381:
availability is variable. In addition to being able to delay reproduction, phytoseiids are also capable of rapid reproduction when prey is readily available. They reproduce more when prey availability is high, which increases their effectiveness as biological control agents. When prey availability increases, females lay more eggs, and more healthy offspring are produced during reproductive periods. In addition, when prey availability increases, the
Phytoseiidae kill more prey during reproductive cycles, and the ratio of prey killed to eggs laid increases.
51:
31:
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377:, spider mite (tetranychid) populations have increased due to the use of synthetic pesticides. The reason pesticides have increased spider mite populations remains mysterious to scientists, but it has spurred an interest in phytoseiids as biological control agents. So far, research has shown that phytoseiids are effective control agents in both their native environments and open-field vegetable crops.
227:
for managing mite pests. Because of their usefulness as biological control agents, interest in
Phytoseiidae has steadily increased over the past century. Public awareness of the biological control potential of invertebrates has been growing, though mainly in the US and Europe. In 1950, there were 34
380:
Phytoseiid species that act as biological control agents are influenced by the availability of their prey. Phytoseiids can postpone or delay egg production during periods when prey are scarce. This allows them to have a longer lifespan and likely serves as an adaptation to environments where prey
426:
bacteria do not benefit their hosts in any way, they are maintained in the population because infected mothers pass them to their offspring through the ovum. Over time, bacterial presence in a population can lead to complete reproductive isolation of that population from uninfected populations.
324:
Type III phytoseiids are classified as generalist predators. They can feed on mites of many families, as well as thrips, whiteflies, nematodes, and even pollen. Type III is further subdivided into five groups based on the habitat where the phytoseiids can be
277:
The larvae of these mites range from translucent white to tan in colour. They are tiny and oval in shape and size, have six legs, and are wingless. Nymphs look similar to larvae, with the exception of being slightly larger and having eight legs.
958:
Friese, D. D.; Gilstrap, F. E. (1982-06-01). "Influence of prey availability on reproduction and prey consumption of
Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius californicus and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)".
281:
Adult phytoseiids are less than 0.5 mm in size, pear-shaped, wingless, and have eight legs. They are translucent white, but turn a pale tan, orange/red, or green after feeding.
310:
Scientists have proposed classifications of the
Phytoseiidae based on their food sources. In the most current version, developed in 2013, phytoseiids are grouped into four types.
328:
Type IV phytoseiids rely on pollen as their primary food source. These species can also act as generalist predators, but they are most successful when feeding on pollen.
1695:
858:
Stansly, Ph.A.; Castillo, J.A.; Tansey, J.A.; Kostyk, B.C. (2018-06-28). "Management of insect and mite pests with predaceous mites in open-field vegetable crops".
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Phytoseiid mites are best known as predators of small arthropods and nematodes, but many species are also known to feed on fungi, plant exudates, and pollen.
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infections can lead to speciation, because females evolve traits that allow them to better compete for males. In extreme cases, the feminizing effect of
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1798:
1708:
1001:"Wolbachia in a Predator–Prey System: 16S Ribosomal Dna Analysis of Two Phytoseiids (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Their Prey (Acari: Tetranychidae)"
403:, is common in the Phytoseiidae. It affects gender determination and reproduction of its hosts, making it a powerful agent of evolution.
516:
Wyckhuys, K. A. G.; Pozsgai, G.; Lovei, G. L.; Vasseur, L.; Wratten, S. D.; Gurr, G. M.; Reynolds, O. L.; Goettel, M. (2019-04-10).
284:
Developmental rate is species-specific, ranging from less than a week to four weeks, with temperature and diet affecting the rate.
407:
species have been detected in many species of
Phytoseiidae, both in the field and in the lab. Although most research focuses on
1250:
831:
Huffaker, C. B.; Vrie, M. van de; McMurtry, J. A. (1969-01-01). "The
Ecology of Tetranychid Mites and Their Natural Control".
415:'s main method of spreading is to be passed down through the generations in germline tissues, but it is also capable of being
1713:
353:, giving them a negative reputation. However, the family Phytoseiidae provides benefits for agriculture by feeding on pests.
1721:
1057:
Charlat, Sylvain; Hurst, Gregory D. D.; Merçot, Hervé (2003-04-01). "Evolutionary consequences of
Wolbachia infections".
744:"Revision of the lifestyles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies"
860:
199:
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influences the gender determination of its hosts, making females more common than males. In populations affected by
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insecticides are to be avoided. Phytoseiidae can be used as biological control agents in place of toxic chemicals.
