623:(WHO) estimates a shortage of 4.3 million physicians, nurses and other health workers worldwide. The WHO produced a list of countries with a “Human Resources for Health crisis”. In these countries, there are only 1.13 doctors for every 1,000 people, while in the United States, there are approximately 2.5 doctors for every 1,000 people. One quarter of physicians practicing in the United States are from foreign countries. Thousands of foreign doctors come to practice in the United States each year while only a few hundred doctors from the United States leave to practice in foreign countries even short-term.
17:
1102:
2419:
434:
134:
2427:
667:
425:
the supply of
Medicaid physicians to fluctuate. A study examining variation between states in 2005 showed that the average time for Medicaid reimbursements was directly correlated with Medicaid participation, and physicians in states with faster reimbursement times had a higher probability of accepting new Medicaid patients.
417:, across the country. Expanded coverage is predicted to increase the number of annual primary care visits between 15.07 million and 24.26 million by 2019. If stable levels of physicians' productivity are assumed, between 4,307 and 6,940 additional primary care physicians would be needed to accommodate that increase.
424:
physicians. Incentives and higher reimbursement rates may have increased the number of physicians accepting
Medicaid patients up to 2014. With the expansion of Medicaid and a decrease in incentives and reimbursement rates in 2014, the supply of physicians in Medicaid may drop substantially and cause
184:
and creates issues on maintaining sufficient physician supply. However, higher-income countries can also experience an outflow of physicians who decide to return to their naturalized countries after they have received extensive education and training, and such nations never benefit from their gained
497:
There are thousands of women in the United States who live in counties that do not have obstetrical care available. Arizona has two counties with no care available for pregnant women. Awareness to the lack of access to care is increasing in
Arizona, and the Phoenix area seems to be heading toward a
160:
However, the extent of substitution of physician production is limited by technical and legal factors. Technology cannot replace all skills possessed by physicians, such as surgical skill sets. Legal factors can include allowing only licensed physicians to perform surgeries but nurses or doctors to
119:
medical news blog, for example, it has been argued that inefficiencies introduced into the healthcare system, often driven by government initiatives, have reduced the number of patients physicians can see. By forcing physicians to spend much of their time on data entry and public health issues, the
343:
Changes in the practice environment; for example, changing legal conditions have been cited in the US, Canada and elsewhere as inciting physician attrition, notably the adoption of laws that require doctors to refer for certain procedures (such as abortion or sex change) with which the doctors
107:
since physicians can usually earn much more money and enjoy better working conditions in other countries. Many developed countries also report doctor shortages, which traditionally happened in rural and other underserved areas. Reports as recent as
January 2019 show that high-growth areas like
156:
can replace some of the financial responsibilities for a physician who owns their own practice and allow for more time to treat patients. Disposable supplies can substitute for labor and capital (the time and equipment needed to sterilize instruments). Sound record keeping by physicians can
631:
doctor will serve in the temporary absence of another physician. These positions are typically 1-year placements but can vary by location, specialty, and other factors. Agencies that attempt to provide international aid in various ways often have a strong medical component. Some of these
619:(AAMC) estimates a shortage of 91,500 physicians by 2020 and up to 130,600 by the year 2025. However, a bias would clearly exist in their estimates as expanding medical education serves the direct financial needs of the AAMC. As previously mentioned, the
524:
To address physician shortages in rural areas, develop, organize, and locate medical schools to increase the propensity of physicians entering rural practice. Accepting medical school applicants from rural areas can also increase the proportion of rural
244:
says that federal funding is the most important limitation in the supply of physicians. The high cost of tuition combined with the cost of supporting themselves during medical school discourages some people from enrolling to become a physician. Limited
168:(GDP). Theoretically, as GDP increases, the health care labor force expands and, in turn, physician supply also increases. However, developing countries face additional challenges in retaining competent physicians to higher-income countries such as the
626:
There are various organizations that assist United States physicians and others in serving internationally. These organizations may be filling temporary or permanent positions. Two temporary agencies are Global
Medical Staffing and VISTA staffing. A
484:
Lower medical costs to consumers; compared to other industries, as market share grows and competition declines, physicians are less inclined to gross up the frequency or intensity of medical services to maximize reimbursement per limited patient
361:
in place for health care delivery and financing in a jurisdiction, and also the international job market (e.g. the increasing demand in other countries puts pressure on local competition). As of 2010, the WHO proposes a ratio of at least one
148:
balance. If the number of physicians is decreased or the demand for their services increases, an undersupply or shortage can result. If the number of physicians increases or demand for their services decreases, then an oversupply can result.
