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is very similar to the chiffchaff, but non-singing birds can be distinguished from that species by their paler pinkish-yellow legs (dark brown to blackish in chiffchaff), longer paler bill, more elegant shape and longer primary projection (wingtip). Its song is a simple repetitive descending whistle, while the contact call is a disyllabic 'hoo-eet', distinct from the more monosyllabic 'hweet' of chiffchaffs.
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The highest population densities are found in
Scandinavia (where it is the commonest bird of any), with up to 1,100 pairs per square kilometre, and a total population in Sweden and Finland of 24 million pairs. Lower densities occur further east, with peak densities of 27 pairs per square kilometre in
541:
The willow warbler is a typical leaf warbler in appearance, 11–12.5 cm (4.3–4.9 in) long and 7–15 g (0.25–0.53 oz) weight. It is greenish brown above and off-white to yellowish below; the wings are plain greenish-brown with no wingbars. Juveniles are yellower below than adults. It
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central
Siberia. Even lower densities are found on the southern edge of the breeding range, with just 9 pairs per square kilometre in Switzerland, and a total of just 100 pairs in the whole of northern Spain.
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In
England this species has on average decreased in population by 70% within the last 25 years, with the biggest declines in the southeast. In Scotland some increases have occurred. The
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forests. Incorporating woodland ride edge thickets of varying structure and height is beneficial. They prefer damp woodland areas. Thicket forming shrubs like
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reduction in green and yellow plumage tones from west to east, with central birds browner and easternmost birds predominantly greyish:
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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516:). Breeds Europe (from the Pyrenees and Alps northward) except northern Scandinavia, winters west Africa.
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habitats. The nest is usually built in close contact with the ground, often in low vegetation. Like most
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626:(for nest cover) are preferred, but it will use a wide range of other species, including young or open
414:. In spite of its small size, the willow warbler performs one of the longest migrations of any animal.
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migrating up to 12,000 km (7,500 mi) from eastern
Siberia to southern Africa along the
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522:(Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds northern Scandinavia east to western Siberia, winters central Africa.
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835:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 188.
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offers grants under a scheme called
England's Woodland Improvement Grant (EWIG); as does
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Impacts of climate in Africa and Europe on timing of spring migration in Willow
Warblers
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of open woodlands with trees and ground cover for nesting, including most importantly
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in 1843, it was merged with the chiffchaff and wood warbler as the "willow wren".
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Late April to August: breeding season, usually only one brood but rarely two.
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up to 10–20 years old. High amounts of birch, alder and willow, with good
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amounts, and water features (e.g. streams), fields with large amounts of
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851:"Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen Familien und Gattugen"
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Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm
Identification Guides)
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532:, 1935). Breeds eastern Siberia, winters eastern and southern Africa.
483:, "to watch"). The specific epithet is Ancient Greek meaning "wren".
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447:. The willow warbler is now one of around 80 species placed in the
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Mid-March to mid-May: migrates and arrives in the breeding range.
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to return in the spring, though later than the closely related
969:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 167.
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Before the
English name was standardised to willow warbler by
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which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe and the
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with small trees, including human-altered habitats such as
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All populations are highly migratory, with the subspecies
805:(Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30:"Willow wren" redirects here. For the aircraft, see
1060:
1003:
RSPB Woodland
Management For Birds – Willow Warbler
562:October to March: wintering in sub-Saharan Africa.
699:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22715240A87636348.en
367:, with almost all of the population wintering in
990:Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta
999:
997:
638:browsing can degrade the required low cover.
406:. In northern Europe, it is one of the first
8:
951:. London: John Van Voorst. pp. 302–306.
911:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
598:Willow warblers prefer young, open, scrubby
456:that was introduced by the German zoologist
967:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
734:Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 11
571:August to October: migrates back to Africa.
1048:
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884:"Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers"
731:Hoyo, J. del; et al., eds. (2006).
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88:Song, Recorded Gloucestershire, England
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773:. Christopher Helm. pp. 256–259.
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1019:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
913:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
890:. International Ornithologists' Union
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737:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
460:in 1826. The genus name combines the
7:
1267:0f921a46-8281-4d73-816f-83ca808e97e0
801:Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. (1998).
1446:IUCN Red List least concern species
1033:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
803:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
685:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
343:) is a very common and widespread
304:Blue: Non-breeding winter visitor
25:
888:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
674:BirdLife International. (2016).
