40:
599:
557:
571:
585:
613:
498:
of 1935. Although historically the term has been used inconsistently by plant pathologists, the modern trend is to use race to refer to "groups of host genotypes permitting characterization of virulence" (in simpler terms: grouping the parasitic fungi into races based on how strongly they affect
544:
Classification of fungal races can be difficult because host plants' responses to particular populations of fungi can be affected by humidity, light, temperature, and other environmental factors; different host plants may not all respond to particular fungal populations or vice versa; and
146:
Races are defined according to any identifiable characteristic, including gene frequencies. "Race differences are relative, not absolute." Adaptive differences that distinguish races can accumulate even with substantial gene flow and
1100:
Morgan-Richards, Mary; Wallis, Graham P. (2003). "A Comparison of Five Hybrid Zones of the Weta
Hemideina Thoracica (orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Degree of Cytogenetic Differentiation Fails to Predict Zone Width".
979:
Laws of
Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the
457:
709:
Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations
533:
of this issue concluded that "race identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry", but was seen as having little utility in
151:(rather than discrete) habitat variation. Hybrid zones between races are semi-permeable barriers to gene flow, see for example the chromosome races of the
867:
an interbreeding subgroup of a species whose individuals are geographically, physiologically, or chromosomally distinct from other members of the species
196:
from other populations of a species, and consistently distinguishable from the others, e.g. morphology (or even only genetically). Geographic races are
420:
Study of populations preliminarily labelled races may sometimes lead to classification of a new species. For example, in 2008, two populations of the
776:
1482:
McCreight, James D.; Coffey, Michael D. (June 2011). "Inheritance of
Resistance in Melon PI 313970 to Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Incited by
1295:), the Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew in Curcubits: Factors Affecting Race Identification and the Importance for Research and Commerce".
494:, the study of plant diseases, which are often fungal. The term "physiologic race" was recommended for use over "biologic form" at the
1466:
1407:
1262:
1014:
860:
1209:
Claridge, M. F.; Den
Hollander, J.; Morgan, J. C. (May 1985). "The status of weed-associated populations of the brown planthopper,
495:
99:
between races is not complete, but genetic differences may have accumulated that are not (yet) sufficient to separate species.
54:
641:
677:
Keita, S. O. Y.; Kittles, R. A.; Royal, C. D. M.; Bonney, G. E.; Furbert-Harris, P.; Dunston, G. M.; Rotimi, C. N. (2004).
336:
590:
508:(cantaloupe and muskmelon) production, for example, has been engaged in a biological "arms race", since 1925, against
406:
33:
385:
If the races are sufficiently different or if they have been tested to show little genetic connection regardless of
604:
69:
545:
identification of genetic differences between populations thought to form distinct fungal races can be elusive.
509:
107:
377:) may convey meanings the English word does not, and are frequently used in the sense of 'domestic breed'.
193:
1524:
287:
49:
79:, while at other times it is used as a synonym for subspecies. It has been used as a higher rank than
39:
1304:
934:
741:
213:
727:: Genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain"
1519:
514:
354:
292:
152:
1439:
1430:
1320:
1134:
958:
904:
896:
757:
273:
265:
135:
61:
1254:
1462:
1403:
1258:
1126:
1118:
1082:
1047:
1010:
950:
856:
700:
618:
530:
421:
258:
have been used synonymously, a physiological race is essentially the same classification as a
103:
1495:
1312:
1222:
1110:
1074:
1039:
942:
922:
921:
Haig, S. M.; Beever, E. A.; Chambers, S. M.; Draheim, H. M.; Dugger, B. D. (December 2006).
888:
855:. San Diego / London: Academic Press (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich). "Biology" entry, p. 1777.
799:
749:
690:
437:
80:
831:
Republished without known revision several times since 1999, and originally published as:
826:
657:
463:
304:
260:
148:
96:
75:
for which various definitions exist. Sometimes it is used to denote a level below that of
722:
1308:
1078:
938:
745:
1226:
1114:
753:
636:
576:
562:
491:
436:
species", based on poor survival rate when given the opposite food source, barriers to
346:
323:
312:
237:
72:
923:"Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act"
110:. Taxonomic units below the level of subspecies are not typically applied to animals.
32:
This article is about taxonomy. For the system of categorizing human populations, see
1513:
1247:
1003:
946:
849:
316:
1324:
1138:
908:
761:
451:
For pathogenic bacteria adapted to particular hosts, races can be formally named as
962:
652:
556:
534:
504:
290:(and may be arbitrary, e.g. an alphanumeric code, usually with the word "race"): "
17:
432:
grass, were reclassified from races into "two distinct, but very closely allied,
95:, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically.
977:
570:
417:
that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name."