212:
with a duration longer than that of a typical undergraduate degree. Consequently, physician supply is affected by the number of students eligible for medical training. Students who do not finish earlier levels of education, including
534:
Loosen the requirements for entry to medical school, such as eliminating the need for a pre-med bachelor's degree as required in some jurisdictions, thereby making the education path more attractive for potential
323:). Many physicians may retain their professional license while they work part-time or after they retire. Consequently, the reported number of active physicians is probably overstated in many jurisdictions.
946:
67:
and goals in place of the health care system. If more physicians are trained than needed, supply exceeds demand. If too few physicians are trained and retained, some people may have difficulty accessing
301:
Are unable to find work of their choice; studies in Mexico have found high levels of unemployment among trained physicians in urban areas even while large rural populations remain medically underserved.
2359:
Cohen, Steven A. (2009). "A review of demographic and infrastructural factors and potential solutions to the physician and nursing shortage predicted to impact the growing US elderly population".
1851:
236:
is limited, reasons include a limited number of teachers, limited funding provided by governments and doctors voting to restrict numbers of medical students. In many countries that do not charge
1675:
1799:
1880:
1509:
514:
Increase the number of medical graduates through increased recruitment of minority students domestically, as well as intensified recruitment of foreign-trained graduates (also known as
249:
and financial aid to medical students may exacerbate that problem, and low expected pay for practicing physicians in some countries may convince some that the cost is not appropriate.
373:
has been attributed with increased demand for physician services in many countries, as more previously young and healthy people become older with increased likelihood of a variety of
838:
319:
Work part-time; in particular, the number working only part-time does not affect the overall number of physicians, but it affects the supply of physician services (e.g. in terms of
272:
Once trained, the current supply of physicians can be affected by the number of those who continue to practice that profession. The number of working physicians can be affected by:
115:
Several causes of the current and anticipated shortages have been suggested, but not everyone agrees that there is a true physician shortage, at least in the United States. On the
606:
Increase use of health care or medical teams (i.e. nurse practitioners and physician assistants) to shift physician workload and allow for increased physician times with patients.
506:
A number of solutions, including short-term fixes and long-term solutions, have been proposed to address physician shortages. Some have been tested and applied in national
2285:
164:
The demand for physicians is also dependent on a country's economic status. Especially in developing nations, health care spending is closely related to the growth of the
651:
Additionally, smaller non-profits that work regionally around the world have also implemented task-shifting strategies in order to increase impact. Non profits, such as
528:
To address physician shortages in high population growth areas in the United States unfreeze the 1996 Graduate
Medical Education (GME) freeze/cap instituted by Congress.
2251:
1960:
264:, either overt or disguised, have also been cited as resulting in people being denied the opportunity to train as a physician on the basis of their race or gender.
1723:
1645:
920:
1280:
942:
1309:
655:
educated community health workers or teachers to perform simple medicinal tasks, thereby freeing up health professionals to focus on more pressing concerns.
1164:
152:
Substitution factors can significantly affect the production of physician services and the availability of physicians to see more patients. For example, an
1359:
Baker RB, Washington HA, Olakanmi O, et al. (July 2008). "African
American physicians and organized medicine, 1846–1968: origins of a racial divide".
1032:
Cooper, Richard A.; Getzen, Thomas E.; McKee, Heather J.; Laud, Prakash (2002). "Economic and
Demographic Trends Signal an Impending Physician Shortage".
2345:
2161:
1847:
1631:
498:
maternity desert. From 2009 to 2019, there was a 12% reduction in obstetricians delivering babies in
Arizona despite a growth in the general population.
406:
2449:
890:
2230:
1669:
1459:
582:
Provide better incentives for physicians to practice in underserved areas – for example, in the U.S., this would include expanding incentives for the
209:
51:
path and remaining in their country of origin. The number of physicians needed in a given context depends on several different factors, including the
1795:
1142:
112:, are experiencing shortages. Shortages exist and are growing in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany.
616:
864:
573:
Improve physician wages, such as through privatization of health care systems thereby enhancing market attractiveness for people to become doctors.
2111:
705:
1876:
1506:
796:
771:
538:
Reduce the costs for students to attend medical school, such as through subsidies for (free or reduced) school tuition and more financial aid.
2324:
1610:
589:
Ensure better practice conditions for physicians – for example, medical liability reforms have been cited as an important factor in the U.S.
