193:) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure), but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and
905:
106:
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appear to a stationary observer as a "gluonic wall" traveling near the speed of light. At very high energies, the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly. Unlike the quarkāgluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls, the color-glass condensate describes the walls themselves, and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high-energy conditions such as those at RHIC and possibly at the Large Hadron
Collider as well.
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1144:(QSL) is a disordered state in a system of interacting quantum spins which preserves its disorder to very low temperatures, unlike other disordered states. It is not a liquid in physical sense, but a solid whose magnetic order is inherently disordered. The name "liquid" is due to an analogy with the molecular disorder in a conventional liquid. A QSL is neither a
3435:
1523:, and allows scientists to observe the properties of individual quarks. Theories predicting the existence of quarkāgluon plasma were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and it was detected for the first time in the laboratory at CERN in the year 2000. Unlike plasma, which flows like a gas, interactions within QGP are strong and it flows like a liquid.
999:, which is nematic in the temperature range 118ā136 Ā°C (244ā277 Ā°F). In this state the molecules flow as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction (within each domain) and cannot rotate freely. Like a crystalline solid, but unlike a liquid, liquid crystals react to polarized light.
1604:
A supersolid is a spatially ordered material (that is, a solid or crystal) with superfluid properties. Similar to a superfluid, a supersolid is able to move without friction but retains a rigid shape. Although a supersolid is a solid, it exhibits so many characteristic properties different from other
352:
of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually
478:
A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways, either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or by exposing it to extremely high temperatures. Heating matter to high temperatures causes electrons to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. This creates a
1474:
that consist of 2ā4 quarks, such as protons and neutrons. Quark matter or quantum chromodynamical (QCD) matter is a group of phases where the strong force is overcome and quarks are deconfined and free to move. Quark matter phases occur at extremely high densities or temperatures, and there are no
1552:
Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light. According to
Einstein's theory of relativity, a high-energy nucleus appears length contracted, or compressed, along its direction of motion. As a result, the gluons inside the nucleus
1056:
also display microphase separation. The anion and cation are not necessarily compatible and would demix otherwise, but electric charge attraction prevents them from separating. Their anions and cations appear to diffuse within compartmentalized layers or micelles instead of freely as in a uniform
1619:
In a string-net liquid, atoms have apparently unstable arrangement, like a liquid, but are still consistent in overall pattern, like a solid. When in a normal solid state, the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern, so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all
1620:
electrons touching it. But in a string-net liquid, atoms are arranged in some pattern that requires some electrons to have neighbors with the same spin. This gives rise to curious properties, as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself.
1156:
magnetic moments that cannot point uniformly parallel or antiparallel. When cooling down and settling to a state, the domain must "choose" an orientation, but if the possible states are similar in energy, one will be chosen randomly. Consequently, despite strong short-range order, there is no
479:
so-called partially ionised plasma. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free", and that a very high-energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. This forms the so-called fully ionised plasma.
1409:
particles from occupying the same quantum state. Unlike regular plasma, degenerate plasma expands little when heated, because there are simply no momentum states left. Consequently, degenerate stars collapse into very high densities. More massive degenerate stars are smaller, because the
866:
572:
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Metals, like potassium, in the chain-melted state appear to be in the liquid and solid state at the same time. This is a result of being subjected to high temperature and pressure, leading to the chains in the potassium to dissolve into liquid while the crystals remain solid.
2021:Ćlvarez, V.H.; Dosil, N.; Gonzalez-Cabaleiro, R.; Mattedi, S.; Martin-Pastor, M.; Iglesias, M. & Navaza, J.M.: BrĆønsted Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Processes: Synthesis and Physical Properties. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 55 (2010), Nr. 2, S. 625ā632.
398:), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the
1324:
predicted the "BoseāEinstein condensate" (BEC), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wavefunction.
2349:
Citat: "...We apparently have observed, for the first time, a solid material with the characteristics of a superfluid...but because all its particles are in the identical quantum state, it remains a solid even though its component particles are continually
428:
respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears. A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases, which leads to useful applications. For example,
1180:, and therefore perfect conductivity. This is a distinct physical state which exists at low temperature, and the resistivity increases discontinuously to a finite value at a sharply-defined transition temperature for each superconductor.
1699:
interacting with a gas develop apparent mass, and can interact with each other, even forming photonic "molecules". The source of mass is the gas, which is massive. This is in contrast to photons moving in empty space, which have no
253:
are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut.