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Type I includes species that are specialized mite predators, with three subgroups determined by the type of prey.
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224:
1103:
Dobson, S. L.; Bourtzis, K.; Braig, H. R.; Jones, B. F.; Zhou, W.; Rousset, F.; O'Neill, S. L. (1999-02-01).
1793:
896:
Blommers, Leo H. M.; Arendonk, Rolf C. M. van (1979-12-01). "The profit of senescence in phytoseiid mites".
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infections are capable of causing the extinction of hosts by making females much more common than males.
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known species. Today, there are 2,731 documented species organized in 90 genera and three subfamilies.
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are often used when handling agricultural pests, though to attract and conserve phytoseiid mites,
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373:. When phytoseiid populations decline, spider mites can severely damage commercial crops. Since
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causes speciation through reproductive isolation. Some hosts evolve with a dependency on
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1105:"Wolbachia infections are distributed throughout insect somatic and germ line tissues"
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397:, a parasitic bacterial genus that affects a vast array of arthropod species such as
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Zicha, Ondřej (2004), Ondřej Zicha; Jaroslav Hrb; Michal Maňas; et al. (eds.),
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can cause the host species to lose the chromosome responsible for female gender.
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in germ line tissues, the bacteria can also be found in somatic tissues.
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de Moraes, G.J.; McMurtry, J.A.; Denmark, H.A.; Campos, C.B. (2004).
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72:
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593:"The biodiversity, density and population trend of mites (Acari) on
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Phytoseiid eggs can be found along the vein of the bottom side of a
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Mites are commonly associated as a whole with parasitic mites like
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291:(anterior) and idiosoma (posterior). The gnathosoma includes
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for reproductive functions, so that individuals without
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999:
Johanowicz, Denise L.; Hoy, Marjorie A. (1996-05-01).
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Phytoseiids are an important natural predator of the
716:"Predatory Mites | University of Maryland Extension"
591:Çobanoğlu, Sultan; Kumral, Nabi Alper (2016-06-02).
236:
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1324:
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482:"A revised catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae"
321:, meaning mites that are capable of spinning webs.
223:and other mite species. They are often used as a
1005:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
597:L. in temperate and semi-arid zones of Turkey"
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8:
439:infections have lower reproductive fitness.
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1109:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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365:Phytoseiidae as biological control agents
274:. They are oblong and translucent white.
801:"Parasitic Mites of Humans | Entomology"
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317:Type II includes species that feed on
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742:McMurtry, James (December 24, 2013).
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1766:F40587A0-E129-FFC1-FF6A-FA86FF313399
1662:959930e5-d3c9-454e-9078-7af5e276e21c
1204:de Moraes, G.J. Hallan, Joel (ed.).
1158:"Family Phytoseiidae. Taxon Profile"
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845:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001013
643:".:: Phytoseiidae Database ::"
200:About 90 genera, over 2,000 species
961:International Journal of Acarology
748:Systematic & Applied Acarology
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601:Systematic and Applied Acarology
522:Science of the Total Environment
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543:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.077
1799:Biological pest control agents
1206:"Phytoseiidae Species Listing"
1:
1122:10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00119-2
1071:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00024-6
861:Israel Journal of Entomology
1200:Featured Creatures Web site
833:Annual Review of Entomology
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973:10.1080/01647958208683283
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46:Scientific classification
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39:Proprioseiopsis mexicanus
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676:www1.montpellier.inra.fr
503:10.11646/zootaxa.434.1.1
417:transferred horizontally
225:biological control agent
1188:Neoseiulus californicus
874:10.5281/zenodo.1299520
266:Anatomy and life cycle
1018:10.1093/aesa/89.3.435
805:entomology.ca.uky.edu
1657:Fauna Europaea (new)
1168:on 12 September 2014
647:www.lea.esalq.usp.br
1216:on 12 December 2014
910:1979Oecol..44...87B
761:10.11158/saa.18.4.1
672:"Untitled Document"
613:10.11158/saa.21.7.5
534:2019ScTEn.660..799W
400:Drosophila simulans
1190:, a predatory mite
1059:Trends in Genetics
918:10.1007/BF00346403
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1748:Open Tree of Life
1509:Taxon identifiers
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297:spermatophore
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252:Berlese, 1916
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178:Berlese, 1916
176:
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136:Phytoseioidea
134:
132:Superfamily:
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27:
24:Phytoseiidae
22:
19:
1789:Phytoseiidae
1561:Phytoseiidae
1547:Phytoseiidae
1517:Phytoseiidae
1516:
1470:Trigynaspida
1452:Mesostigmata
1407:Holothyridae
1402:Allothyridae
1311:Palaeosomata
1296:Enarthronota
1291:Brachypylina
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1209:
1187:
1170:, retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1112:
1108:
1062:
1058:
1008:
1004:
967:(2): 85–89.