1499:
1428:
Mayr, Ernst (Winter 2002). "The
Biology of Race and the Concept of Equality".
1395:
1245:
Morris, Christopher, ed. (1992). "Physiological race" and "Physiologic race".
647:
552:
537:
for choosing specific cultivars, because of the rapidity with which the local
445:
410:
390:
233:
232:
species, often tied to no geographic location, frequently have races that are
229:
217:
173:
88:
76:
1287:
Cohen, R.; Burger, Y.; Katzir, N. (2004). "Monitoring
Physiological races of
1122:
1086:
879:
Jaenike, J. (1981), "Criteria for
Ascertaining the Existence of Host Races",
777:"Copper- and streptomycin-resistant strains and host differentiated races of
1065:
Barton, N. H.; Hewitt, G. M. (1 November 1985). "Analysis of Hybrid Zones".
1030:
Van
Buskirk, J. (2014). "Incipient habitat race formation in an amphibian".
402:
386:
278:
197:
169:
1461:(10th ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. p. 534.
1130:
1051:
954:
704:
584:
983:, London: L. Reeve and Co., "Article 14" p. 20-21, and "Commentary" p. 42
631:
538:
523:
519:
487:
452:
433:
398:
350:
247:
84:
1443:
1316:
900:
803:
483:
358:
225:
221:
92:
44:
27:
Informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy, below the level of subspecies
1043:
444:
between members of the same population, differences in mating sounds,
541:
population can change geographically, seasonally, and by host plant.
480:
441:
428:) in the Philippines, one adapted to feeding on rice, and another on
394:
177:
1457:
Kirk, P. M.; Cannon, P. F.; Minter, D. W.; Stalpers, J. A. (2008).
892:
695:
678:
216:
from other members of the species, but have identifiably different
626:
341:
326:, an informal description (often seasonal) which is not taxonomic.
269:
38:
1402:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap / Harvard University Press.
1005:
A glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular
721:
Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Menken, S. B. J. (1993).
458:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
1364:. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers.
1342:. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers.
1188:. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers.
1159:. Edinburgh / New Delhi: Chambers Harrap / Allied Chambers.
102:
The term is recognized by some, but not governed by any of
1349:. W. R. Chambers Ltd. / Cambridge University Press. 1998.
224:, part of a species that is adapted to a different local
212:
A group of individuals that do not necessarily differ in
1371:. W. R. Chambers Ltd / Cambridge University Press. 1998.
1195:. W. R. Chambers Ltd / Cambridge University Press. 1998.
1184:
Walker, Peter M. B., ed. (2004) . "Physiological race".
1166:. W. R. Chambers Ltd / Cambridge University Press. 1998.
836:. W. R. Chambers Ltd / Cambridge University Press. 1988.
83:, with several strains making up one race. Races may be
448:
variances, and other distinguishable characteristics.
1381:
See any comprehensive multilingual dictionaries, e.g
1360:
Walker, Peter M. B., ed. (2004) . "Biological race".
1338:
Walker, Peter M. B., ed. (2004) . "Biological form".
1155:
Walker, Peter M. B., ed. (2004) . "Geographic race".
276:), inserted after the interpolation "f. sp.", as in "
1369:
The
Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology
1347:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology
1249:
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
1193:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology
1164:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology
851:
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
834:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology
1246:
1002:
848:
522:of melons being developed for resistance to these
299:A physiological race is not to be confused with a
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1001:Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M. M. (1968).
440:between the populations, uniform preference for
389:, two or more groups/races can be identified as
1150:
1148:
816:
814:
812:
335:has also historically been used in relation to
286:"; while the name of a race is added after the
1253:. San Diego / London: Academic Press. p.
1240:
1238:
1236:
168:A population distinguished by having a unique
1362:Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology
1340:Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1186:Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology
1157:Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology
823:Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology
311:should be confused with the formal botanical
240:, but difficult to distinguish chromosomally.
220:or behaviour. A physiological race may be an
8:
1383:The Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary
1213:(Stål) – host race or biological species?".
1204:
1202:
775:Ritchie, D. F.; Dittapongpitch, V. (1991),
264:, except the latter is used as part of the
821:Walker, Peter M. B., ed. (2004) . "Race".
512:, caused by successively arising races of
455:. For parasitic organisms governed by the
228:, defined even by a specific food source.
1215:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
847:Morris, Christopher, ed. (1992). "Race".
694:
381:Distinguishing from other taxonomic ranks
1067:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
996:
994:
992:
990:
490:, the study of fungi, and especially in
47:, i.e. ecological races, of the species
734:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
669:
134:was recommended in the first botanical
180:), or different chromosome structure.