1577:(10 K), gravity becomes a significant force between individual particles. No current theory can describe these states and they cannot be produced with any foreseeable experiment. However, these states are important in
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1428:. Vast gravitational pressure compresses atoms so strongly that the electrons are forced to combine with protons via inverse beta-decay, resulting in a superdense conglomeration of neutrons. Normally free
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1401:, which are supported mainly by quantum mechanical effects. In physics, "degenerate" refers to two states that have the same energy and are thus interchangeable. Degenerate matter is supported by the
1448:. Because of the degeneracy, more massive brown dwarfs are not significantly larger. In metals, the electrons can be modeled as a degenerate gas moving in a lattice of non-degenerate positive ions.
1076:
of electrons that remain unpaired and do not form chemical bonds. In some solids the magnetic moments on different atoms are ordered and can form a ferromagnet, an antiferromagnet or a ferrimagnet.
1681:
is a theoretical phase that may pave the way for the development of electronic devices that dissipate less energy and generate less heat. This is a derivation of the
Quantum Hall state of matter.
991:
Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. Generally, they are able to flow like a liquid, but exhibiting long-range order. For example, the
575:
871:
Matter in the plasma state is seldom used (if at all) in chemical equations, so there is no standard symbol to denote it. In the rare equations that plasma is used it is symbolized as (p).
2909:
1378:
prevents fermions from entering the same quantum state, but a pair of fermions can behave as a boson, and multiple such pairs can then enter the same quantum state without restriction.
1519:
that binds quarks together. This is analogous to the liberation of electrons from atoms in a plasma. This state is briefly attainable in extremely high-energy heavy ion collisions in
608:
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conditions, transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favor their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Near
1202:
The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911, and for 75 years was only known in some metals and metallic alloys at temperatures below 30 K. In 1986 so-called
302:
Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of
1050:
structures. Depending on the relative lengths of each block and the overall block topology of the polymer, many morphologies can be obtained, each its own phase of matter.
1436:
with a half life of approximately 10 minutes, but in a neutron star, the decay is overtaken by inverse decay. Cold degenerate matter is also present in planets such as
544:. A phase transition indicates a change in structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties. A distinct state of matter can be defined as any set of
1397:
Under extremely high pressure, as in the cores of dead stars, ordinary matter undergoes a transition to a series of exotic states of matter collectively known as
1344:, produced the first such condensate experimentally. A BoseāEinstein condensate is "colder" than a solid. It may occur when atoms have very similar (or the same)
413:, and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the
2902:
2310:
1125:, the two networks of magnetic moments are opposite but unequal, so that cancellation is incomplete and there is a non-zero net magnetization. An example is
2111:
2392:
510:, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all
2191:
Heinz, Ulrich; Jacob, Maurice (16 February 2000). "Evidence for a New State of Matter: An
Assessment of the Results from the CERN Lead Beam Programme".
560:
states are demarcated by phase transitions and have distinctive properties. When the change of state occurs in stages the intermediate steps are called
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2167:
Statistical
Mechanics of Quarks and Hadrons: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Bielefeld, F.R.G., August 24ā31, 1980
1526:
At high densities but relatively low temperatures, quarks are theorized to form a quark liquid whose nature is presently unknown. It forms a distinct
1475:
known ways to produce them in equilibrium in the laboratory; in ordinary conditions, any quark matter formed immediately undergoes radioactive decay.
930:
when heated towards the liquid state. Glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials: inorganic networks (such as window glass, made of
482:
The plasma state is often misunderstood, and although not freely existing under normal conditions on Earth, it is quite commonly generated by either
2895:
1042:
and water. Due to chemical incompatibility between the blocks, block copolymers undergo a similar phase separation. However, because the blocks are
601:
574:
2213:
552:. Water can be said to have several distinct solid states. The appearance of superconductivity is associated with a phase transition, so there are
1177:
861:{\displaystyle {\text{2 Na (s) + 2 H}}_{2}{\text{O (l)}}\rightarrow {\text{H}}_{2}\,{\text{(g) + 2 Na}}^{+}{\text{(aq) + 2 OH}}^{-}{\text{(aq)}}}
1002:
Other types of liquid crystals are described in the main article on these states. Several types have technological importance, for example, in
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1979:
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In the gas phase, the BoseāEinstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years. In 1995, the research groups of
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has two networks of equal and opposite magnetic moments, which cancel each other out so that the net magnetization is zero. For example, in
767:
Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter.
913:
Schematic representation of a random-network glassy form (left) and ordered crystalline lattice (right) of identical chemical composition.
