827:
chlamydospores, and sporangia produce a germ tube that directly penetrates the epidermis of the plant. Without this penetration device the pathogen would not be able to infect the plant. The pathogen interferes with transport by infecting the roots. Typically hyphae can be seen in the pith and cause blackening and necrosis. Infection can proceed rapidly once the pathogen has made an entrance into the plant. Once established, further reproduction of both chlamydospores and sporangia will occur within host tissues, amplifying the spread of disease within the host plant and spreading out into nearby plants. Upon death of the host, the decomposing infected tissues will release the pathogen back into the soil, in the form of chlamydospores and zoospores. A resting spore, the chlamydospores are capable of surviving in the soil for years, but it has been noted that cold winters cause an inhibitory effect on the survival rate. This results in less black shank infections where tobacco is grown in cooler, more northern climates.
593:
814:
580:
723:
germination crops should be grown in drained disease free soil. Also, avoid transplanting without thorough knowledge of the transplant. To limit spread of structures limit traffic in infected fields and always clean after exposure. Disease is favored by pH values greater than 6.2, so lowering the pH is an effective method for preventing germination. pH management can be difficult because tobacco cannot survive in very low pH soils. Soil pH 5.5 to 6 allow successful growth of tobacco and control of disease.
37:
687:
730:, is very effective at limiting disease. The longer an infected field is planted in a crop other than the initial infected crop, the lower the population will become. A minimum three-year rotation is recommended. Crop rotation is recommended in combination with resistant varieties as genetic controls.
629:
and a posterior whip like flagellum that helps to navigate toward root tips were infection occurs. Black shank needs water for germination and movement because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more
797:
and currently causes statewide losses of 1 to 2.5 percent per year. This pathogen thrives in warm climates, so it is destructive on crops grown in these areas. During favorable conditions, new generations of spores can be produced every 72 hours, so if this disease is not managed well it can be very
558:
symptoms can be observed in young seedlings. The first above ground symptom that will be observed is the wilting of plants, which leads to stunting. Roots will be blackened and decayed. In final stages of the disease the stem begins to turn black, hence the name black shank. As this happens, tobacco
826:
This pathogen causes secondary cycles of disease by mode of zoospores. Zoospores interact with the host by sensing and moving toward the nutrient gradients near the root tip and wounds of the plant. Without this means of sensing entry points there would be no secondary cycles of disease. Zoospores,
761:
is an example a systemic pesticide with a metalaxyl chemistry. Mefenoxam is twice as active as metalaxyl, but they both have the same mode of action. Successful chemical control is difficult because we are limited to these two chemistries that are basically identical. A study by A. S. Csinos and P.
697:
This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84–90 °F (29–32 °C). Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Black shank needs water for germination and movement. Saturated soil optimizes disease spread
722:
Several kinds of management exist for the prevention and suppression of disease. A cultural method that can be effective in preventing disease is sanitation. Equipment should be cleaned after use in infested fields so the disease does not spread into uninfested fields. To disrupt chlamydospore
575:
neck and bulb rot. Different stages of onion may be affected. Initially, tips of newly infected plants start to yellow and dry followed by softening of the "neck" of the plants that eventually fall over. Infected leaves may show grey lesions. Roots may become necrotic in late disease.
838:, which through their own feeding habits, assist the pathogen in finding an entrance to the host. This pathogen synergy with root-knot nematodes has the ability to overcome much of the resistance of cultivars especially bred for
600:
Black shank is a polycyclic soil borne disease, with the possibility of multiple disease cycles per growing season occurring from May to
October. There are important structures this pathogen uses in its disease cycle.
698:
because water is used for dissemination of motile zoospores and sporangia. Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. Splashing water from rain or
762:
F. Bertrand found out at a rate of 3.36 kg/ha would not inhibit many of the common races used in their study. Overall, from their study they observed that black shank severity was increasing in
702:
can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Optimum soil
621:. Another asexual structure and secondary inoculum, appearing ovoid, pear, or spherical in shape are called sporangium. These spores are produced and can either germinate directly or release motile
781:
this is a major pathogen of ornamentals, tobacco, and tomato. Black shank is one of the most damaging and far reaching diseases of tobacco. In 1896, black shank was first described in
1561:
1474:
1332:
858:
Breda de Haan, J. van. 1896. De bibitziekte in de Deli-tabak veroorzaakt door
Phytophthora nicotianae. Mededeelingen uit 's Lands Plantentuin Batavia. 15: 57 (1896)
605:
are produced asexually and serve as long lived resting structures, surviving from four to six years. Chlamydospores are the primary survival structure, the primary
1500:
1371:
868:
1435:
1254:
554:. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. In tobacco black shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts of the plant can become infected.
