383:
to move its fourth and fifth toes in a pedaling back and forth manner. The pedaling typically lasts for about 5 seconds, and becomes faster as the prey gets closer to the frog. The underside of the toes have white colored disks, which are bright and easily seen against the green contrasts of its surroundings. The white dots catch and help attract the attention of the prey, luring them in. After the prey is lured in close enough, the frog lunges out quickly and captures it using tongue protraction. These white dots are hidden on the under side of the frog during the day when they are not hunting. This is typical of many organisms, as they hide their coloration during the day when not in use.
328:
allows for a clear visual field making communication with other frogs easier. If they can see each other more easily, they will more efficiently be able to communicate and understand one another. Another possible explanation is that it encourages territory defense and also makes searching for a mate easier. Another benefit is that they are better able to defend their territory if they can see potential competitors and threats early on. Being able to see others is crucial to
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33:
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255:
become more rapid. The male will try to ward off competitors by using calls, as this method is less risky compared to engaging in physical combat. Males will become more violent if a potential intruder or competitor, which is usually another male, does not retreat. In the case that the calls are ignored and the male chooses to engage in physical fight, the male will either chase or wrestle their opponent.
382:
engage in a behavior known as pedal luring. Pedal luring is a strategy used by many frog species to capture prey. They typically start their hunt by latching onto something and waiting still and patiently for prey to come by. Once prey is near the frog, the frog will face towards the insect and start
341:
Visual communication is utilized when it comes to mating. Males and females will slowly stretch and unstretch their patterned legs as part of a visual mating display. This can be described as a kind of peddling movement. Males then increase their call rate (in pulses per call) in response to this leg
448:
species for biosynthesis of anti-microbial natural products. Their venomous secretions are made up of complex peptide combinations unique to each species and environmental threats, and can yield a high diversity and potentially wide range of new therapeutics that can be applied to other organisms or
370:
usually remains with the eggs in her created nest to protect them, and the male frog leaves. The eggless capsules and leaves that surround the egg clusters prevent desiccation and drying of the eggs. At this time, the eggs need moisture while they develop. Rain is common in this tropical environment
357:
tadpoles are usually a dull green color with dark spots around the dorsal region in the shape of stripes. They are also active during both the day and the night, usually staying stationary in their pond for the majority of the time. However, when they are startled, they will flee to a deeper part of
251:
calls. Males also use calls to attract and find females to mate with. The sound that they emit changes based on which of these behaviors they are trying to accomplish. However, the call that signals where the frogs are in relation to one another is also used by females when they are choosing a mate.
250:
males communicate through acoustical calls, which are either short or long calls. Short calls last from 330 to 450 ms, whereas long calls last from 560 to 600 ms. The calls are usually projected in arrangements of 2 to 5 at a time and are regularly spaced. BUR-RJ males, however, do not produce long
332:
because they rely heavily on visual communication. One reason a visual form of communication is important is because they live in noisy environments, and therefore can not always rely on sound. The frogs also have contrasting color patterns on their legs that allow for them to be easily spotted by
327:
also communicate through visual behaviors. The males will use a calling site when they perform mating or threat calls. They typically choose to utilize tree branches high in the air that have very few leaves or vegetation. One theory for why they make their calls on high barren branches is that it
254:
Warning calls act as a threat display and will transition from a short call to a long call, which is based on the number of pulses per call. If the opponent gets closer or begins to act in an aggressive manner towards a male, the male's calls will increase in length and number of pulses, and will
406:
Many frog species struggle with deforestation, as they rely on the humid environment of the rainforest. Oftentimes after the land is cleared, the species will disappear from the area. Deforestation in Brazil has led to a rapid decrease in species richness; however,
440:
with a low cytotoxicity risk, proving valuable to potentially treating T2DM. Phylloseptin-like peptides have also been to have antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-fungal activities. These peptides achieve such activity by disruption of the cell membrane.