336:
that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the
210:
for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example,
115:, showing whether solid ice, liquid water, or gaseous water vapor is the most stable at different combinations of temperature and pressure
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594:
387:
A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.
1255:
of 2.17 K (ā270.98 Ā°C; ā455.76 Ā°F). In this state it will attempt to "climb" out of its container. It also has infinite
2338:
Citat: "... They have become the first to create a new type of matter, a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity."
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1152:, where the magnetic domains are antiparallel; instead, the magnetic domains are randomly oriented. This can be realized e.g. by
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In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas. An
2659:
261:, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. There are various different
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Historically, the distinction is based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed
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is a molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom; in an
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1493:), although there is no direct evidence of its existence. In strange matter, part of the energy available manifests as
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can undergo microphase separation to form a diverse array of periodic nanostructures, as shown in the example of the
2359:
Short videos demonstrating of States of Matter, solids, liquids and gases by Prof. J M Murrell, University of Sussex
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2004-01-29, ScienceDaily: NIST/University Of
Colorado Scientists Create New Form Of Matter: A Fermionic Condensate
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has fifteen known crystal structures, or fifteen solid phases, which exist at various temperatures and pressures.
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become free and able to move independently, rather than being perpetually bound into particles, in a sea of
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Simple illustration of particles in the gas state ā in reality these particles will be much further apart.
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1118:(NiO), half the nickel atoms have moments aligned in one direction and half in the opposite direction.
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Various theories predict new states of matter at very high energies. An unknown state has created the
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to each other, they cannot demix macroscopically as water and oil can, and so instead the blocks form
105:
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2714:
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G. Murthy; et al. (1997). "Superfluids and
Supersolids on Frustrated Two-Dimensional Lattices".
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as it is cooled: the starting material is on the left, and BoseāEinstein condensate is on the right.
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shown at right. Microphase separation can be understood by analogy to the phase separation between
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1995:
Shao, Y.; Zerda, T.W. (1998). "Phase
Transitions of Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries".
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A superconductor also excludes all magnetic fields from its interior, a phenomenon known as the
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with respect to its crystalline counterpart. The conversion rate, however, is practically zero.
249:
In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The
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Simple illustration of particles in the solid state ā they are closely packed to each other.
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is predicted for superstrings at about 10 K, where superstrings are copiously produced. At
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265:, and the same substance can have more than one structure (or solid phase). For example,
181:(assuming no change in temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (
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1247:(or infinite fluidity; i.e., flowing without friction). This was discovered in 1937 for
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can form in a superfluid. Placing a superfluid in a spinning container will result in
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Simple illustration of particles in the liquid state ā they can flow and change shape.
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424:(SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and
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ground states; therefore they are described below as nonclassical states of matter.
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1501:. It may be stable at lower energy states once formed, although this is not known.
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stars. Electrons remain bound to atoms but are able to transfer to adjacent atoms.
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2004-01-15, ScienceDaily: Probable
Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter
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2003-10-10, Science Daily: Metallic Phase For Bosons
Implies New State Of Matter
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gravitational force increases, but pressure does not increase proportionally.
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Close to absolute zero, some liquids form a second liquid state described as
1087:āthe magnetic moment on each atom is aligned in the same direction (within a
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greater than that of the corresponding solid, the best known exception being
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superfluids have been formed at even lower temperatures by the rare isotope
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Plasma Physics: An Introduction to Laboratory, Space, and Fusion Plasmas
536:
This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.
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A superglass is a phase of matter characterized, at the same time, by
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These properties are explained by the theory that the common isotope
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so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an
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2214:"Particle Physicists Getting Closer To the Bang That Started It All"
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oxides, and has now been observed in temperatures as high as 164 K.
361:
O. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its
748:. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its
273:
structure at temperatures below 912 Ā°C (1,674 Ā°F), and a
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that is suspected to exist inside some neutron stars close to the
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1137:), which contains Fe and Fe ions with different magnetic moments.
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can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life:
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2303:"Confirmed: New phase of matter is solid and liquid at same time"
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because the universe may have passed through these states in the
1337:
1084:
348:, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the
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190:
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measured in the direction perpendicular to the current flow. A
1466:, fundamental particles of nuclear matter, are confined by the
154:, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as
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2005-06-22, MIT News: MIT physicists create new form of matter
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in a superfluid phase creeps up on the walls of the cup in a
1091:). If the domains are also aligned, the solid is a permanent
306:, and gases can likewise change directly into solids through
402:, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.
222:, which are formed at different pressures and temperatures.