240:
to prospective physicians, public funding is the only significant limitation on the number of physicians trained. In the United States, the
1697:
1485:
737:
595:
In the United States, to better accommodate the elderly and their demand for healthcare services, increase medical and nursing training in
2398:
2065:
834:
2482:
1981:
Rosenblatt, RA; Whitcomb, ME; Cullen, TJ; Lishner, DM; Hart, LG (September 23, 1992). "Which medical schools produce rural physicians?".
551:
Improve the political, social and economic conditions in developing countries to prevent brain drain, including fewer wars and conflicts.
592:
Increase the use of e-mail and telephone consultations, which allow physicians to treat patients seeking more traditional forms of care.
2024:
197:
is one way to address physician shortage, and another is increasing the number of schools, but other factors may also play a role.
1749:
1338:
2277:
2044:
1825:
1116:
103:. Developing nations often have physician shortages because of limited numbers and capacity of medical schools and because of
328:
Changes in the specialty balance; for example, in many countries, the balance is shifting away from medical students becoming
1533:
515:
295:
1284:
633:
291:, or other areas in which medical expertise is required, or they may choose a job in which no medical knowledge is required.
988:
Hu, Teh-Wei; Yang, Bong M. (1988). "The demand for and supply of physician services in the US: a disequilibrium analysis".
632:
organizations helping to provide medical care internationally include Reach Out
Worldwide (ROWW), Doctors Without Borders (
2255:
583:
545:
463:
Increased workload and too many patients per doctor resulting in overworked and sleep-deprived doctors, which compromises
1952:
1717:
912:
454:
241:
229:. The more people that fail to complete the prerequisites, the fewer people become eligible for training as physicians.
2504:
1649:
2090:
645:
357:
in local health care facilities), the demographics and epidemiology of the population being served, the nature of the
2539:
1313:
2549:
2305:
1171:
710:
620:
374:
252:
It has been speculated that politics and social conditions may motivate medical student placements. For example,
92:
488:
The shortage of obstetricians in parts of the United States has led to coining of the phrase "maternity desert."
378:
2136:
2057:
886:
2226:
1449:
567:
414:
205:
104:
16:
1101:
2453:
1138:
818:
507:
410:
363:
165:
96:
2175:
Bodenheimer, Thomas; Grumbach, Kevin; Berenson, Robert A. (25 June 2009). "A Lifeline for Primary Care".
1559:"Expansion of Coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Utilization"
860:
329:
261:
257:
233:
1399:"Educational and labor wastage of doctors in Mexico: towards the construction of a common methodology"
576:
Improve physicians' perspectives of their future career path, such as though reduced use of temporary
144:
Anything that changes the number of available physicians or the demand for their services affects the
652:
320:
218:
214:
138:
100:
85:
60:
2115:
2544:
1774:
791:
766:
680:
577:
559:
450:
333:
2320:
1606:
1691:
1454:
555:
366:
per 1000 people to sufficiently attend the basic needs of the population in a developed country.
201:
32:
1481:
729:
2394:
2474:
2376:
2339:
2192:
2155:
1998:
1934:
1625:
1588:
1430:
1376:
1261:
1243:
1212:
1090:
1049:
1005:
474:
394:
145:
2045:
http://www.sctimes.com/article/20090726/NEWS01/107260024/1009/Experts-foresee-doctor-shortage
1022:
Charles Phelps, Health Economics (4th edition), (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 2010
2368:
2184:
1990:
1924:
1914:
1578:
1570:
1420:
1410:
1368:
1251:
1204:
1080:
1041:
997:
700:
690:
563:
478:
433:
370:
353:
The demand for physician services is influenced by the local job market (e.g. the number of
284:
237:
222:
109:
2016:
256:
have been cited in some places as preventing some people from enrolling in medical school.
133:
1778:
1753:
1727:
1701:
1679:
1513:
1232:"Financial Implications of Increasing Medical School Class Size: Does Tuition Cover Cost?"
967:
800:
775:
672:
40:
1822:"A quiet crisis has left millions of U.S. women without much needed maternal health care"
1195:
Cole, A. (9 July 2008). "BMA meeting: Doctors vote to limit number of medical students".
1848:"Rural Areas in Arizona Struggle with Access to Prenatal Care Causing Maternity Deserts"
1231:
180:. The emigration of physicians from lower-income and developing countries contribute to
1929:
1902:
1743:
1583:
1558:
1425:
1398:
1334:
1256:
695:
464:
226:
194:
1230:
Schieffler, Danny A; Azevedo, Benjamin M; Culbertson, Richard A; Kahn, Marc J (2012).
