772:
1327:
31:
616:
204:
are abbreviated and in many cases, the reading even of the abbreviation is disputed. As a result, there is a consensus for the interpretation of individual names only in a small number of cases. The reading given below is that of
Morandi (1991) unless otherwise indicated:
177:, and its parts should be identified as constellations or astrological signs. In this interpretation, each of the 16 houses was the "dwelling place" of an individual deity. Seers would e.g. draw conclusions from the direction in which
625:
185:, the main god of lightning, had his dwelling due north, as lightning in the north-east was most lucky, lightning in the north-west most unlucky, while lightning in the southern half of the compass was not as strong an omen (
613:
Cosmogonica. Il fegato di Tiāmat e la soglia misterica del Tempo. Dai miti cosmologici del Vicino
Oriente antico ad una nuova interpretazione del fegato etrusco di Piacenza
77:
719), measuring 126 × 76 × 60 mm (5 × 3 × 2.4 inches) and dated to the late 2nd century BC, i.e. a time when the
Piacenza region would already have been
746:
530:
1359:
1073:
827:
872:
515:
1349:
1384:
651:
1354:
1399:
181:
was seen. Lightning in the east was auspicious, lightning in the west inauspicious (Pliny 2.143f.). Stevens (2009) surmises that
1026:
1374:
987:
909:
817:
544:
beginning in the "north" (the left side in the image shown above) and going clockwise, c.f. Nancy
Thomson De Grummond,
1404:
1369:
1364:
977:
972:
898:
741:
74:
59:
1389:
939:
919:
761:
726:
1116:
471:
186:
1394:
1136:
644:
409:
280:
174:
78:
957:
952:
771:
962:
867:
822:
797:
780:
660:
166:
142:
122:
47:
600:
157:
The outer rim of the
Piacenza liver is divided into 16 sections; since according to the testimony of
1199:
435:
300:
113:
The
Piacenza liver is a striking conceptual parallel to clay models of sheep's livers known from the
55:
1068:
997:
992:
126:
1326:
1111:
1062:
681:
637:
622:
Padānu. Un’ombra tra le mani del tempo. La decifrazione funzionale del fegato etrusco di
Piacenza
439:
170:
146:
1379:
1159:
1106:
1015:
1007:
892:
807:
585:
511:
486:
405:
348:
344:
272:
249:
130:
114:
70:
35:
549:
1049:
1020:
947:
847:
784:
691:
686:
676:
668:
386:
238:
234:
118:
102:
1151:
1044:
967:
837:
832:
736:
716:
230:
158:
1409:
1174:
1055:
982:
812:
792:
756:
419:
276:
82:
1343:
1269:
1131:
1039:
1033:
914:
711:
313:
245:
1330:
1249:
1141:
1121:
802:
751:
138:
1126:
1101:
701:
98:
30:
1083:
51:
17:
1294:
1279:
1254:
1224:
1194:
862:
696:
178:
134:
94:
1169:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1264:
1096:
1091:
882:
842:
731:
137:
artifact by representing the major anatomical features of the liver (the
129:
cultural sphere. A Babylonian clay model of a sheep's liver dated to the
629:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1179:
877:
706:
327:
296:
290:
286:
266:
262:
225:
201:
924:
852:
399:
395:
333:
320:
216:
162:
133:
is preserved in the
British Museum. The Piacenza liver parallels the
93:
The liver is subdivided into sections for the purposes of performing
66:
590:
The bronze liver of
Piacenza: Analysis of a Polytheistic Structure,
1314:
1274:
1259:
1209:
1184:
1164:
929:
904:
887:
721:
358:
212:
182:
173:, it has been suggested that the liver is supposed to represent a
29:
580:
Die Götter des martianus capella und die
Bronzeleber fon Piacenza
1289:
1189:
624:, collana di "Archeologia del Rito", n.3, Te.m.p.l.a., Bologna.
256:
633:
615:, collana di "Archeologia del Rito", n.2, Te.m.p.l.a., Bologna.
58:, Italy, now kept in the Municipal Museum of Piacenza, in the
81:(Piacenza was founded in 218 BC as a Roman garrison town in
101:); the sections are inscribed with names of individual
508:
The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments
117:, reinforcing the evidence of a connection (be it by
50:
artifact found in a field on September 26, 1877, near
418:
leθa (probably an underworld deity. Seen also in the
565:, American Journal of Archaeology 112.3 (July 2008).
1150:
1082:
1006:
938:
779:
667:
563:Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?