1370:
is similar to the BoseāEinstein condensate but composed of
1278:(see next section) in the superfluid state. More recently,
27:
Forms, such as solid, liquid and gas, which matter can take
1765:
Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials
564:. Such phases have been exploited by the introduction of
277:
structure between 912 and 1,394 Ā°C (2,541 Ā°F).
1095:, which is magnetic even in the absence of an external
150:. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as
1605:
solids that many argue it is another state of matter.
2102:"Strange but True: Superfluid Helium Can Climb Walls"
795:
764:
are so energized that they leave their parent atoms.
1530:(CFL) phase at even higher densities. This phase is
214:
is the solid state of water, but there are multiple
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1565:in the universe, but little is known about it. In
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1107:, which for iron is 768 Ā°C (1,414 Ā°F).
732:of a given set of matter can change depending on
548:distinguished from any other set of states by a
1974:. Oxford Science Publications. pp. 10ā12.
344:are constant. When a solid is heated above its
1176:Superconductors are materials which have zero
1148:, where magnetic domains are parallel, nor an
514:in the universe is plasma, as it composes all
2903:
2386:
2048:. Oxford University Press. pp. 254ā258.
602:
8:
1860:Physics of the Solar Corona. An Introduction
1534:for color charge. These phases may occur in
1103:disappears when the magnet is heated to the
995:consists of long rod-like molecules such as
582:Ice cubes melting showing a change in state
540:A state of matter is also characterized by
37:For a list of exotic states of matter, see
3037:
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2135:"MIT physicists create new form of matter"
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1507:is a very high-temperature phase in which
756:, and if heated high enough would enter a
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1444:, which are expected to have a core with
1036:styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
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822:
817:
808:
802:
797:
794:
1515:, subatomic particles that transmit the
585:
474:particles in the air, creating a plasma.
197:, both of which can move around freely.
1819:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3ā5.
1755:
1229:, eventually dripping out from the cup.
462:Artificial plasma produced in air by a
1695:Photonic matter is a phenomenon where
966:this degree of freedom is frozen in a
130:is one of the distinct forms in which
2145:from the original on 11 December 2013
1816:Gas Dynamics: Theory and Applications
1352:, ā273.15 Ā°C (ā459.67 Ā°F).
1251:, which forms a superfluid below the
954:Crystals with some degree of disorder
946:. Thermodynamically, a glass is in a
7:
3434:
1883:Piel, Alexander (7 September 2017).
1538:but they are presently theoretical.
390:In a gas, the molecules have enough
332:A liquid is a nearly incompressible
3458:
2027:10.1021/je900550v 10.1021/je900550v
1497:, a heavier analogue of the common
2114:from the original on 19 March 2011
1638:and a frozen amorphous structure.
1204:high-temperature superconductivity
934:plus additives), metallic alloys,
25:
2212:Glanz, James (10 February 2000).
2072:Introduction to Superconductivity
1972:Electronic Structure of Materials
1922:from the original on 3 March 2016
1342:University of Colorado at Boulder
3457:
3445:
3433:
3422:
3421:
2453:
2100:J.R. Minkel (20 February 2009).
1487:TolmanāOppenheimerāVolkoff limit
1348:, at temperatures very close to
903:
894:
104:
83:
50:
1997:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
1767:. Alpha Science. pp. 1ā3.
1432:outside an atomic nucleus will
111:A simplified phase diagram for
1195:are used as electromagnets in
813:
786:is denoted (aq), for example,
1:
3020:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2842:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1910:M. Chaplin (20 August 2009).
1440:and in the even more massive
977:magnetic disorder is frozen.
2852:Order and disorder (physics)
1841:"Plasma, Plasma, Everywhere"
431:supercritical carbon dioxide
2301:Mann, Adam (8 April 2019).
2133:L. Valigra (22 June 2005).
1916:Water Structure and Science
1161:Superfluids and condensates
1157:long-range magnetic order.
1061:Magnetically ordered states
287:and other non-crystalline,
3519:
3498:Engineering thermodynamics
3200:Spin gapless semiconductor
3109:Nearly free electron model
1858:Aschwanden, M. J. (2004).
1792:. McGraw-Hill. p. 4.
1688:
1660:
1645:
1627:
1612:
1597:
1545:
1455:
1414:Electron-degenerate matter
1390:
1359:
1309:
1232:
1206:was discovered in certain
1197:magnetic resonance imaging
1169:
1013:
984:
883:
752:, boils into a gas at its
744:, a substance exists as a
525:
451:
417:of the liquid (or solid).