738:
are varieties of tobacco that are resistant to black shank. Resistance however is not reliable because a single variety has resistance to only a few
1461:
1306:
679:
182:
1155:
1131:
967:
742:
of black shank. Finding new lines of resistance is becoming increasingly important due to new discovered resistant races of the pathogen.
670:, the sexual survival structure. Many fields only contain one mating type, so the zoospores rarely germinate and rarely cause epidemics.
1556:
592:
543:
1358:
654:, but colonies may yellow with age. Also, there is much morphological variation in colony type with different isolates of
1059:
1101:
36:
1566:
944:
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan stdterms.in GBIF Secretariat (2017). GBIF Backbone
Taxonomy. Checklist dataset
443:
216:
638:
and host wounds. Once the root surface is contacted, zoospores encyst and a germ tube will emerge penetrating the
1571:
1505:
1376:
252:
813:
802:
in the right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not recover. Less than one
625:
within 24 hours of inoculation with the right conditions. Zoospores are kidney shaped with an anterior tinsel
579:
399:
338:
166:
1035:
785:
by Van Breda de Haan. Disease was observed near
Georgia in 1915 and reached major tobacco growing areas of
1222:
1551:
220:
150:
1196:
262:
1515:
1453:
1386:
1298:
1280:
763:
309:
234:
227:
209:
835:
794:
417:
388:
199:
31:
1479:
1337:
527:
1523:
1394:
1267:
793:
in the 1930s and 1940s. In North
Carolina black shank can be found in every county that grows
678:
995:
1528:
1399:
1178:
735:
731:
559:
leaves turn brown and become not marketable. Another symptom is disk-like appearance of the
530:, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco,
507:
491:
362:
281:
686:
472:
117:
1448:
1293:
790:
739:
468:
107:
74:
61:
1545:
1440:
1259:
778:
727:
659:
602:
1272:
777:
has a wide host range, affecting agriculture rich areas all over the world. In the
758:
127:
87:
1426:
1363:
1319:
663:
568:
555:
515:
342:
1245:
699:
651:
631:
618:
539:
531:
803:
782:
750:
746:
711:
643:
639:
626:
614:
606:
564:
563:, although this is not a definitive symptom as it may also be the result of
535:
48:
1487:
1420:
1345:
1239:
807:
799:
786:
642:. Infection leads to systemic rotting of the root system and wilting and
635:
622:
551:
523:
464:
97:
658:
and the growth may differ when grown on different media. The hyphae are
1466:
1311:
1182:
949:
707:
667:
495:
319:
299:
1324:
745:
Chemical control is most successful if used with resistant varieties.
1492:
1350:
547:
519:
511:
503:
487:
1216:
945:
812:
677:
647:
610:
591:
578:
499:
766:
due to metalaxyl sensitivity and resistant races of black shank.
560:
1285:
1220:
879:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
703:
1164:
1410:
1229:
609:, and are usually produced in abundance. These
706:for development is between 6 and 7. Levels of
613:germinate in warm and moist soil to produce a
8:
316:Phytophthora melongenae subsp. ananaphthoros
1217:
714:in the soils can affect disease progress.
20:
596:Black shank infection on American boxwood
377:Phytophthora parasitica subsp. nicotianae
334:Phytophthora nicotianae subsp. parasitica
1562:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
1132:"Plant Diseases: Black Shank of Tobacco"
685:
646:in the leaves. Another structure called
583:Black shank affecting a field of tobacco
1154:Csinos, A. S.; Bertrand, P. F. (1994).
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
851:
396:Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae
358:Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica
350:Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
326:Phytophthora melongenae var. melongenae
277:Phytophthora imperfecta var. nicotianae
269:Phytophthora imperfecta var. nicotianae
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
630:repeating secondary cycles. Zoospores
486:has a broad host range comprising 255
406:Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina
7:
1516:ee442ded-16a7-407e-a8aa-7892e26cc609
1387:5a81b34c-70cc-43a8-88ca-b71f10e957c4
1125:
1123:
1121:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
962:
960:
958:
950:https://www.gbif.org/species/3203651
385:Phytophthora parasitica subsp. rhei
617:that infects plants or produces a
14:
414:Phytophthora parasitica var. rhei
16:Species of single-celled organism
834:is amplified by the presence of
806:per gram of soil can lead to an
753:are chemistries used to control
522:plants. This pathogen can cause
35:
1100:Gallup, C. M.; Sullivan, M. J.