590:
Andrade, Felipe Silva, et al. “An
Acoustic and Morphometric Evaluation of the Geographic Distribution of Phyllomedusa Burmeisteri (Anura: Phyllomedusidae), with Comments on P. Bahiana.” Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018, p.
435:
and showed dose-dependent insulinotropic properties in rat pancreatic beta BRIN BD11 cells. It is able to catalyze insulin release by deactivating
Potassium ATP channels, leading Phylloseptin-PBu peptide is able to act as a potent
431:(T2DM) has become a major health threat across the planet. Peptides from frog skin, specifically Phylloseptin peptides, have been found to induce insulinotropic activities. The peptide Phylloseptin-PBu can be isolated from
422:
is a hormone that is responsible for regulating energy metabolism and maintaining proper levels of glucose and lipid homeostasis in the body. The lack or inability of insulin secretion leads to hyperglycemia,
701:
Long Q, Wang L, Zhou M, Wu Y, Chen T. A novel peptide
Phylloseptin-PBu from Phyllomedusa burmeisteri possesses insulinotropic activity via potassium channel and GLP-1 receptor signaling. J Cell Mol Med.
283:
are usually found around still fresh water and near clearings and forest borders. They are prominent in South
America and specifically Brazil. Within Brazil, they are more highly concentrated in
398:, cockroaches, spiders, and crickets. Since these organisms live on the ground, their diet suggests that they do most of their feeding and hunting on the ground, or near the rainforest floor.
688:
HADDAD, CÉLIO F., and CYNTHIA P. PRADO. “Reproductive Modes in Frogs and Their
Unexpected Diversity in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.” BioScience, vol. 55, no. 3, 2005, p. 207.,
675:
Bertoluci, Jaime. “Pedal Luring in the Leaf-Frog
Phyllomedusa Burmeisteri (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae).” Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, vol. 1, no. 2, 2002, p. 93.,
613:
BrandĂŁo, Reuber
Albuquerque. “A New Species of Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 (Anura: Hylidae) from Central Brazil.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 36, no. 4, 2002, pp. 571–578.,
307:
is more commonly found in EspĂrito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de
Janeiro, and SĂŁo Paulo. The reason the BUR-RJ unit is so limited is because its range is cut off by the
906:
600:
Barth, Adriane, et al. “Chromosome
Polymorphism in Phyllomedusa Rohdei Populations (Anura: Hylidae).” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 43, no. 4, 2009, pp. 676–679.,
342:
stretching, allowing the females to more rapidly locate a mate. The male and female leaf frogs mate along a leaf and leave clusters of eggs wrapped up in leaves.
945:
1009:
353:
usually have a width of 46.80 mm. Tadpoles have a narrow body and a trapezoidal shape. The width of their body is about one third of their body length.
880:
919:
238:
in size. Males have a mean body length (snout vent length) of (63.4 ± 4.5 mm), and females have a mean body length of (76.7 ± 3.2 mm)
1024:
849:
311:. Geographical element such as rivers or mountain ranges are known to limit the range and expansion of species to a particular area.
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1019:
716:"Antimicrobial peptides from Phyllomedusa frogs: from biomolecular diversity to potential nanotechnologic medical applications"
844:
924:
714:
Azevedo
Calderon, Leonardo de; Silva, Alexandre de Almeida E.; Ciancaglini, Pietro; Stábeli, Rodrigo Guerino (2010-06-05).
267:
species. These two branches are represented as BUR and BUR-RJ. Individuals of the BUR-RJ unit are typically found near the
809:
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Males use calls to communicate their location to others. They also act as warning signals to potential opponents.
411:
appear to be somewhat resistant to deforestation, due to their ability to easily adapt to new environments.
187:
771:
296:
1014:
171:
469:
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group; Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna (2023).
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41:
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751:
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634:"Pedal luring in the leaf-frog Phyllomedusa burmeisteri (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)"
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Eggless capsules surround the eggs and protect the eggs from all sides. The female
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148:
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553:"Breeding behavior of the leaf-frog Phyllomedusa burmeisteri (Anura: Hylidae)"
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88:
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275:, while the BUR unit can be found around in different locations in
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218:
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128:
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483:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55844A172209608.