405:At temperatures below its
372:
317:
234:
166:(in extreme density), and
36:
29:
3417:
3149:Density functional theory
3124:electronic band structure
2991:
2451:
1422:Neutron-degenerate matter
1403:Pauli exclusion principle
1376:Pauli exclusion principle
942:, molecular liquids, and
926:material that exhibits a
409:, a gas is also called a
164:neutron-degenerate matter
156:BoseāEinstein condensates
3493:Condensed matter physics
3319:Bogoliubov quasiparticle
3063:Quantum spin Hall effect
2955:BoseāEinstein condensate
2919:Condensed matter physics
2877:Thermo-dielectric effect
2776:Enthalpy of vaporization
2470:BoseāEinstein condensate
2280:10.1103/PhysRevB.55.3104
1744:List of states of matter
1724:Condensed matter physics
1671:gives rise to quantized
1462:In regular cold matter,
1312:BoseāEinstein condensate
1294:BoseāEinstein condensate
1276:BoseāEinstein condensate
1154:geometrically frustrated
922:is a non-crystalline or
251:forces between particles
39:List of states of matter
30:Not to be confused with
2771:Enthalpy of sublimation
2046:Properties of Materials
1941:D.L. Goodstein (1985).
1714:Hidden states of matter
1704:, and cannot interact.
1678:quantum spin Hall state
1557:Very high energy states
1193:Superconducting magnets
1024:SBS block copolymer in
1004:liquid crystal displays
466:. The extremely strong
206:is sometimes used as a
2786:Latent internal energy
2536:Color-glass condensate
1548:Color-glass condensate
1542:Color-glass condensate
1307:
1230:
1178:electrical resistivity
1028:
862:
583:
537:
475:
440:in the manufacture of
384:
329:
246:
93:'s orange glow in its
68:state, encased inside
3195:Topological insulator
3129:Anderson localization
2596:Magnetically ordered
2364:30 March 2023 at the
1912:"Water phase Diagram"
1862:. Praxis Publishing.
1589:Other proposed states
1521:particle accelerators
1405:, which prevents two
1302:Velocity in a gas of
1301:
1221:
1083:āfor instance, solid
1023:
1010:Microphase separation
981:Liquid crystal states
863:
581:
535:
470:between the two rods
461:
382:
327:
244:
226:Four classical states
160:Fermionic condensates
3073:AharonovāBohm effect
2960:Fermionic condensate
2475:Fermionic condensate
1970:A.P. Sutton (1993).
1750:Notes and references
1571:Hagedorn temperature
1368:fermionic condensate
1362:Fermionic condensate
1356:Fermionic condensate
1280:fermionic condensate
1261:temperature gradient
1257:thermal conductivity
1243:because it has zero
875:Non-classical states
793:
773:Fermionic condensate
468:potential difference
407:critical temperature
363:critical temperature
3464:Physics WikiProject
3139:tight binding model
3119:Fermi liquid theory
3104:Free electron model
3053:Quantum Hall effect
3034:Electrons in solids
2690:Chemical ionization
2582:Programmable matter
2572:Quantum spin liquid
2440:Supercritical fluid
2307:National Geographic
2272:1997PhRvB..55.3104M
2107:Scientific American
2069:M. Tinkham (2004).
1847:. 7 September 1999.
1813:G. Turrell (1997).
1763:M.A. Wahab (2005).
1663:Quantum Hall effect
1528:color-flavor locked
1489:(approximately 2ā3
1322:Satyendra Nath Bose
1142:quantum spin liquid
968:quenched disordered
964:orientational glass
760:state in which the
617:
422:supercritical fluid
297:thermal equilibrium
162:(in extreme cold),
3025:Critical phenomena
2837:Leidenfrost effect
2766:Enthalpy of fusion
2531:Quarkāgluon plasma
2218:The New York Times
2079:. pp. 17ā23.
1669:quantum Hall state
1657:Quantum Hall state
1648:Chain-melted state
1642:Chain-melted state
1575:Planck temperature
1505:Quarkāgluon plasma
1382:High-energy states
1308:
1265:quantized vortices
1253:lambda temperature
1231:
1029:
858:
777:quarkāgluon plasma
586:
584:
556:states. Likewise,
538:
500:plasma televisions
492:fluorescent lights
476:
385:
330:
275:face-centred cubic
271:body-centred cubic
263:crystal structures
259:crystalline solids
247:
220:crystal structures
168:quarkāgluon plasma
3488:Phase transitions
3473:
3472:
3359:Exciton-polariton
3244:
3243:
3216:Thermoelectricity
2885:
2884:
2867:Superheated vapor
2862:Superconductivity
2832:Equation of state
2680:Flash evaporation
2632:Phase transitions
2617:String-net liquid
2510:Photonic molecule
2480:Degenerate matter
2249:Physical Review B
2177:978-0-444-86227-3
2170:. North-Holland.