7:
157:
1400:Populations, Species, and Evolution
1079:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.000553
1227:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01717.x
1115:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00296.x
754:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x
413:wrote that a subspecies can be "a
25:
679:"Conceptualizing human variation"
486:into races is done frequently in
947:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x
611:
597:
583:
569:
555:
496:International Botanical Congress
1032:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
91:of individuals within the same
73:rank in the taxonomic hierarchy
55:International Moss Stock Center
1414:An abridgment and revision of
475:In mycology and phytopathology
322:, or with the zoological term
307:. Neither biological form nor
192:A distinct population that is
1:
1009:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
274:scientific naming conventions
266:infraspecific scientific name
194:isolated in a particular area
130:were traditionally used, and
1416:Animal Species and Evolution
365:in many languages (Spanish:
591:Evolutionary biology portal
118:In botany, the Latin words
34:Race (human categorization)
1541:
31:
1500:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.6.838
1190:Previously published as:
825:. Edinburgh / New Delhi:
605:History of science portal
499:particular host plants).
345:; this usage survives in
976:de Candolle, A. (1868),
736:(Submitted manuscript).
723:"Host race formation in
288:binomial scientific name
1459:Dictionary of the Fungi
881:The American Naturalist
510:cucurbit powdery mildew
303:, an obsolete term for
142:Definitional approaches
108:biological nomenclature
1293:Sphaerotheca fuliginea
779:Xanthomonas campestris
374:
370:
366:
339:, as another term for
57:
644:(several definitions)
138:, published in 1868.
50:Physcomitrella patens
42:
927:Conservation Biology
409:, and given a name.
337:domesticated animals
136:Code of Nomenclature
1484:Podosphaera xanthii
1309:2004Phyto..32..174C
1289:Podosphaera xanthii
939:2006ConBi..20.1584H
746:1993EEApp..68..171G
725:Tetranychus urticae
515:Podosphaera xanthii
355:domesticated plants
293:Podosphaera xanthii
62:biological taxonomy
1317:10.1007/bf02979784
1211:Nilaparvata lugens
829:/ Allied Chambers.
804:10.1094/pd-75-0733
785:in North Carolina"
479:Classification of
426:Nilaparvata lugens
407:infraspecific rank
353:, also applied to
244:physiological race
206:Physiological race
172:, i.e., different
153:Auckland tree wētā
58:
18:Physiological race
1044:10.1111/jeb.12327
619:Philosophy portal
531:literature review
518:fungus, with new
422:brown planthopper
279:Puccinia graminis
242:In botany, where
186:Geographical race
97:Genetic isolation
16:(Redirected from
1532:
1504:
1503:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1297:Phythoparasitica
1284:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
998:
985:
984:
973:
967:
966:
933:(6): 1584–1594.
918:
912:
911:
876:
870:
869:
854:
844:
838:
837:
830:
818:
807:
806:
789:
772:
766:
765:
731:
718:
712:
711:
698:
689:(11s): S17–S20.
674:
621:
616:
615:
614:
607:
602:
601:
600:
593:
588:
587:
579:
574:
573:
565:
560:
559:
469:formae speciales
430:Leersia hexandra
301:physiologic race
246:(mostly used in
208:
207:
188:
187:
164:
163:
162:Chromosomal race
104:the formal codes
53:, stored at the
21:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1265:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1000:
999:
988:
975:
974:
970:
920:
919:
915:
878:
877:
873:
863:
846:
845:
841:
832:
827:Chambers Harrap
820:
819:
810:
787:
774:
773:
769:
729:
720:
719:
715:
683:Nature Genetics
676:
675:
671:
666:
658:Species complex
617:
612:
610:
603:
598:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
551:
477:
464:forma specialis
415:geographic race
383:
309:forma specialis
305:cryptic species
261:forma specialis
256:biological form
252:biological race
209:
205:
204:
189:
185:
184:
165:
161:
160:
144:
116:
43:Four different
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1494:(6): 838–840.
1474:
1467:
1449:
1420:
1408:
1387:
1374:
1352:
1330:
1303:(2): 174–183.
1270:
1263:
1232:
1198:
1169:
1144:
1109:(4): 849–861.
1092:
1073:(1): 113–148.
1057:
1038:(3): 585–592.
1022:
1015:
986:
968:
913:
893:10.1086/283771
887:(5): 830–834,
871:
861:
839:
808:
798:(7): 733–736,
767:
740:(2): 171–178.