437:
Nations identified with critical shortages of physicians and other health care workers
2533:
1994:
1821:
1574:
685:
358:
288:
169:
64:
473:
Higher prices for practicing physicians because of less competition by the rules of
386:
382:
337:
253:
246:
120:
initiatives have limited the available time for direct patient care by physicians.
56:
52:
36:
1526:
2372:
1903:"Addressing the primary care physician shortage in an evolving medical workforce"
554:
Make better use of other categories of health care professionals, including more
641:
637:
600:
313:
232:
In most countries, the number of placements for students in medical schools and
181:
69:
312:
Migrate abroad for better economic and social conditions, also referred to as "
2306:
http://sev.prnewswire.com/health-care-hospitals/20081112/CLW00412112008-1.html
1001:
662:
596:
354:
153:
77:
28:
1247:
1216:
1045:
1009:
409:
has expanded health insurance coverage and access to an estimated 32 million
2512:
460:
Lower quality of medical care for patients because of shorter doctor visits.
173:
116:
2380:
2227:"How the primary care doctor shortage threatens Obama's health reform plan"
2196:
2086:
1938:
1919:
1592:
1434:
1380:
1372:
1265:
1170:. The Midwestern Office of The Council of State Governments. Archived from
1094:
1053:
548:, which help provide debt-relief opportunities for primary care physicians.
43:
in a country or jurisdiction but also on the number continuing to practice
2002:
1415:
2188:
1085:
1068:
446:
421:
81:
44:
1482:"Another Hurdle to Health Care Reform: Too Few General Practice Doctors"
441:
Physician shortages have been linked to a number of effects, including:
95:(WHO) estimates a shortage of 4.3 million physicians, nurses, and other
390:
84:
in need of medical care. That can be observed at the level of a given
1208:
280:
177:
48:
768:
Handbook on monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health.
2112:"Free medical school tuition proposed to ease B.C. Doctor shortage"
1877:"OBGYN Physician Shortage Creates Challenges for Arizona Providers"
943:"Medical schools are working hard to help cure the doctor shortage"
2140:
628:
432:
132:
15:
1693:
Approved Medical Resident Hours Still Resulting In Sleepy Doctors
1507:
New-look Inquisitions want to call doctors in for a little chat.
1310:"Doctors can earn over Euro 20,000 per month in private clinics"
1139:"Medical schools multiplying, but may not solve doctor shortage"
2475:"Dr. Expat: American physicians on foreign soil - amednews.com"
1796:"Maternity Deserts Arizona at Risk for Maternity Care Shortage"
793:
Models and tools for health workforce planning and projections.
835:"Health care organizations work to combat the doctor shortage"
157:
substitute for legal services by avoiding malpractice suits.
39:. The supply depends primarily on the number of graduates of
2315:
2313:
913:"Primary-Care Doctor Shortage May Undermine Reform Efforts"
586:
in rural, urban, and suburban areas experiencing shortages.
521:
Increase the number of medical schools and classroom sizes.
820:
The world health report 2006: working together for health.
1450:"Patterns: Number of Doctors Was Overstated, Study Finds"
470:
Unnecessary patient deaths while waiting for health care.
217:
and in some places those who leave university without an
59:
of the local population, the numbers and types of other
1117:"Medical Schools Look to Grow as Doctor Shortage Looms"
887:"Rural doctor shortage called "a crisis" in Washington"
294:
Fail to obtain or requalify for their license or other
193:
Increasing the number of students enrolled in existing
449:, which limits the ability of health systems to meet
541:
Legislate tuition-increase caps for medical schools.
283:; for example, some might choose instead to work in
2252:"Free Salary Information, Personal Salary Reports"
1769:
413:, increasing the demand of physicians, especially
510:, while others remain subject to ongoing debate.
2361:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
1953:"Doctors from afar meeting rural Oregon's needs"
861:"Medical miscalculation creates doctor shortage"
2278:"Doctors' Salaries and the Cost of Health Care"
2211:Task shifting to tackle health worker shortages
1646:"The Incredible Shrinking Doctor's Appointment"
1312:. Honorary Consulate of Romania. Archived from
1281:"Doctor shortage worsens as student debt rises"
2221:
2219:
420:The Act may have also affected the supply of
401:US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
336:, which leads to shortages of physicians for
88:, a province/state, a country, or worldwide.
76:is a situation in which there are not enough
8:
1119:. Wisconsin Healthcare Workforce Development
968:"A debate on what we need our doctors to do"
279:Choose to practice as a physician for their
276:The number of medical school graduates who:
1163:Murphy, Mike; Tim Anderson (October 2008).
