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Oil is extracted from the kernel of
Phulwara seeds. The outer shell of seeds is removed by adopting traditional or mechanical methods. In the traditional method, the seeds are boiled in water and softened seeds are placed on the floor and pressed until the kernels come out. In the mechanical system,
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sticks. The harvested fruits are dried in shade for eight to twelve days. Seeds can be separated from fruits either manually or mechanically. If the quantity of fruits is relatively small, the fruits are crushed manually and the seeds separated. For larger quantities, a roller machine is used for
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The seed constitutes twenty percent of the fruit. Typically three seeds are present in a single fruit. The seeds are black and sparkling, 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length, with an almond shaped white kernel containing saponins. The seed coat varies from thin to thick and woody to crusty. The seeds
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The fruit is an oval shaped berry, 2.0 to 4.5 cm in diameter. The fruit has a bright shiny green or blackish skin. The pericarp is thick and soft. The fruit ripens during the months of May and August. The fruit is sweet and edible, containing 8.5% sugars & 5.6% crude fibre.
165:, the tree attains a girth of 3 meters. The bark is dark grey or brown. The tree typically begins to yield fruits after five to nine years, reaching full potential in about fifteen years. It can yield fruits for fifty to sixty years.
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contain 42-47% oil and the kernel contains 60-66% oil. 100 seeds weigh approximately 78 grams. The average annual fruit yield per tree is about 100 to 250 kilograms (220 to 550 lb).
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The oil has a bitter taste due to impurities such as saponins, which accompany the extracted fat. Post-extraction filtration or purification is necessary for the ghee to become edible.
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The leaves form clusters at the end of branches that may be pink or white in colour. Normally, they are elliptically shaped, and are 20 to 35 mm long by 9 to 18 cm width.
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Phulwara ghee is the main source of edible oil for more than one hundred thousand people. The Ghee is used to cook vegetables and roti (Nepali bread).
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118:). Phulwara Trees are also known locally as Chiuri Trees, Kaeleb Trees, or Butter Nut Trees. Refined Phulwara Oil is marketed as Phulwara Ghee.
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and has one double bond at the 9th carbon of its hydrocarbon chain. Linoleic acid has two double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain of the acid.
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227:. The powder is steamed on a perforated plate over a boiling pan. Oil is then extracted using a traditional oil expeller known locally as
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326:. It also contains 36.0% oleic acid along with 3.8% linoleic acid, both of which are unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid is a mono-
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seed extraction. The machine sequences the fruit through trays, collecting fresh fruit at one end and the seeds at the lower end.
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The flowers, which are 2.0 to 2.5 cm in diameter, are white or pale yellow in colour and have a sweet fragrance.
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After cleaning and drying, the seeds are pounded into a fine powder using a traditional pounder called
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The
Phulwara Tree is a tree native to Nepal and adjoining areas of India. It grows in the sub-
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Phulwara oil contains 56.6% palmitic acid and 3.6% stearic acid, both of which are
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Ripened
Phulwara fruits are collected by hand or by beating the plant with long
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and a girth of 1.5 to 1.8 meters. In the
Andaman Islands it can reach a
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of 21 to 36 meters and a girth of 1.5 to 2.4 meters. In the hills of
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130:tract between 300 and 1500 meters above sea level.
418:. It is also used as an additive in animal ghee.
414:making. It has been found to be effective for
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334:Table-physical and chemical characters of fat
8:
153:. It typically attains a height of 15 to 22
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110:is extracted from seeds of Phulwara tree (
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Oil extracted from seeds of Phulwara tree
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34:This article includes a list of general
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216:the shell of the seed is removed by a
481:. manoramagroup.co.in. Archived from
7:
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508:"Chiuri - the Butter Tree of Nepal"
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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243:Table-Physical characters of oil
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145:The Phulwara is a medium-size
1:
535:. crirec.com. Archived from
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248:
133:The tree also grows in the
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1711:Environment of Uttarakhand
586:Non-timber forest products
318:Composition of fatty acids
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402:Chiuri butter is used in
1706:Food and drink in India
55:more precise citations.
1600:(Iberian agroforestry)
838:Pacific mountain onion
328:unsaturated fatty acid
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96:
88:
1620:Indian forest produce
1091:Hydnocarpus wightiana
324:saturated fatty acids
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94:
86:
863:Bare-toothed russula
427:Diploknema butyracea
112:Diploknema butyracea
95:Phulwara flower buds
1474:musical instruments
732:Woodland strawberry
533:"cheura= Phulware-"
485:on 15 October 2013
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510:. appropedia.org/
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235:Properties of oil
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1635:Resin extraction
1625:Mushroom hunting
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1347: / etc.