713:
696:10.1038/ng1455
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
637:Intergradation
634:
629:
623:
622:
608:
594:
580:
577:Biology portal
566:
563:Science portal
550:
547:
492:phytopathology
476:
473:
416:
382:
379:
349:, in the term
347:combining form
329:
328:
313:taxonomic rank
210:
203:
201:
190:
183:
181:
166:
159:
143:
140:
115:
112:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1468:9780851998268
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:9780674690134
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:9780122004001
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:9780387076683
1012:
1007:
1006:
997:
995:
993:
991:
987:
982:
981:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
868:
864:
862:9780122004001
858:
853:
852:
843:
840:
835:
828:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Plant Disease
786:
784:
780:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
643:
642:Plant variety
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
609:
606:
595:
592:
586:
581:
578:
572:
567:
564:
558:
553:
548:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:hybridization
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
327:
325:
321:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
268:(and follows
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
236:to different
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
199:
195:
191:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
158:
156:
154:
150:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:
113:
111:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
51:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
1525:Taxa by rank
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1458:
1452:
1438:(1): 89–94.
1435:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1366:Previously:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1344:Previously:
1339:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1248:
1221:(1): 77–90.
1218:
1214:
1210:
1192:
1185:
1163:
1161:Previously:
1156:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1004:
978:
971:
930:
926:
916:
884:
880:
874:
866:
850:
842:
833:
822:
795:
791:
782:
778:
770:
737:
733:
724:
716:
708:
686:
682:
672:
653:Ring species
543:
535:horticulture
528:
513:
505:Cucumis melo
503:
501:
478:
468:
462:
456:
450:
429:
425:
419:
384:
362:
340:
332:
330:
317:
308:
300:
298:
291:
283:
277:
259:
255:
251:
243:
241:
145:
131:
126:
125:
120:
119:
117:
101:
65:
59:
48:
29:
1488:HortScience
1396:Mayr, Ernst
783:vesicatoria
502:Commercial
471:) is used.
461:, the term
446:oviposition
114:Other terms
89:populations
85:genetically
1520:Speciation
1514:Categories
664:References
648:Population
411:Ernst Mayr
405:) another
391:subspecies
373:; French:
369:; German:
361:words for
218:physiology
214:morphology
198:allopatric
174:chromosome
77:subspecies
1486:Race S".
1123:1558-5646
1103:Evolution
1087:0066-4162
524:pathogens
520:cultivars
453:pathovars
434:sympatric
403:phycology
387:phenotype
331:The term
230:Parasitic
176:numbers (
170:karyotype
87:distinct
1444:20027740
1431:Daedalus
1398:(1970).
1325:27174422
1139:34384565
1131:12778554
1052:26230250
955:17181793
909:84136840
762:86180826
705:15507998
632:Cultivar
549:See also
539:pathogen
488:mycology
484:microbes
467:(plural
399:mycology
351:landrace
296:race S".
248:mycology
70:informal
45:ecotypes
1418:(1963).
1305:Bibcode
963:9745612
935:Bibcode
901:2460772
742:Bibcode
529:A 2004
393:or (in
359:cognate
320:or form
282:f. sp.
272:-based
234:adapted
226:habitat
222:ecotype
93:species
1465:
1442:
1406:
1323:
1291:(syn.
1261:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1085:
1050:
1013:
980:French
961:
953:
907:
899:
859:
760:
703:
481:fungal
442:mating
401:, and
395:botany
357:. The
284:avenae
254:, and
178:ploidy
149:clinal
132:proles
127:proles
121:stirps
81:strain
68:is an
1440:JSTOR
1321:S2CID
1135:S2CID
959:S2CID
905:S2CID
897:JSTOR
788:(PDF)
758:S2CID
730:(PDF)
627:Breed
371:Rasse
342:breed
318:forma
270:Latin
238:hosts
1463:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1255:1643
1127:PMID
1119:ISSN
1083:ISSN
1048:PMID
1011:ISBN
951:PMID
857:ISBN
781:pv.
701:PMID
375:race
367:raza
363:race
333:race
324:form
124:and
66:race
1496:doi
1436:131
1313:doi
1223:doi
1111:doi
1075:doi
1040:doi
943:doi
889:doi
885:117
800:doi
750:doi
691:doi
315:of
250:),
106:of
60:In
1516::
1492:46
1490:.
1434:.
1319:.
1311:.
1301:32
1299:.
1273:^
1257:.
1235:^
1219:84
1217:.
1201:^
1172:^
1147:^
1133:.
1125:.
1117:.
1107:57
1105:.
1081:.
1071:16
1069:.
1046:.
1036:27
1034:.
989:^
957:.
949:.
941:.
931:20
929:.
925:.
903:,
895:,
883:,
865:.
811:^
796:75
794:,
790:,
756:.
748:.
738:68
732:.
707:.
699:.
687:36
685:.
681:.
526:.
397:,
155:.
64:,
1502:.
1498::
1471:.
1446:.
1412:.
1385:.
1327:.
1315::
1307::
1267:.
1229:.
1225::
1141:.
1113::
1089:.
1077::
1054:.
1042::
1019:.
965:.
945::
937::
891::
802::
764:.
752::
744::
693::
424:(
200:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