1789:
1787:
1392:
1390:
1069:"The metrics of the physician brain drain"
761:
759:
757:
755:
407:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2087:"The Volokh Conspiracy – Doctor Shortage"
1928:
1918:
1781:Posted by Layton Lang, December 12, 2011.
1582:
1424:
1414:
1303:
1301:
1255:
1084:
813:
811:
809:
20:Medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018.
2021:Association of American Medical Colleges
1870:
1868:
1335:"Shortage of young (white) male doctors"
786:
784:
778:Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.
617:Association of American Medical Colleges
531:Higher medical school enrollment limits.
332:(GP) because of more attractive pay for
309:Exit the workforce, such as by retiring.
721:
706:Physician shortage in the United States
344:disagree on moral or religious grounds.
2344:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2337:
2160:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2153:
1630:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1623:
1682:Posted by Jill Stark, April 20, 2007.
1462:from the original on 14 December 2019
1448:Rabin, Roni Caryn (21 October 2009).
200:Becoming a physician requires either
7:
1820:Diaz-Hurtado, Jessica (2019-05-20).
1760:2006; 354:1661–1664; April 20, 2006.
1527:"Summary of the Affordable Care Act"
1067:Mullan, Fitzhugh (27 October 2005).
740:from the original on 4 November 2021
2058:"Needs of Patients Outpace Doctors"
2017:"Medicare Resident Limits ("Caps")"
1073:The New England Journal of Medicine
508:health workforce policies and plans
445:Lower quantity of medical care for
1907:International Archives of Medicine
1719:"Sleepy" doctors admit to mistakes
730:"Medical doctors per 1,000 people"
14:
2485:from the original on July 2, 2024
2276:Rampell, Catherine (2008-11-14).
1516:Posted Wednesday, 1 October 2008.
1484:. Knowledge@Wharton. 2009-07-22.
1283:. AllBusiness.com. Archived from
911:Halsey III, Ashley (2009-06-20).
833:Ciaramella, Sierra (2019-01-31).
225:, do not qualify for entrance to
210:professional undergraduate degree
185:medical knowledge and skill set.
1995:10.1001/jama.1992.03490120073031
1671:Shortage pushes doctors to limit
1575:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00620.x
1308:Financiar, Ziarul (2008-01-24).
1279:Rogers, Christina (2008-06-18).
1100:
665:
377:associated with ageing, such as
161:administer other surgical care.
27:refers to the number of trained
2401:from the original on 2014-03-31
2327:from the original on 2017-10-26
2288:from the original on 2018-06-25
2233:from the original on 2017-01-19
2177:New England Journal of Medicine
2093:from the original on 2015-09-11
2068:from the original on 2009-03-11
2027:from the original on 2019-02-07
1963:from the original on 2016-03-03
1883:from the original on 2019-08-10
1854:from the original on 2019-06-05
1846:Blasius, Melissa (2019-06-03).
1828:from the original on 2019-05-26
1802:from the original on 2024-07-12
1794:Blasius, Melissa (2019-06-03).
1613:from the original on 2017-06-18
1539:from the original on 2013-01-17
1488:from the original on 2013-04-20
1397:Nigenda G; et al. (2005).
1341:from the original on 2019-12-14
1145:from the original on 2016-05-11
949:from the original on 2020-01-09
945:. Toronto: The Globe and Mail.
923:from the original on 2016-12-05
893:from the original on 2011-06-04
867:from the original on 2012-07-25
841:from the original on 2019-02-07
516:International Medical Graduates
63:working in the system, and the
2505:"Our Model: Capacity Building"
1165:"Dropout rates draw attention"
859:Cauchon, Dennis (2005-03-02).
306:The number of physicians who:
137:Supply and demand curves with
99:worldwide, especially in many
1:
2420:"Health:Key Tables from OECD"
1756:Posted by Robert Steinbrook,
1745:Private Health Care in Canada
1115:Burk, Jennifer (2007-05-14).
584:National Health Service Corps
546:National Health Service Corps
349:Demand for physician services
2450:"Countries Without Doctors?"
2426:. OECD. 2011. Archived from
2373:10.1097/PHH.0b013e31819d817d
1875:Bosch, Graham (2019-08-09).
885:Ramirez, Marc (2009-04-18).
455:Millennium Development Goals
268:Number of physicians working
242:American Medical Association
189:Number of physicians trained
2209:World Health Organization.