2164:Satz, H. (1981).
2009:10.1021/jp9734437
2003:(18): 3387ā3394.
1981:978-0-19-851754-2
1956:978-0-486-49506-4
1896:978-3-319-63427-2
1869:978-3-540-22321-4
1826:978-0-471-97573-1
1799:978-0-07-240217-9
1788:F. White (2003).
1774:978-1-84265-218-3
1719:Classical element
1615:String-net liquid
1609:String-net liquid
1446:metallic hydrogen
1399:degenerate matter
1393:Degenerate matter
1387:Degenerate matter
1172:Superconductivity
1068:atoms often have
1044:covalently bonded
997:para-azoxyanisole
940:aqueous solutions
856:
845:
833:
820:
811:
800:
726:
725:
588:Phase transitions
579:
542:phase transitions
528:Phase transitions
522:Phase transitions
426:critical pressure
16:(Redirected from
3510:
3503:Phases of matter
3461:
3460:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3364:Phonon polariton
3256:Amorphous magnet
3236:Electrostriction
3231:Flexoelectricity
3226:Ferroelectricity
3221:Piezoelectricity
3078:Josephson effect
3058:Spin Hall effect
3038:
3015:Phase transition
2997:
2980:Luttinger liquid
2927:States of matter
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2822:Compressed fluid
2457:
2402:States of matter
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:on 14 April 2021
2309:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2265:
2263:cond-mat/9607217
2243:
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2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2042:White, Mary Anne
2038:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1943:States of Matter
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1880:
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1855:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1563:baryon asymmetry
1416:is found inside
1116:nickel(II) oxide
1070:magnetic moments
1066:Transition metal
973:Similarly, in a
948:metastable state
928:glass transition
907:
898:
867:
865:
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827:
826:
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806:
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798:
784:aqueous solution
618:
611:
604:
597:
580:
550:phase transition
506:, some types of
454:Plasma (physics)
293:long-range order
289:amorphous solids
108:
87:
54:
21:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3413:
3394:Granular matter
3389:Amorphous solid
3375:
3300:
3286:Antiferromagnet
3276:Superparamagnet
3249:Magnetic phases
3240:
3204:
3153:
3114:Bloch's theorem
3087:
3029:
3010:Order parameter
3003:Phase phenomena
2998:
2989:
2921:
2916:
2886:
2881:
2812:Baryonic matter
2800:
2754:
2725:Saturated fluid
2665:Crystallization
2626:
2600:Antiferromagnet
2540:
2514:
2458:
2449:
2409:
2399:
2366:Wayback Machine
2332:
2327:
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2198:nucl-th/0002042
2190:
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1807:
1800:
1790:Fluid Mechanics
1787:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1710:
1693:
1691:Photonic matter
1687:
1685:Photonic matter
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1532:superconductive
1460:
1454:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1364:
1358:
1318:Albert Einstein
1314:
1296:
1237:
1216:
1185:Meissner effect
1174:
1168:
1163:
1150:antiferromagnet
1136:
1132:
1112:antiferromagnet
1089:magnetic domain
1072:due to the net
1063:
1048:nanometre-sized
1018:
1012:
989:
983:
960:plastic crystal
956:
924:amorphous solid
917:
916:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:
900:
899:
888:
882:
877:
841:
829:
816:
796:
791:
790:
626:
623:
615:
571:
554:superconductive
530:
524:
512:ordinary matter
488:electric sparks
456:
450:
377:
371:
360:
322:
316:
239:
233:
228:
218:with different
128:state of matter
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3455:
3452:Physics Portal
3443:
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3399:Liquid crystal
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3308:
3306:Quasiparticles
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
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3273:
3268:
3266:Superdiamagnet
3263:
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3228:
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3206:
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3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Superconductor
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Mott insulator
3167:
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3159:
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2808:
2806:
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2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:Trouton's rule
2788:
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2660:Critical point
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2562:Liquid crystal
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2497:
2495:Strange matter
2492:
2490:Rydberg matter
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2331:
2330:External links
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2085:
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1543:
1540:
1495:strange quarks
1479:Strange matter
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1360:Main article:
1357:
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1346:quantum levels
1310:Main article:
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1170:Main article:
1167:
1166:Superconductor
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1162:
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1097:magnetic field
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987:Liquid crystal
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799:2 Na (s) + 2 H
779:are examples.