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the body of water and hide in any available crevices or rocks.
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and it keeps the eggs' environment humid while they grow.
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521:
Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference
263:
There are two branches or evolutionary units of the
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677:https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v1i2p93-95
303:, which are all states in Brazil. The BUR unit of
627:
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623:
546:
544:
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540:
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490:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T55844A172209608.en
551:Abrunhosa, PatrĂcia; Wogel, Henrique (2004).
8:
444:There is also some investigation into other
671:
669:
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690:https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055
615:https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036
50:
31:
20:
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7:
638:Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology
523:. American Museum of Natural History
1010:IUCN Red List least concern species
476:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
651:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v1i2p93-95
14:
602:https://doi.org/10.1670/08-210.1
75:
632:Bertoluci, Jaime (2002-12-01).
1:
415:Contributions towards science
1025:Amphibians described in 1882
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732:10.1007/s00726-010-0622-3
511:Frost, Darrel R. (2013).
177:
170:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
850:Phyllomedusa-burmeisteri
824:Phyllomedusa_burmeisteri
810:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
780:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
570:10.1163/1568538041231157
515:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
471:"Pithecopus burmeisteri"
429:Type 2 diabetes mellitus
259:Distribution and habitat
208:common walking leaf frog
199:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
181:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
25:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
1020:Endemic frogs of Brazil
337:Mating and reproduction
204:Burmeister's leaf frog
563:(2). Brill: 125–135.
309:ParaĂba do Sul River
16:Species of amphibian
449:even human health.
163:P. burmeisteri
42:Conservation status
375:Hunting strategies
279:. The BUR unit of
271:mountain range in
210:, is a species of
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996:
972:Open Tree of Life
772:Taxon identifiers
557:Amphibia-Reptilia
236:sexual dimorphism
234:Individuals show
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517:Boulenger, 1882"
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325:P. burmeisteri
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305:P. burmeisteri
297:Rio de Janeiro
289:EspĂrito Santo
281:P. burmeisteri
273:Rio de Janeiro
265:P. burmeisteri
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248:P. burmeisteri
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57:Least Concern
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1015:Phyllomedusa
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726:(1): 29–49.
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525:. Retrieved
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494:. Retrieved
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446:Phyllomedusa
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443:
438:antidiabetic
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425:dyslipidemia
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402:Conservation
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355:Phyllomedusa
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293:Minas Gerais
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269:Serra do Mar
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150:Phyllomedusa
149:
24:
18:
894:iNaturalist
832:AmphibiaWeb
804:Wikispecies
720:Amino Acids
527:20 November
496:January 26,
225:Description
221:in Brazil.
1004:Categories
453:References
740:0939-4451
692:2.0.co;2.
660:2316-9079
644:(2): 93.
617:2.0.co;2.
301:SĂŁo Paulo
188:Boulenger
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
912:10941511
857:BioLib:
795:Q2705724
789:Wikidata
756:17680175
748:20526637
351:Tadpoles
346:Tadpoles
333:others.
315:Behavior
135:Family:
119:Amphibia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
886:2427967
420:Insulin
145:Genus:
139:Hylidae
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
984:uBio:
964:204580
925:208146
873:331865
860:177569
754:
746:
738:
658:
299:, and
190:, 1882
987:27613
977:65473
951:39413
938:55844
907:IRMNG
899:23723
752:S2CID
285:Bahia
242:Calls
230:Sizes
219:biome
129:Anura
946:NCBI
933:IUCN
920:ITIS
881:GBIF
744:PMID
736:ISSN
656:ISSN
529:2013
498:2024
481:2023
387:Diet
212:frog
206:and
868:EoL
845:ASW
837:645
819:ADW
728:doi
646:doi
591:39.
565:doi
485:doi
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724:40
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642:1
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64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