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929:Saffron milk cap
919:Parasol mushroom
759:Fiddlehead ferns
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456:. novodboard.com
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270:Refractive index
259:Specific gravity
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149:with a straight
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51:this article by
42:inline citations
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261:, at 30 °C
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198:Seed collection
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135:Andaman Islands
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47:Please help to
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539:on 14 May 2014
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432:Trees of India
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275:1.4552-1.4650
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87:Phulwara tree
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61:February 2014
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1672:
1645:Wildcrafting
1630:Naval stores
1608: /
1596:
1565:Tendu leaves
1521:Natural dyes
1391:Gutta-percha
1343: /
1281:Frankincense
1241:
1197:
1178:
1154:Mango butter
1099:Cocoa butter
1090:
1087:Chaulmoogra
1057:Allanblackia
988:Black pepper
873:Birch bolete
823:Canada onion
808:Wild ginseng
803:Saw palmetto
744: /
634: /
541:. Retrieved
537:the original
512:. Retrieved
487:. Retrieved
483:the original
458:. Retrieved
445:
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401:
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361:Stearic acid
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281:Iodine value
242:
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218:decorticator
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108:Phulwara oil
107:
106:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1580:Willow bark
1411:Maple syrup
1406:Maple sugar
1381:Fruit syrup
1364:chewing gum
1354:Birch syrup
1211:Shea butter
883:Chanterelle
828:Crow garlic
818:Bear garlic
813:Wild onions
791:filé powder
712:Lingonberry
697:Huckleberry
543:22 November
514:22 November
489:22 November
460:22 November
395:Uses of oil
344:Percentage
308:Titer value
53:introducing
1701:Diploknema
1690:Categories
1491:Birch beer
1486:Birch bark
1443:Spruce gum
1426:akpeteshie
1416:Palm sugar
1386:Gum arabic
1376:Date sugar
1326:Turpentine
1206:Sandalwood
1109:Eucalyptus
1104:Eucalyptol
993:Brazil nut
868:Bay bolete
722:Strawberry
677:Cocoa bean
672:Breadfruit
662:Blackberry
636:tree fruit
479:"PHULWARA"
437:References
416:rheumatism
372:Oleic acid
341:Fatty acid
264:0.856-862
116:Sapotaceae
36:references
1610:gardening
1570:Thatching
1421:Palm wine
1266:Birch tar
1194:Sal-seed
1119:Japan wax
1072:Candlenut
1013:Malva nut
978:Areca nut
899:Matsutake
855:Mushrooms
796:root beer
786:Sassafras
774:Sago palm
717:Raspberry
702:Jackfruit
667:Blueberry
619:Wild game
300:R.M.value
250:character
220:machine.
128:Himalayan
114:; family
1663:Category
1479:textiles
1311:Pine tar
1276:Creosote
1226:Tea-tree
1221:Tea-seed
1189:Pongamia
1179:Phulwara
1164:Nagkesar
1159:Murumuru
1134:Kpangnan
1082:Carnauba
1023:Pine nut
1008:Hazelnut
998:Cinnamon
983:Bay leaf
973:Allspice
895:(reishi)
727:Tamarind
692:Gambooge
652:Bilberry
451:"cheura"
422:See also
303:0.4-4.3
1674:Commons
1589:Related
1553:Tanbark
1548:Shellac
1538:Quinine
1511:Gambier
1431:ogogoro
1331:Varnish
1296:Lacquer
1286:Gamboge
1271:Camphor
1261:Benzoin
1171: (
1077:Capuacu
1062:Babassu
1028:Vanilla
939:Truffle
924:Red cap
893:Lingzhi
682:Coconut
657:Binukaw
632:Berries
385:(C18:2)
374:(C18:1)
363:(C18:0)
352:(C16:0)
285:90-101
272:.at 40°
229:Chepuwa
177:Flowers
122:Habitat
49:improve
1597:Dehesa
1558:tannin
1543:Rattan
1506:Forage
1469:edible
1464:Bamboo
1459:Amadou
1438:Rubber
1359:Chicle
1301:Mastic
1253:Resins
1236:Ucuuba
1231:Tucuma
1216:Tamanu
1173:kernel
1144:Mafura
1114:Illipe
1067:Bacuri
1018:Nutmeg
962:spices
687:Durian
647:Banana
253:range
204:bamboo
169:Leaves
163:Kumaun
159:height
155:meters
38:, but
1526:henna
1501:Ferns
1452:Other
1401:Latex
1321:Rosin
1316:Pitch
1306:Myrrh
1291:Kauri
1149:Mahua
1139:Kusum
1129:Kombo
1124:Kokum
1046:waxes
1003:Clove
909:Morel
843:Ramps
779:queen
754:Betel
746:roots
607:Honey
454:(PDF)
377:36.0
355:56.6
225:Dhiki
185:Fruit
151:trunk
1533:Peat
1516:Moss
1496:Cork
1396:Kino
1184:Pilu
1169:Palm
957:Nuts
612:pine
602:Furs
545:2013
516:2013
491:2013
462:2013
412:soap
388:3.8
366:3.6
141:Tree
1345:gum
1341:Sap
1041:Oil
878:Cep
1692::
524:^
499:^
470:^
406:,
231:.
137:.
1200:)
1196:(
1175:)
1093:)
1089:(
578:e
571:t
564:v
547:.
518:.
493:.
464:.
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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