2056:Girion, Lisa (2006-06-04).
1901:Lakhan SE, Laird C (2009).
817:World Health Organization.
790:World Health Organization.
646:International Medical Corps
2566:
1771:Offshoring Physician Labor
1403:Human Resources for Health
1137:Beene, Ryan (2009-03-18).
941:Feasby, Tom (2009-03-30).
405:In the United States, the
375:chronic medical conditions
129:Economic theory and trends
1879:. Chamber Business News.
1002:10.1080/00036848800000022
837:. Chamber Business News.
711:Primary care service area
621:World Health Organization
544:Increase the role of the
296:professional requirements
202:several years of training
93:World Health Organization
61:health care practitioners
1046:10.1377/hlthaff.21.1.140
634:Médecins Sans Frontières
568:community health workers
379:type 2 diabetes mellitus
415:primary care physicians
206:undergraduate education
105:international migration
1920:10.1186/1755-7682-2-14
1730:Posted by Celia Hall,
1557:Hofer Adam N. (2011).
1373:10.1001/jama.300.3.306
1236:The Permanente Journal
1203:(jul09 1): a748–a748.
438:
411:United States citizens
364:primary care physician
166:gross domestic product
141:
21:
1416:10.1186/1478-4491-3-3
1337:. Sunday Star Times.
970:. KevinMD. 2014-05-15
889:. The Seattle Times.
615:In the US alone, the
479:health care economies
436:
330:general practitioners
321:full-time equivalents
262:gender discrimination
258:Racial discrimination
136:
19:
2509:The MINDS Foundation
2189:10.1056/NEJMp0902909
1086:10.1056/NEJMsa050004
653:the MINDS Foundation
578:employment contracts
560:physician assistants
389:, and some types of
234:clinical internships
215:high school dropouts
101:developing countries
86:health care facility
2430:on February 5, 2015
917:The Washington Post
681:Artificial scarcity
556:nurse practitioners
453:goals, such as the
451:primary health care
334:medical specialists
298:for legal practice.
2282:The New York Times
1777:2018-01-10 at the
1752:2010-02-13 at the
1726:2016-01-29 at the
1700:2016-01-29 at the
1678:2016-03-04 at the
1512:2016-03-03 at the
1455:The New York Times
799:2013-07-29 at the
774:2015-07-01 at the
765:Dal Poz MR et al.
502:Proposed solutions
439:
142:
74:physician shortage
33:health care system
22:
2540:Medical education
2481:. July 20, 2009.
2183:(26): 2693–2696.
2062:Los Angeles Times
1563:Milbank Quarterly
990:Applied Economics
734:Our World in Data
564:clinical officers
493:Maternity deserts
477:in market-driven
475:supply and demand
395:neurodegenerative
146:supply and demand
35:or active in the
2557:
2550:Health economics
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:on 9 August 2014
2511:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2452:. Archived from
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2114:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1791:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1715:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1648:. Archived from
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1209:10.1136/bmj.a748
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1088:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
863:. USATODAY.com.
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
830:
824:
815:
804:
788:
779:
763:
750:
749:
747:
745:
726:
701:Nursing shortage
691:Health workforce
675:
670:
669:
668:
371:population aging
285:medical research
238:tuition payments
223:associate degree
110:Phoenix, Arizona
25:Physician supply
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2395:"For the Media"
2393:
2392:
2388:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2321:"Archived copy"
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2213:. Geneva, 2007.
2208:
2204:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2137:"Archived copy"
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1989:(12): 1559–65.
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:Wayback Machine
1768:
1764:
1754:Wayback Machine
1742:
1738:
1728:Wayback Machine
1716:
1712:
1708:(May 21, 2007).
1702:Wayback Machine
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1607:"Archived copy"
1605:
1604:
1600:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1514:Wayback Machine
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1141:. Bridging 96.
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
996:(8): 995–1006.
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
966:
965:
961:
952:
950:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
910:
909:
905:
896:
894:
884:
883:
879:
870:
868:
858:
857:
853:
844:
842:
832:
831:
827:
816:
807:
801:Wayback Machine
789:
782:
776:Wayback Machine
764:
753:
743:
741:
728:
727:
723:
719:
673:Medicine portal
671:
666:
664:
661:
613:
504:
495:
431:
403:
359:health policies
351:
270:
195:medical schools
191:
131:
126:
41:medical schools
12:
11:
5:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2496:
2466:
2441:
2411:
2386:
2351:
2309:
2298:
2268:
2243:
2229:. 2009-04-27.
