4399:
4396:
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4389:
4388:Endurance art
4386:
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4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
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4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:New media art
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Nanyang Style
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:Visionary art
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
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3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
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3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Scuola Romana
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
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3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Anthropophagy
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:Functionalism
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
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3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:Neoplasticism
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
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3598:
3594:
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3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:Cubo-Futurism
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:Ashcan School
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:Expressionism
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Mir iskusstva
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
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3405:
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3333:
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3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
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3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:Boston School
3251:
3249:
3248:Hoosier Group
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:Impressionism
3236:
3234:
3233:Peredvizhniki
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Beuron School
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
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3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:Munich School
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
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2936:Art borrowing
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2886:Company style
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2786:Neoclassicism
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2612:Cretan School
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2579:
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2569:Danube school
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1900:at Wiktionary
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1720:Arts Magazine
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1539:Meisel (2002)
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1475:Meisel (1980)
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1339:
1336:Chase, p. 14.
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1113:Richard Estes
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395:Tom Blackwell
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380:Richard Estes
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364:Dream of Love
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338:John DeAndrea
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319:David Parrish
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315:Ken Marschall
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268:Ben Schonzeit
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118:Edward Hopper
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5012:Photorealism
4967:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
4965:
4936:Outsider art
4889:Illustration
4845:Lutheran art
4835:Catholic art
4798:Abstract art
4768:Unilalianism
4731:Software art
4706:Neosymbolism
4696:Neo-futurism
4659:Internet art
4649:Hyperrealism
4502:Superfiction
4285:Photorealism
4284:
4153:Afrofuturism
3918:Contemporary
3894:Dimensionism
3877:Concrete art
3810:
3806:Precisionism
3656:
3603:Sosaku-hanga
3577:Productivism
3567:Metaphysical
3537:
3526:Proto-Cubism
3430:Secessionism
3392:Costumbrismo