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464:Jacob's Ladder
452:Main article:
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415:vapor pressure
392:kinetic energy
373:Main article:
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3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Semiconductor
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Hubbard model
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
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2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
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2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Mpemba effect
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Cooling curve
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2750:Vitrification
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Recombination
2713:
2711:
2710:Melting point
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Critical line
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Boiling point
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Exotic matter
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2077:Courier Dover
2074:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2055:0-19-511331-4
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1947:Dover Phoenix
1944:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Cooling curve
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1636:superfluidity
1631:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:string theory
1564:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:neutron stars
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:is a type of
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:neutron stars
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:absolute zero
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1223:Liquid helium
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:magnetization
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:Ionic liquids
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
993:nematic phase
988:
980:
978:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
906:
897:
887:
879:
874:
872:
848:
836:
823:
803:
789:
788:
787:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:boiling point
751:
750:melting point
747:
743:
742:absolute zero
739:
735:
731:
728:The state or
722:
720:
719:Recombination
717:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
620:
619:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
592:
589:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:ferromagnetic
555:
551:
547:
543:
534:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
473:
469:
465:
460:
455:
447:
445:
443:
442:decaffeinated
439:
436:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:boiling point
397:
393:
388:
381:
376:
368:
366:
364:
356:
351:
347:
346:melting point
343:
339:
335:
326:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
252:
243:
238:
230:
225:
223:
221:
217:
216:phases of ice
213:
209:
205:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
114:
107:
96:
92:
86:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3475:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3344:Pines' demon
3083:Kondo effect
2985:Time crystal
2926:
2872:Superheating
2745:Vaporization
2740:Triple point
2735:Supercooling
2700:Lambda point
2650:Condensation
2567:Time crystal
2545:Other states
2485:Quantum Hall
2401:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2306:
2296:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:
2071:
2064:
2045:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1942:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1889:. Springer.
1885:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1845:NASA Science
1844:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1739:Superheating
1734:Supercooling
1694:
1676:
1673:Hall voltage
1668:
1666:
1651:
1633:
1618:
1603:
1560:
1551:
1525:
1517:strong force
1503:
1491:solar masses
1483:quark matter
1477:
1468:strong force
1461:
1452:Quark matter
1442:brown dwarfs
1424:is found in
1412:
1396:
1367:
1365:
1330:Eric Cornell
1327:
1315:
1269:
1240:
1238:
1201:
1189:diamagnetism
1182:
1175:
1139:
1120:
1109:
1078:
1064:
1052:
1030:
1001:
990:
972:
957:
918:
870:
781:
766:
729:
727:
698:Condensation
681:Vaporization
568:technology.
539:
504:Sun's corona
481:
477:
419:
404:
389:
386:
350:triple point
331:
301:
283:
256:
248:
201:
199:
176:
127:
121:
43:
3381:Soft matter
3281:Ferromagnet
3099:Drude model
3068:Berry phase
3048:Hall effect
2781:Latent heat
2730:Sublimation
2675:Evaporation
2610:Ferromagnet
2605:Ferrimagnet
2587:Dark matter
2519:High energy
2350:flowing..."
2317:13 November
2256:(5): 3104.
2149:23 February
2118:23 February
1926:23 February
1418:white dwarf
1334:Carl Wieman
1259:so that no
1227:Rollin film
1187:or perfect
1146:ferromagnet
1123:ferrimagnet
1105:Curie point
1081:ferromagnet
936:ionic melts
844:(aq) + 2 OH
769:Superfluids
738:temperature
662:Sublimation
590:of matter (
496:neon lights
433:is used to
338:temperature
304:sublimation
172:high energy
3482:Categories
3296:Spin glass
3291:Metamagnet
3271:Paramagnet
3158:Conduction
3134:BCS theory
2975:Superfluid
2970:Supersolid
2796:Volatility
2759:Quantities
2720:Regelation
2695:Ionization
2670:Deposition
2622:Superglass
2592:Antimatter
2526:QCD matter
2505:Supersolid
2500:Superfluid
2463:Low energy
2086:0486435032
1630:Superglass
1624:Superglass
1600:Supersolid
1594:Supersolid
1499:down quark
1458:QCD matter
1241:superfluid
1235:Superfluid
1214:Superfluid
1199:machines.