462:Two words are on the bottom side of the artefact:
608:American Journal of Archaeology 113.22, 153-164.
645:
8:
747:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
510:. University of Chicago Press. p. 154.
606:A New Reconstruction of the Etruscan Heaven
422:, lines 3, 6-7, 8, and 12. Perhaps same as
121:or merely by cultural contact) between the
652:
638:
630:
109:Middle Eastern parallels; anatomical model
34:The Liver of Piacenza, with a diagram and
546:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History and Legend
498:
7:
476:usils ("of the sun" or "of the day")
69:model of a sheep's liver covered in
604:Natalie L. C. Stevens (April 2009)
597:Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca
279:?) (This name also appears on the
25:
1325:
1074:English words of Etruscan origin
948:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
770:
1360:1877 archaeological discoveries
1027:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
828:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
408:(This name also appears on the
153:Cosmos model; divination method
988:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
963:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
89:Description and interpretation
1:
993:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
818:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
169:divided the heavens into 16
1350:2nd-century BC inscriptions
978:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
149:) as sculpted protrusions.
1426:
1385:Bronze sculptures in Italy
983:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
973:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
899:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
742:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
620:Antonio Gottarelli (2018)
611:Antonio Gottarelli (2017)
595:Alessandro Morandi (1991)
1355:2nd-century BC sculptures
1323:
920:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
768:
762:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
727:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
1117:National Etruscan Museum
968:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
506:Epictetus (2022-10-06).
342:
1400:Mars (mythology) in art
1137:Tumulus of Montefortini
592:Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
410:Lead Plaque of Magliano
281:Lead Plaque of Magliano
958:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
953:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
561:Nancy T. de Grummond,
39:
1375:Etruscan inscriptions
868:Monterozzi necropolis
661:Etruscan civilization
582:, Giessen, Töpelmann.
370:tins/neθ (as no. 3?)
196:Inscribed deity names
33:
1200:Civita di Bagnoregio
873:Mythological figures
56:province of Piacenza
1069:Tyrsenian languages
998:Roman-Etruscan Wars
910:Terracotta warriors
470:"Moon" or "Month"?)
445:cilen (as no. 16)
415:selva (as no. 10)
364:tins/θvf (as no. 2)
175:model of the cosmos
171:astrological houses
147:posterior vena cava
65:It is a life-sized
1405:Saturn (mythology)
1370:Etruscan mythology
1365:Etruscan artefacts
1112:Monteleone Chariot
1063:Tabula Cortonensis
843:Haruspex/Extispicy
682:Villanovan culture
457:tlusc (as no. 12)
429:tlusc (as no. 12)
376:fuf/lus (as no. 9)
40:
1337:
1336:
1107:Impasto (pottery)
858:Liver of Piacenza
808:Chimera of Arezzo
586:L.B. Van der Meer
578:C. Thulin (1906)
517:978-0-226-76950-9
487:Etruscan religion
426:in #s 11 and 18.)
131:Middle Bronze Age
115:Ancient Near East
44:Liver of Piacenza
27:Etruscan artifact
16:(Redirected from
1417:
1390:Juno (mythology)
1329:
1050:Lemnian language
1021:Cippus Perusinus
940:Military history
774:
692:Founding of Rome
687:Padanian Etruria
654:
647:
640:
631:
566:
559:
553:
542:
536:
532:The Liver Tablet
528:
522:
521:
503:
354:leθn (as no. 11)
103:Etruscan deities
21:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1146:
1078:
1045:Raetic language
1002:
934:
838:Fanum Voltumnae
833:Tiburtine Sibyl
823:Etruscan League
775:
766:
737:Servius Tullius
717:Caelius Vibenna
663:
658:
575:
573:Further reading
570:
569:
560:
556:
543:
539:
529:
525:
518:
505:
504:
500:
495:
483:
460:
454:mar (as no. 30)
448:leθam(as n. 32)
373:caθa (as no. 8)
208:circumference:
198:
155:
111:
91:
79:Latin-dominated
60:Palazzo Farnese
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Luna (goddess)
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1056:Tabula Capuana
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
944:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Apollo of Veii
789:
787:
777:
776:
769:
767:
765:
764:
759:
757:Lars Tolumnius
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
671:
665:
664:
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
628:
627:
618:
609:
602:
593:
583:
574:
571:
568:
567:
554:
537:
523:
516:
497:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
433:
430:
427:
420:Tabula Capuana
416:
413:
403:
393:
392:neθ (as no. 7)
390:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
355:
352:
341:
337:
336:
331:
324:
317:
310:
307:
304:
294:
284:
270:
260:
253:
242:
228:
222:
219:
197:
194:
154:
151:
110:
107:
90:
87:
83:Cisalpine Gaul
73:inscriptions (
26:
24:
18:Piacenza Liver
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1422:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:San Giovenale
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Tomb of Orcus
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Pyrgi Tablets
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:Liber Linteus
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Titus Larcius
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Aulus Vibenna
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
632:
626:
623:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
572:
564:
558:
555:
551:
547:
541:
538:
535:
533:
527:
524:
519:
513:
509:
502:
499:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
475:
472:
469:
465:
464:
463:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
411:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
340:
335:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:/mae uni/ea (
232:
229:
227:
223:
220:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
203:
195:
193:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:inscriptions.