946:https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei
650:is colorless, transparent, and
571:it causes the disease known as
734:, burley tobacco hybrids, and
632:move toward nutrient gradients
546:. Fruit rots occur on tomato,
1:
1064:Neck And Bulb Rot | Seminis"
817:Black shank disease effects
1588:
1557:Protists described in 1896
244:(Breda de Haan) G.W.Wilson
798:destructive. Susceptible
205:
198:
179:
174:
156:
149:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1102:"Black shank of tobacco"
288:Phytophthora lycopersici
1412:Phytophthora parasitica
1231:Phytophthora nicotianae
1158:Phytophthora parasitica
998:Phytophthora nicotianae
775:Phytophthora nicotianae
755:Phytophthora nicotianae
691:Phytophthora nicotianae
682:Discing of tobacco pith
484:Phytophthora nicotianae
467:belonging to the order
456:Phytophthora nicotianae
440:Phytophthora terrestris
369:Phytophthora parasitica
306:Phytophthora melongenae
241:Phloeophthora nicotiane
184:Phytophthora nicotianae
160:Phytophthora nicotianae
25:Phytophthora nicotianae
1004:www.extento.hawaii.edu
976:www.phytophthoradb.org
818:
726:The cultural control,
694:
683:
597:
584:
380:(Breda de Haan) Tucker
259:Phytophthora formosana
1130:Bost, S; Hensley, D.
816:
689:
681:
595:
582:
296:Phytophthora manoana
1034:Sullivan, Melinda.
836:root-knot nematodes
432:Phytophthora tabaci
424:Phytophthora ricini
353:Breda de Haan, 1896
1567:Vegetable diseases
1183:10.1094/pd-78-0471
1036:"Melinda Sullivan"
819:
795:flue-cured tobacco
695:
684:
598:
585:
542:, and as well as
479:Hosts and symptoms
249:Phytophthora allii
142:P. nicotianae
1539:
1538:
1524:Open Tree of Life
1395:Open Tree of Life
1223:Taxon identifiers
1156:"Distribution of
1040:projects.ncsu.edu
452:
451:
446:
436:
428:
420:
410:
402:
392:
381:
373:
365:
354:
346:
330:
322:
312:
302:
292:
284:
280:Breda de Haan ex
273:
265:
255:
245:
237:
223:
192:
1579:
1572:Oomycete species
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1364:BMSSYS0000014455
1354:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:www.ces.ncsu.edu
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1097:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
964:
953:
942:
889:
888:
886:
884:
865:
859:
856:
662:and require two
494:. Hosts include
442:
434:
426:
416:
408:
398:
387:
379:
371:
360:
352:
336:
328:
318:
308:
298:
290:
279:
271:
261:
251:
243:
233:(Breda de Haan)
232:
214:
191:
162:
40:
39:
21:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1008:
1006:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
966:
965:
956:
943:
892:
882:
880:
867:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
824:
772:
720:
676:
590:
481:
473:Peronosporaceae
170:
164:
158:
145:
118:Peronosporaceae
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1381:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1188:
1146:
1117:
1106:www.apsnet.org
1079:
1051:
1015:
987:
954:
952:on 2018-06-24.
890:
860:
850:
849:
847:
844:
830:The action of
823:
820:
791:North Carolina
771:
768:
732:Burley tobacco
719:
716:
675:
672:
603:Chlamydospores
589:
586:
544:African violet
480:
477:
469:Peronosporales
450:
449:
448:
447:
437:
429:
421:
411:
403:
393:
382:
374:
366:
355:
347:
331:
323:
313:
303:
293:
285:
274:
266:
256:
246:
238:
224:
203:
202:
196:
195:
194:
193:
177:
176:
172:
171:
165:
154:
153:
147:
146:
139:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:Peronosporales
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
72:
65:
64:
62:Diaphoretickes
59:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1197:"Black Shank"
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Plant Disease
1165:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1001:
999:
991:
988:
977:
973:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
948:accessed via
947:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
891:
878:
877:NCBI taxonomy
874:
872:
864:
861:
855:
852:
845:
843:
841:
840:P. nicotianae
837:
833:
832:P. nicotianae
828:
821:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:United States
776:
769:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:crop rotation
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:disease cycle
692:
688:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:heterothallic
657:
656:P. nicotianae
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
588:Disease cycle
587:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
445:
441:
438:
433:
430:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
367:
364:
359:
356:
351:
348:
344:
340:
335:
332:
327:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
289:
286:
283:
278:
275:
272:Breda de Haan
270:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
242:
239:
236:
231:
229:
228:Phloeophthora
225:
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:Blepharospora
207:
206:
204:
201:
197:
190:
189:
185:
181:
180:
178:
173:
168:
167:Breda de Haan
163:
161:
155:
152:
151:Binomial name
148:
144:
143:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:Stramenopiles
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1552:Phytophthora
1411:
1230:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1062:Phytophthora
1061:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
997:
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:
970:Phytophthora
969:
881:. Retrieved
876:
871:Phytophthora
870:
863:
854:
842:resistance.