1032:Copolymers
975:spin glass
832:(g) + 2 Na
775:) and the
705:Ionization
693:Deposition
562:mesophases
308:deposition
3354:Polariton
3261:Diamagnet
3209:Couplings
3185:Conductor
3180:Semimetal
3165:Insulator
3041:Phenomena
2965:Fermi gas
2288:119498444
2226:0362-4331
1702:rest mass
1579:cosmology
1407:fermionic
1316:In 1924,
1288:lithium-6
1245:viscosity
1127:magnetite
1016:Copolymer
849:−
814:→
762:electrons
484:lightning
396:ideal gas
200:The term
195:electrons
187:molecules
3428:Category
3409:Colloids
2857:Spinodal
2805:Concepts
2685:Freezing
2362:Archived
2143:Archived
2139:MIT News
2112:Archived
2044:(1999).
1920:Archived
1708:See also
1583:Big Bang
1430:neutrons
1372:fermions
1304:rubidium
1284:helium-3
1274:forms a
1272:helium-4
1057:liquid.
944:polymers
932:silicate
734:pressure
674:Freezing
444:coffee.
438:caffeine
342:pressure
295:are not
291:without
60:in both
3440:Commons
3404:Polymer
3371:Polaron
3349:Plasmon
3329:Exciton
2817:Binodal
2705:Melting
2640:Boiling
2557:Crystal
2552:Colloid
2268:Bibcode
1697:photons
1472:hadrons
1438:Jupiter
1340:at the
1286:and by
1208:ceramic
970:state.
711:Plasma
670:Liquid
657:Melting
435:extract
285:Glasses
208:synonym
124:physics
70:acrylic
58:Bromine
3339:Phonon
3334:Magnon
3092:Theory
2950:Plasma
2940:Liquid
2445:Plasma
2426:Liquid
2286:
2231:10 May
2224:
2174:
2083:
2052:
1978:
1953:
1893:
1866:
1823:
1796:
1771:
1513:gluons
1509:quarks
1464:quarks
1374:. The
1249:helium
1099:. The
1093:magnet
771:(like
758:plasma
651:Solid
645:Plasma
635:Liquid
546:states
502:. The
498:or in
472:ionize
448:Plasma
320:Liquid
314:Liquid
269:has a
179:volume
148:plasma
146:, and
140:liquid
132:matter
95:plasma
91:Helium
62:liquid
3314:Anyon
2935:Solid
2435:Vapor
2421:Solid
2414:State
2284:S2CID
2258:arXiv
2193:arXiv
1470:into
1434:decay
1336:, of
1121:In a
1079:In a
920:Glass
886:Glass
880:Glass
810:O (l)
746:solid
730:phase
630:Solid
516:stars
508:flame
411:vapor
355:water
334:fluid
237:Solid
231:Solid
203:phase
183:atoms
136:solid
113:water
97:state
76:state
74:solid
3324:Hole
2406:list
2319:2023
2233:2020
2222:ISSN
2172:ISBN
2151:2010
2120:2010
2081:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1928:2010
1891:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1569:, a
1338:JILA
1332:and
1320:and
1085:iron
1074:spin
855:(aq)
736:and
689:Gas
625:From
340:and
267:iron
191:ions
158:and
126:, a
64:and
2945:Gas
2431:Gas
2276:doi
2023:doi
2005:doi
2001:102
1129:(Fe
1110:An
1040:oil
1026:TEM
640:Gas
375:Gas
369:Gas
357:, H
279:Ice
257:In
212:ice
189:or
174:).
144:gas
122:In
72:in
66:gas
3484::
2433:/
2305:.
2282:.
2274:.
2266:.
2254:55
2252:.
2220:.
2216:.
2141:.
2137:.
2110:.
2104:.
2075:.
2033:^
1999:.
1949:.
1945:.
1918:.
1914:.
1843:.
1667:A
1585:.
1366:A
1290:.
1267:.
1191:.
1140:A
1006:.
958:A
938:,
622:To
616:)
518:.
494:,
490:,
486:,
420:A
365:.
310:.
185:,
142:,
138:,
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2897:v
2408:)
2404:(
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2380:v
2321:.
2290:.
2278::
2270::
2260::
2235:.
2201:.
2195::
2180:.
2153:.
2122:.
2089:.
2058:.
2025::
2011:.
2007::
1984:.
1959:.
1930:.
1899:.
1872:.
1829:.
1802:.
1777:.
1135:4
1133:O
1131:3
837:+
824:2
819:H
804:2
610:e
603:t
596:v
359:2
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