2215:
2202:
2167:
2128:
2103:
2078:
2048:
2037:
2008:
1973:
1959:. 2009-04-17.
1944:
1893:
1864:
1838:
1812:
1783:
1762:
1736:
1734:, 22 Mar 2007.
1710:
1684:
1662:
1637:
1598:
1549:
1532:. 2013-04-25.
1518:
1498:
1473:
1440:
1386:
1351:
1326:
1297:
1271:
1222:
1187:
1155:
1129:
1107:
1079:(17): 1810–8.
1059:
1040:(1): 140–154.
1034:Health Affairs
1024:
1015:
980:
959:
933:
903:
877:
851:
825:
805:
780:
751:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:Medical desert
693:
688:
683:
677:
676:
660:
657:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
593:
590:
587:
580:
574:
571:
552:
549:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
519:
503:
500:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
482:
471:
468:
465:patient safety
461:
458:
430:
427:
402:
399:
350:
347:
346:
345:
341:
326:
325:
324:
317:
310:
304:
303:
302:
299:
292:
269:
266:
227:medical school
190:
187:
130:
127:
125:
122:
97:health workers
91:Globally, the
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2456:on 2014-11-11
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2424:OECD iLibrary
2421:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(4): 352–62.
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2258:on 2015-09-08
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2143:on 2012-11-07
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2118:on 2019-12-17
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1957:The Oregonian
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:The Telegraph
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1652:on 2008-10-13
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:(3): 306–13.
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1316:on 2017-03-12
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1287:on 2012-07-16
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1177:on 2009-10-08
1173:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
969:
963:
960:
948:
944:
937:
934:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
892:
888:
881:
878:
866:
862:
855:
852:
840:
836:
829:
826:
823:Geneva, 2006.
822:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
803:Geneva, 2010.
802:
798:
795:
794:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
752:
739:
735:
731:
725:
722:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Health policy
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
663:
658:
656:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
624:
622:
618:
610:
605:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
581:
579:
575:
572:
570:, and others.
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
511:
509:
501:
499:
492:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
442:
435:
428:
426:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:For example,
367:
365:
360:
356:
348:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
305:
300:
297:
293:
290:
289:public policy
286:
282:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:racial quotas
250:
248:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:undergraduate
216:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
188:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:United States
167:
162:
158:
155:
150:
147:
140:
135:
128:
123:
121:
118:
113:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
80:to treat all
79:
75:
72:services. A
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:working in a
30:
26:
18:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2479:amednews.com
2478:
2469:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2423:
2414:
2403:. Retrieved
2389:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2329:. Retrieved
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2210:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1856:. Retrieved
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1770:
1765:
1758:N Engl J Med
1757:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1718:
1713:
1706:ScienceDaily
1705:
1692:
1687:
1670:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1640:
1615:. Retrieved
1601:
1569:(1): 69–89.
1566:
1562:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1521:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1406:
1402:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1274:
1242:(2): 10–14.
1239:
1235:
1225:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1110:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
972:. Retrieved
962:
951:. Retrieved
936:
925:. Retrieved
916:
906:
895:. Retrieved
880:
869:. Retrieved
854:
843:. Retrieved
828:
819:
792:
767:
742:. Retrieved
733:
724:
650:
625:
614:
505:
496:
440:
419:
404:
387:osteoporosis
383:hypertension
368:
355:job openings
352:
338:primary care
271:
251:
247:scholarships
231:
199:
192:
163:
159:
151:
143:
124:Determinants
114:
90:
73:
57:epidemiology
53:demographics
37:labor market
24:
23:
1505:Lea Singh.
1466:25 February
642:Peace Corps
638:Mercy Ships
611:Global view
601:gerontology
525:physicians.
314:brain drain
182:Brain drain
139:equilibrium
70:health care
2545:Physicians
2534:Categories
2460:2017-03-11
2405:2014-03-30
2331:2012-02-01
2292:2017-03-09
2262:2009-08-17
2237:2009-08-16
2147:2012-02-03
2122:2018-10-04
2097:2009-08-15
2072:2009-08-16
2031:2019-02-05
1967:2009-08-17
1913:(14): 14.
1887:2020-04-03
1858:2019-06-05
1850:. ABC 15.
1832:2019-06-05
1806:2019-06-20
1798:. ABC 15.