37:
32:
19:
1250:Poggio Colla
1142:Vicus Tuscus
1122:Negau helmet
1061:
1054:
1032:
1025:
897:
857:
798:Architecture
752:Lars Porsena
621:
612:
605:
596:
589:
579:
562:
557:
545:
540:
531:
526:
507:
501:
467:
461:
423:
338:
207:
199:
189:
156:
143:caudate lobe
139:gall bladder
112:
92:
64:
43:
41:
1127:Portonaccio
1102:Etruscology
702:Tyrrhenians
382:marisl/latr
99:hepatoscopy
1344:Categories
1160:Acquarossa
1084:Archeology
599:, Massari.
534:, ME 92668
493:References
466:tivs (or
432:lvsl/velch
339:interior:
135:Babylonian
52:Gossolengo
1295:Vetulonia
1280:Tarquinia
1255:Populonia
1225:Fescennia
1195:Cerveteri
1152:Key sites
863:Mezentius
697:Tyrrhenus
548:(2006),
319:cvl alp (
244:tec/vm (
179:lightning
167:Etruscans
127:Anatolian
123:Etruscans
119:migration
95:haruspicy
54:, in the
1380:Piacenza
1310:Volterra
1305:Volsinii
1300:Vie Cave
1285:Tuscania
1265:Rusellae
1097:Cuniculi
1092:Bucchero
1016:Alphabet
1008:Language
893:Religion
883:Poppilia
732:Tanaquil
481:See also
440:Saturnus
400:Hercules
367:θufl/θas
326:vetisl (
301:Silvanus
287:fuflu/ns
267:Neptunus
202:theonyms
192:2.693).
190:ad. Aen.
125:and the
71:Etruscan
48:Etruscan
36:Etruscan
1245:Perusia
1240:Orvieto
1235:Norchia
1230:Fidenae
1220:Falerii
1215:Etruria
1205:Clusium
1180:Bologna
1175:Baratti
878:Persius
848:Jewelry
785:society
781:Culture
707:Tarchon
677:Origins
669:History
588:(1987)
451:meθlvmθ
436:satr/es
424:leθn(s)
379:θvnθ(?)
357:la/sl (
334:cilensl
328:Veiovis
312:celsc (
291:Bacchus
224:tins/θ
221:tin/θvf
187:Servius
1331:Portal
1170:Aleria
925:Vegoia
853:Lausus
514:
385:leta (
321:Alpanu
309:tluscv
255:lvsl (
250:Tellus
217:cil/en
165:, the
163:Cicero
67:bronze
46:is an
1410:Liver
1315:Vulci
1275:Spina
1260:Pyrgi
1210:Cumae
1185:Caere
1165:Adria
930:Vulca
905:Tages
888:Raeti
813:Coins
722:Capys
550:p. 50
396:herc
359:Lares
349:Venus
306:leθns
297:selva
159:Pliny
1290:Veii
1190:Ceri
783:and
512:ISBN
468:tivr
406:mar
387:Leda
345:tur
314:Cels
277:Luna
257:Usil
239:Maia
235:Juno
213:tin
200:The
161:and
145:and
42:The
803:Art
273:caθ
263:neθ
246:Cel
231:uni
226:neθ
183:Tin
85:).
75:TLE
1346::
412:.)
361:?)
330:?)
283:.)
252:?)
248:?
241:?)
237:?
141:,
105:.
62:.
653:e
646:t
639:v
552:.
520:.
473:)
442:)
438:(
402:)
398:(
389:)
351:)
347:(
323:)
316:)
303:)
299:(
293:)
289:(
275:(
269:)
265:(
259:)
215:/
97:(
20:)
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