3277:Aestheticism
3228:Hague School
3208:
3132:Academic art
3113:Costumbrismo
3081:Empire style
2918:Quito School
2913:Cusco School
2829:Colonial art
2790:
2778:FĂŞte galante
2776:
2745:18th century
2707:Delft School
2658:Caravaggisti
2636:17th century
2521:
2478:Quattrocento
2468:
2426:
2349:
2252:
2182:Late antique
2066:Severe style
2056:Black-figure
1943:Contemporary
1896:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1847:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1774:
1766:
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1753:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:. sfmoma.org
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
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1643:
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1630:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
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1580:
1571:
1561:
1552:The Advocate
1550:
1544:
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1261:
1230:Photorealism
1229:
1197:
1181:
1116:. New York:
1111:
1091:
1073:
1048:
1025:. New York:
1022:
1003:. New York:
1000:
981:. New York:
978:
961:Photorealism
960:
943:
927:. New York:
923:Charles Bell
921:
895:
879:. New York:
875:Ralph Goings
873:
858:
836:
829:Bibliography
811:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
809:
745:Idelle Weber
601:
575:Ron Kleemann
551:Ralph Goings
545:Audrey Flack
509:Charles Bell
490:
475:
469:
461:Hyperrealism
458:
438:
411:Audrey Flack
407:Ron Kleemann
399:Ralph Goings
391:Charles Bell
384:
375:
373:
363:
349:
334:Duane Hanson
331:
327:
323:Idelle Weber
299:
256:Ron Kleemann
244:Audrey Flack
240:Charles Bell
232:Ralph Goings
225:
197:
165:
152:Photorealism
151:
149:
139:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
138:
134:trompe-l'Ĺ“il
132:
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126:
110:
103:
79:
65:art movement
45:Photorealism
44:
43:
32:
25:
23:Genre of art
4852:Digital art
4815:Avant-garde
4756:Superstroke
4632:Flat design
4627:Fictive art
4622:Excessivism
4570:Art for art
4565:Altermodern
4507:Taring Padi
4442:Lowbrow art
4410:Pliontanism
4347:Yoru no Kai
4300:Process art
4240:Systems art
4210:Arte Povera
4132:Antipodeans
4041:in New York
4011:Jikken KĹŤbĹŤ
3974:Color field
3843:Regionalism
3812:Aeropittura
3801:Neo-Fauvism
3774:Neues Sehen
3744:Kinetic art
3608:Suprematism
3582:Synchromism
3499:Noucentisme
3420:Primitivism
3408:Art Nouveau
3363:Cloisonnism
3353:Pointillism
3348:Divisionism
3326:Incoherents
3287:Art pottery
3173:(1863–1944)
3123:Macchiaioli
3098:Biedermeier
3086:Historicism
3071:Orientalism
3012:Romanticism
2983:Akita ranga
2835:Art of the
2820:Picturesque
2772:Chinoiserie
2767:Frederician
2605:Tudor court
2500:Cinquecento
2441:Renaissance
2428:Mappa mundi
2412:cartography
2304:Carolingian
2299:Merovingian
2282:Palaeologan
2254:RepoblaciĂłn
2211:Anglo-Saxon
2142:Gallo-Roman
2081:Hellenistic
2076:Kerch style
2014:Minyan ware
1797:New Realism
1232:. New York:
1054:. New York:
763:(born 1965)
747:(1932–2020)
741:(born 1978)
732:(born 1950)
723:(born 1954)
717:(born 1944)
711:(born 1951)
705:(born 1947)
699:(born 1942)
693:(born 1949)
687:(born 1948)
660:(born 1948)
654:(born 1926)
645:(1930–2022)
633:(born 1942)
627:(1949–1991)
615:(born 1974)
589:(1937–2021)
583:(1931–2018)
577:(1937–2014)
571:(1920–1999)
569:John Kacere
565:(1929–2009)
559:(1944–2002)
553:(1928–2016)
547:(1931–2024)
541:(born 1932)
535:(born 1944)
529:(born 1935)
523:(1940–2021)
521:Chuck Close
517:(1938–2020)
511:(1935–1995)
505:(1932–2020)
499:(born 1938)
497:John Baeder
426: [
415:Chuck Close
409:have died;
403:John Kacere
303:John Baeder
295:still lifes
271: [
236:Chuck Close
212:reflections
169:Smithsonian
122:Pop artists
88:as well as
38:John Baeder
5006:Categories
4899:Jewish art
4711:Passionism
4671:iPhone art
4617:Cyborg art
4612:Crypto art
4585:Brandalism
4477:Cyberdelic
4342:Tropicália
4315:Street art
4270:Intermedia
4250:Minimalism
3969:Spatialism
3923:Postmodern
3779:Surrealism
3647:Shin-hanga
3487:Die BrĂĽcke
3455:Sonderbund
3368:Synthetism
3091:Revivalism
3000:Transition
2957:Manichaean
2803:Adam style
2724:Classicism
2663:in Utrecht
2591:Still life
2321:Romanesque
2277:Macedonian
2272:Iconoclast
2231:Visigothic
2137:Republican
2091:Indo-Greek
2061:Red-figure
1875:2024-09-02
1779:(in Dutch)
1739:2017-06-09
1613:2024-07-04
1609:. New York
1489:On My Wall
1358:0847800490
1236:. pp. 8–10
1210:0810939134
1204:. p. 709.