1704:Posted by
1656:2009-08-14
1617:2012-02-02
1543:2012-01-31
1492:2009-08-20
1345:2009-08-20
1320:2009-08-20
1291:2009-08-20
1181:2009-08-20
1149:2009-08-20
1123:2009-08-20
974:2014-05-21
953:2009-08-20
927:2009-08-20
897:2009-08-20
871:2009-08-20
845:2019-02-05
717:References
597:geriatrics
485:encounter.
397:diseases.
154:accountant
78:physicians
29:physicians
1824:. Newsy.
1248:1552-5767
1217:0959-8138
1010:0003-6846
640:, the US
535:students.
518:or IMGs).
174:Australia
2483:Archived
2399:Archived
2381:19525780
2340:cite web
2325:Archived
2286:Archived
2231:Archived
2197:19553643
2156:cite web
2091:Archived
2066:Archived
2025:Archived
1961:Archived
1939:19416533
1881:Archived
1852:Archived
1826:Archived
1800:Archived
1775:Archived
1750:Archived
1724:Archived
1698:Archived
1676:Archived
1626:cite web
1611:Archived
1593:21418313
1534:Archived
1510:Archived
1486:Archived
1460:Archived
1435:15833105
1409:(1): 3.
1381:18617633
1339:Archived
1266:22745610
1143:Archived
1095:16251537
1054:11900066
947:Archived
921:Archived
891:Archived
865:Archived
839:Archived
797:Archived
772:Archived
738:Archived
659:See also
447:patients
422:Medicaid
82:patients
65:policies
45:medicine
2519:29 July
2489:July 2,
2003:1308662
1930:2686687
1584:3160595
1426:1087866
1257:3383155
744:5 March
429:Effects
391:cancers
204:beyond
117:KevinMD
2434:Feb 4,
2379:
2195:
2001:
1937:
1927:
1591:
1581:
1433:
1423:
1379:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1215:
1093:
1052:
1008:
644:, and
281:career
178:Canada
176:, and
49:career
1537:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
629:locum
208:or a
47:as a
2521:2014
2491:2024
2436:2015
2377:PMID
2346:link
2193:PMID
2162:link
1999:PMID
1983:JAMA
1935:PMID
1632:link
1589:PMID
1468:2017
1431:PMID
1377:PMID
1361:JAMA
1262:PMID
1244:ISSN
1213:ISSN
1091:PMID
1050:PMID
1006:ISSN
746:2020
599:and
393:and
260:and
55:and
2369:doi
2185:doi
2181:360
1991:doi
1987:268
1925:PMC
1915:doi
1579:PMC
1571:doi
1421:PMC
1411:doi
1369:doi
1365:300
1252:PMC
1205:doi
1201:337
1197:BMJ
1081:doi
1077:353
1042:doi
998:doi
636:),
221:or
2536::
2507:.
2477:.
2422:.
2397:.
2375:.
2365:15
2363:.
2342:}}
2338:{{
2323:.
2312:^
2284:.
2280:.
2218:^
2191:.
2179:.
2158:}}
2154:{{
2089:.
2064:.
2060:.
2023:.
2019:.
1997:.
1985:.
1955:.
1933:.
1923:.
1909:.
1905:.
1867:^
1786:^
1628:}}
1624:{{
1609:.
1587:.
1577:.
1567:89
1565:.
1561:.
1458:.
1452:.
1429:.
1419:.
1405:.
1401:.
1389:^
1375:.
1363:.
1300:^
1260:.
1250:.
1240:16
1238:.
1234:.
1211:.
1199:.
1089:.
1075:.
1071:.
1048:.
1038:21
1036:.
1004:.
994:20
992:.
919:.
915:.
808:^
783:^
754:^
736:.
732:.
648:.
566:,
562:,
558:,
385:,
381:,
316:."
287:,
172:,
2523:.
2493:.
2463:.
2438:.
2408:.
2383:.
2371::
2348:)
2334:.
2295:.
2265:.
2240:.
2199:.
2187::
2164:)
2150:.
2125:.
2100:.
2075:.
2034:.
2005:.
1993::
1970:.
1941:.
1917::
1911:2
1890:.
1861:.
1835:.
1809:.
1747:.
1721:.
1695:.
1673:.
1659:.
1634:)
1620:.
1595:.
1573::
1546:.
1495:.
1470:.
1437:.
1413::
1407:3
1383:.
1371::
1348:.
1323:.
1294:.
1268:.
1219:.
1207::
1184:.
1152:.
1126:.
1097:.
1083::
1056:.
1044::
1012:.
1000::
977:.
956:.
930:.
900:.
874:.
848:.
748:.
603:.
481:.
467:.
457:.
340:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