130:
1017:Explore Species: Willow Warbler
302:Yellow: Breeding (summer only)
1025:Feathers of the willow warbler
1:
634:provide pockets of habitat.
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1476:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
497:are recognised. There is a
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948:A History of British Birds
909:Jobling, James A. (2010).
426:by the Swedish naturalist
306:Cross-hatched: migration.
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655:Environmental Stewardship
593:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
556:Asian–East African Flyway
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127:Scientific classification
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963:Lockwood, William Burley
692:: e.T22715240A87636348.
1471:Birds described in 1758
882:, eds. (January 2022).
576:Status and conservation
477:meaning "seeker" (from
422:The willow warbler was
1423:Phylloscopus-trochilus
1092:Phylloscopus trochilus
1062:Phylloscopus trochilus
678:Phylloscopus trochilus
595:
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340:Phylloscopus trochilus
236:Phylloscopus trochilus
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18:Phylloscopus trochilus
769:Baker, Kevin (1997).
622:, and patches of low
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1262:Fauna Europaea (new)
647:Forestry Commission
469:meaning "leaf" and
445:Motacilla trochilus
324:Linnaeus, 1758
321:Motacilla trochilus
97:Conservation status
878:; Donsker, David;
596:
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424:formally described
392:Old World warblers
369:sub-Saharan Africa
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1433:
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1379:Open Tree of Life
1054:Taxon identifiers
1029:Willow warbler -
976:978-0-19-866196-2
928:978-1-4081-2501-4
880:Rasmussen, Pamela
363:. It is strongly
359:basin in eastern
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286:(Ticehurst, 1935)
218:P. trochilus
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16:(Redirected from
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552:P. t. yakutensis
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488:William Yarrell
437:Systema Naturae
430:in 1758 in the
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1451:Phylloscopus
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357:Anadyr River
355:east to the
345:leaf warbler
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205:Phylloscopus
204:
36:
1288:iNaturalist
1086:Wikispecies
1041:. Paper in
876:Gill, Frank
861:. col. 972.
608:plantations
537:Description
256:Subspecies
32:Manuel Wren
1440:Categories
1418:Xeno-canto
661:References
632:blackthorn
628:coniferous
606:and young
495:subspecies
440:under the
412:chiffchaff
349:Palearctic
965:(1993) .
705:7 October
546:Behaviour
530:Ticehurst
400:passerine
396:Sylviidae
365:migratory
212:Species:
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
1332:22715240
1306:11316237
1176:bob13120
1140:22715240
1135:BirdLife
1124:BioLib:
1071:Wikidata
945:(1843).
849:(1826).
829:(1758).
657:Scheme.
600:woodland
510:Linnaeus
418:Taxonomy
408:warblers
374:It is a
312:Synonyms
268:Linnaeus
244:Linnaeus
190:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
117:IUCN 3.1
1280:2493052
1112:Avibase
624:bramble
616:bracken
604:coppice
466:phullon
434:of his
361:Siberia
353:Ireland
351:, from
200:Genus:
180:Order:
170:Class:
115: (
1410:558579
1319:179841
1293:117055
1236:EURING
1215:PLOSTR
1202:wlwwar
1163:wlwwar
1105:willwa
1077:Q27239
973:
925:
894:7 June
809:
777:
745:
620:mosses
612:lichen
499:clinal
493:Three
480:skopeo
473:skopos
388:willow
386:, and
1405:WoRMS
1397:13789
1384:96282
1301:IRMNG
1254:97375
1241:13120
1223:EUNIS
1197:eBird
1189:77FNC
1160:BOW:
1153:86961
1043:PeerJ
449:genus
384:alder
380:birch
1358:9182
1353:NCBI
1327:IUCN
1314:ITIS
1275:GBIF
1228:1214
1210:EPPO
1148:BOLD
1127:8925
971:ISBN
923:ISBN
896:2022
807:ISBN
775:ISBN
743:ISBN
707:2021
690:2016
636:Deer
618:and
514:1758
376:bird
333:The
272:1758
248:1758
174:Aves
76:Call
64:Song
1392:TSA
1340:NBN
1184:CoL
1171:BTO
1101:ABA
919:391
915:221
739:649
694:doi
653:'s
402:is
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