1134:References
1093:Clive Head
952:0688036864
761:Clive Head
652:Gus Heinze
557:Ian Hornak
355:Since 2000
283:landscapes
208:virtuosity
200:photograph
146:Definition
57:photograph
4961:Shock art
4951:Queer art
4931:NaĂŻve art
4914:Modernism
4746:Superflat
4736:Sound art
4716:Post-YBAs
4701:Neomodern
4542:Verdadism
4512:Superflat
4361:1970–1999
4325:in the US
4245:Video art
4168:Happening
4141:1960–1969
3933:1945–1959
3596:1915–1944
3587:Vorticism
3539:A Nyolcak
3401:1900–1914
3373:Les Nabis
3304:Symbolism
3260:Amsterdam
3210:Japonisme
3180:1863–1899
3142:in Greece
3002:to modern
2847:Caribbean
2792:Goût grec
2714:Capriccio
2668:Tenebrism
2617:Turquerie
2515:Mannerism
2410:Medieval
2267:Byzantine
2248:Mozarabic
2199:Ethiopian
2103:Neo-Attic
2086:"Baroque"
2071:Classical
2041:Geometric
2019:Mycenaean
1966:(Western)
1964:Premodern
1935:Premodern
703:Jerry Ott
631:Hilo Chen
587:John Salt
476:Hyperreal
465:Bill Fink
342:sculptors
307:Hilo Chen
291:portraits
264:John Salt
216:geometric
150:The word
99:Modernism
4991:Category
4941:Portrait
4862:Folk art
4810:Anti-art
4741:Stuckism
4654:Idea art
4575:Art game
4527:Artivism
4415:Punk art
4393:Sots Art
4378:Artscene
4235:Land art
4173:Neo-Dada
4105:Lettrism
3999:Nuagisme
3984:Tachisme
3865:Nazi art
3658:De Stijl
3572:Rayonism
3562:Art Deco
3550:Futurism
3341:Luminism
3309:Romanian
3294:Tonalism
3265:Canadian
3243:American
3149:Neo-Grec
2757:Rocaille
2586:Romanism
2520:Counter-
2454:Trecento
2394:Duecento
2384:Crusades
2316:Ottonian
2294:Frankish
2174:Medieval
2157:Trajanic
2117:Scythian
2112:Etruscan
2004:Cycladic
1982:Thracian
1629:(2004),
1228:(1980),
1110:(2006),
1090:(2010),
1072:(2013),
1047:(1986),
977:(1993),
959:(1989),
920:(1991),
768:See also
533:Don Eddy
472:Juxtapoz
419:Don Eddy
385:Artists
350:Verists.
285:(mostly
248:Don Eddy
204:canvases
49:painting
4956:Realism
4553:present
4280:Nut Art
4083:Pop art
4021:Mono-ha
3889:The Ten
3838:Kapists
3784:Iranian
3737:Bauhaus
3531:Orphism
3477:Fauvism
3314:Russian
3204:Nihonga
3118:Verismo
3103:Realism
3037:Purismo
2950:Moorish
2945:Islamic
2852:Haitian
2643:Baroque
2522:Maniera
2406:Mudéjar
2331:Spanish
2243:Pictish
2226:Lombard
2221:Insular
2162:Severan
2127:Gaulish
2122:Iberian
2051:Archaic
1994:Nuragic
1974:Ancient
1957:periods
1118:Rizzoli
370:'s work
222:Artists
113:Realism
82:Pop Art
76:Origins
71:History
53:drawing
4904:Kitsch
4763:Toyism
4255:Fluxus
4185:Op art
3754:Mingei
3688:Stupid
3666:Purism
3521:Cubism
3170:Modern
2962:Mughal
2752:Rococo
2357:Gothic
2338:Norman
2262:Viking
2216:Hunnic
2194:Coptic
2009:Minoan
1999:Aegean
1987:Dacian
1939:Modern
1356:
1234:Abrams
1208:
1202:Abrams
1124:
1100:
1080:
1062:
1056:Abrams
1033:
1027:Abrams
1011:
1005:Abrams
989:
983:Abrams
967:
950:
935:
929:Abrams
906:
887:
881:Abrams
865:
850:
421:, and
293:, and
277:, and
194:Styles
95:camera
61:medium
35:, 2007
4551:2000–
3994:COBRA
2988:Uki-e
2978:Japan
2967:Qajar
2326:Mosan
2132:Roman
2026:Greek
430:]
287:urban
275:]
4840:Icon
4163:ZERO
3921:and
3818:Asso
3642:Dada
3199:YĹŤga
1941:and
1354:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1043:and
1031:ISBN
1009:ISBN
987:ISBN
965:ISBN
948:ISBN
933:ISBN
916:and
904:ISBN
885:ISBN
863:ISBN
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346:hair
340:are
336:and
321:and
1566:28.
902:.
883:.
5008::
1937:,
1868:.
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1217:^
1189:^
1168:^
1154:^
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1120:.
1058:.
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