839:
831:
829:
825:
822:Pathogenesis
774:
773:
759:Ridomil Gold
754:
744:
736:dark tobacco
725:
721:
696:
690:
664:mating types
655:
599:
573:Phytophthora
572:
567:strikes. On
483:
482:
460:
455:
454:
453:
439:
431:
423:
413:
405:
395:
384:
376:
368:
357:
349:
333:
329:Sawada, 1915
325:
315:
305:
295:
287:
276:
268:
258:
248:
240:
226:
208:
187:
183:
159:
157:
141:
140:
129:Phytophthora
128:
81:
68:
55:
24:
18:
1320:iNaturalist
674:Environment
666:to produce
556:Damping off
508:ornamentals
471:and family
461:black shank
418:G.H.Godfrey
389:G.H.Godfrey
363:G.M.Waterh.
343:G.M.Waterh.
1546:Categories
1206:2016-12-07
1177:(5): 471.
1162:nicotianae
1140:2016-12-07
1111:2016-12-07
1073:2016-12-07
1045:2016-12-07
1009:2016-12-07
981:2016-12-08
846:References
770:Importance
718:Management
700:irrigation
652:coenocytic
619:sporangium
540:watermelon
534:, tomato,
532:poinsettia
235:G.W.Wilson
230:nicotianae
212:terrestris
188:parasitica
175:Varieties
1427:Q20686122
972:Database"
804:propagule
800:cultivars
783:Indonesia
751:mefenoxam
747:Metalaxyl
712:magnesium
644:chlorosis
640:epidermis
636:root tips
627:flagellum
623:zoospores
615:germ tube
565:lightning
536:pineapple
528:crown rot
361:(Dastur)
136:Species:
49:Eukaryota
1488:MycoBank
1480:11322815
1449:Fungorum
1441:60016517
1436:AusFungi
1421:Wikidata
1346:MycoBank
1338:10645897
1294:Fungorum
1260:60016516
1255:AusFungi
1246:Q3018847
1240:Wikidata
808:epidemic
787:Kentucky
668:oospores
607:inoculum
552:eggplant
524:root rot
492:families
490:from 90
465:oomycete
221:Peyronel
200:Synonyms
169:, (1896)
114:Family:
98:Oomycota
94:Phylum:
45:Domain:
1467:3203652
1312:3203651
1068:Seminis
883:18 June
764:Georgia
708:calcium
634:around
496:tobacco
320:Sideris
300:Sideris
124:Genus:
104:Order:
1529:405044
1513:NZOR:
1493:194284
1454:194284
1400:469192
1384:NZOR:
1351:194443
1325:360241
1299:194443
1286:159353
648:hyphae
611:spores
550:, and
548:papaya
520:citrus
518:, and
516:pepper
512:cotton
504:tomato
488:genera
463:is an
444:Sherb.
435:Sawada
427:Sawada
409:Dastur
400:Tucker
391:, 1923
372:Dastur
345:, 1963
339:Dastur
310:Sawada
291:Sawada
282:Sarej.
263:Sawada
253:Sawada
217:Sherb.
1475:IRMNG
1333:IRMNG
1273:4HNTW
1167:(PDF)
1160:var.
1135:(PDF)
740:races
569:onion
500:onion
186:var.
82:Clade
69:Clade
56:Clade
1506:4792
1501:NCBI
1462:GBIF
1377:4790
1372:NCBI
1307:GBIF
885:2018
789:and
710:and
561:pith
1359:NBN
1281:EoL
1268:CoL
1179:doi
810:.
749:or
459:or
75:SAR
1548::
1526::
1503::
1490::
1477::
1464::
1451::
1438::
1423::
1397::
1374::
1361::
1348::
1335::
1322::
1309::
1296::
1283::
1270::
1257::
1242::
1199:.
1175:78
1173:.
1169:.
1120:^
1104:.
1082:^
1066:.
1038:.
1018:^
1002:.
974:.
957:^
893:^
875:.
757:.
704:pH
538:,
526:,
514:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
475:.
341:)
219:)
84::
71::
58::
1209:.
1185:.
1181::
1143:.
1114:.
1076:.
1060:"
1048:.
1012:.
1000:"
996:"
984:.
968:"
887:.
873:"
869:"
337:(
215:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