964:
960:
904:(1): 87–90.
901:
897:
865:
859:
853:
836:
832:
808:. Retrieved
804:
795:
783:. Retrieved
751:
747:
723:. Retrieved
719:
690:
679:. Retrieved
675:
650:. Retrieved
646:
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398:
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391:
385:
379:
375:World War II
368:
355:Insecticides
349:, or common
336:
309:
306:
299:to females.
286:
283:
280:
276:
269:
249:Phytoseiinae
241:Amblyseiinae
235:
209:Phytoseiidae
208:
206:
175:Phytoseiinae
168:Amblyseiinae
166:
146:Phytoseiidae
145:
126:Dermanyssiae
119:
113:Mesostigmata
38:
18:
1683:iNaturalist
1541:Wikispecies
1412:Neothyridae
1394:Holothyrida
1357:Prostigmata
1339:Psoroptidia
1274:Acariformes
785:October 20,
771:11336/84660
553:10182/10785
528:: 799–806.
371:spider mite
232:Subfamilies
160:Subfamilies
93:Chelicerata
89:Subphylum:
1783:Categories
1306:Mixonomata
1301:Holosomata
810:2021-12-07
754:(4): 297.
725:2021-12-07
696:Zicha 2004
681:2021-12-06
652:2015-10-20
607:(7): 907.
467:References
388:infections
347:bird mites
303:Lifestyles
293:chelicerae
289:gnathosoma
244:Muma, 1961
171:Muma, 1961
83:Arthropoda
1432:Argasidae
1421:Ixodida (
1283:Oribatida
1220:13 August
1172:26 August
1131:0965-1748
1079:0168-9525
1027:0013-8746
981:0164-7954
926:0029-8549
898:Oecologia
621:1362-1971
562:0048-9697
497:: 1–494.
461:Wolbachia
457:Wolbachia
453:Wolbachia
449:Wolbachia
444:Wolbachia
437:Wolbachia
433:Wolbachia
429:Wolbachia
424:Wolbachia
422:Although
413:Wolbachia
409:Wolbachia
405:Wolbachia
394:Wolbachia
386:Wolbachia
193:Diversity
103:Arachnida
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1592:BugGuide
1568:BioLib:
1526:Wikidata
1437:Ixodidae
1139:10196738
1087:12683975
942:27696609
934:28310469
780:55807023
629:89015442
578:73444309
570:30743965
343:chiggers
142:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1714:1118094
1623:3207485
1532:Q136828
1259:Acari (
1192:on the
906:Bibcode
530:Bibcode
490:Zootaxa
339:scabies
151:Berlese
109:Order:
99:Class:
1753:543034
1701:101253
1688:245169
1636:1PHYTF
1597:255035
1465:Sejina
1162:BioLib
1137:
1129:
1085:
1077:
1025:
979:
940:
932:
924:
778:
627:
619:
576:
568:
560:
345:, and
325:found.
221:thrips
213:family
211:are a
153:, 1916
1761:Plazi
1740:34636
1696:IRMNG
1649:12471
1610:625L5
1584:51810
1571:19349
1423:ticks
1265:mites
1261:ticks
938:S2CID
776:S2CID
625:S2CID
574:S2CID
485:(PDF)
217:mites
120:Clade
1735:NCBI
1709:ITIS
1675:3511
1670:GBIF
1631:EPPO
1579:BOLD
1263:and
1222:2015
1198:IFAS
1174:2015
1135:PMID
1127:ISSN
1083:PMID
1075:ISSN
1023:ISSN
977:ISSN
930:PMID
922:ISSN
787:2015
617:ISSN
566:PMID
558:ISSN
272:leaf
207:The
1722:NBN
1618:EoL
1605:CoL
1556:AFD
1117:doi
1067:doi
1013:doi
969:doi
914:doi
870:doi
841:doi
766:hdl
756:doi
609:doi
548:hdl
538:doi
526:660
499:doi
495:434
215:of
1785::
1763::
1750::
1737::
1724::
1711::
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1672::
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1208:.
1196:/
1194:UF
1160:,
1133:.
1125:.
1113:29
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1095:^
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1063:19
1061:.
1035:^
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1007:.
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902:44
900:.
882:^
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864:.
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501::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
