457:
362:, such as salmonellosis and tuberculosis. However, It is rare that a pigeon will transmit a disease to humans due to their immune system. Although feral pigeons pose sporadic health risks to humans, the risk is low, even for humans involved in occupations that bring them into close contact with nesting sites. Analysis revealed that feral pigeons harbored a total of 60 different human pathogenic organisms. Five pathogens were viruses, nine were bacteria, 45 were fungi, and one was a protozoan. However, only five pathogens were routinely transmitted to humans. There were single case incidences for transmission of Salmonella enterica.
128:
316:
104:
240:
477:
666:
140:
181:
589:
2530:
116:
371:
448:
On the contrary, they are left with more food per bird than before. This attracts pigeons from outside areas as well as encouraging more breeding, and populations are re-established quickly. An additional problem with poisoning is that it also kills pigeon predators. Due to this, in cities with peregrine falcon programs it is typically illegal to poison pigeons.
605:
eggs. The real eggs are then destroyed. One such structure, in Batman Park in
Melbourne, Australia, was unsuccessful in attracting pigeons and has since been removed. The loft used in Melbourne was on stilts, with a cage door allowing access from beneath for accessing the structure at night when the pigeons are asleep.
447:
The use of poisons has been proven to be fairly ineffective, however, as pigeons can breed very quickly, and their numbers are determined by how much food is available; that is, they breed more often when more food is provided to them. When pigeons are poisoned, surviving birds do not leave the area.
96:
Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern than their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban pigeons
504:
A more effective tactic to reduce the number of feral pigeons is deprivation. Cities around the world have discovered that not feeding their local birds results in a steady population decrease in only a few years. As scavengers, pigeons will still pick at garbage bags containing discarded food or at
604:
When eggs are removed in artificial pigeon houses, the interval between reproductive attempts is strongly reduced, which reduces the efficiency of the method. Dummy egg nesting programs have therefore been tested in some cities with mixed results. There, the eggs are removed and replaced with dummy
516:
Long-term reduction of feral pigeon populations can be achieved by restricting food supply, which in turn involves legislation and litter (garbage) control. Some cities have deliberately established favorable nesting places for pigeons—nesting places that can easily be reached by city workers
274:
In the United
Kingdom, pigeons are covered under the "General Licences" and can be humanely culled by the land owner or their agent for a variety of reasons including spread of human disease. It is illegal to kill/destroy nests for any reason other than those listed under the general licences.
390:, which are also originally cliff dwellers, have too adapted to the skyscrapers of large cities and often feed exclusively on rock doves. Some cities actively encourage this through falcon breeding programs. Projects include the Unibase Falcon Project and the Victorian Peregrine Project.
489:
561:, is increasingly used in urban areas and industrial sites to control pigeon populations. Declared safe and humane, the new technology is environmentally benign and does not represent a secondary toxicity hazard to raptors or scavengers.
620:
Point-counts: standing in the center of a park, the observer makes a 360 degree turn while counting individuals with a manual mechanical counter in a radius of approximately 50m, limited by the streets and buildings that surround the
496:
163:. However in feral pigeons it was found that despite detectable inbreeding depression, pairwise relatedness between mates was significantly greater than it was between nonmates. This suggests that mating with close kin provides
624:
Panoramas: taking 360 panoramic photographs, while standing at the center of the park, and using software to place a number above the counted pigeon in the panoramic photograph. This method has been proven the most effective of
378:
Pigeons often cause significant pollution with their droppings, though there is little evidence of them driving out other bird species. Pigeons are labeled an invasive species in North
America by the USDA.
1862:
Jacquin, L.; Cazelles, B.; Prévot-Julliard, A.-C.; Leboucher, G.; Gasparini, J. (2010). "Reproduction management affects breeding ecology and reproduction costs in feral urban
Pigeons (Columba livia)".
617:
Stratified grids: This method consists in dividing the area where pigeons occur in 500x500m squares. 34% of the squares are selected randomly and pigeons are counted in a 5 meters radius for 5 minutes.
600:. Designed specifically to encourage nesting and allow removal of fertilised eggs to prevent population growth, it was a landmark in its own right before its removal, for lack of success, around 2015.
440:
Due to their non-selective nature, most avian poisons have been banned. In the United States market, only 4-aminopyridine (Avitrol) and DRC-1339 remain registered by EPA. DRC-1339 is limited to
613:
Estimating the population size of pigeons is necessary for monitoring and control programs of pigeons in parks and other urban areas. The methods used for estimating populations sizes are:
573:
517:
who regularly remove eggs, thereby limiting their reproductive success. In addition, pigeon populations may be reduced by bird control systems that successfully reduce nesting sites.
710:– appearing, usually white in color, in many settings as symbols of love, peace or as messengers, in the symbolism of various religions and of both military and pacifist groups
494:
493:
490:
495:
74:
Owing to their capacity to create large amounts of excrement and be an occasional disease vector to humans combined with crop and property damage, pigeons are largely considered a
1250:
580:. Avian contraceptives are also perceived by some civilians as an acceptable method for population control, over other methods such as prohibition to feeding or extermination.
456:
71:
pigeons find the ledges of buildings to be a substitute for sea cliffs, have become adapted to urban life, and are abundant in towns and cities throughout much of the world.
1793:
684:, Adelaide, South Australia, adding to their collection of art installations, including statues of pigs. Sloan intended to "elevate the humble pigeon" with his work titled
191:
1719:
Reinoso, V.; Katani, R.; Barbato, G. F. (2007). "Nicarbazin reduces egg production and fertility in White Pekin ducks via reducing ZP3 in the perivitelline membrane".
1459:
251:. The reason given is: In the UK, general licences GL04, GL05 and GL06 were revoked April 2019 and 3 new general licences, GL34, GL35 and GL36, issued June 2019; see
554:, interferes with the viability of eggs by binding the ZP-3 sperm receptor site in the egg. This unique contraceptive action is non-hormonal and fully reversible.
2604:
492:
342:
feral pigeons usually reach their highest densities in the central portions of cities, so they are frequently encountered by people, which may lead to conflict.
1599:
1974:"Estima de la abundancia de palomas (Columba livia var.) de la ciudad de Barcelona y valoraciĂłn de la efectividad del control por eliminaciĂłn de individuos"
835:
577:
290:, because they are introduced species. It is usually legal to kill feral pigeons in the United States; methods such as poisons may be regulated, however.
1917:
1375:. Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. Fort Collins, US: USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center.
82:, often disparagingly referred to as "rats with wings". Actions are taken in many municipalities to lower their numbers or completely eradicate them.
2100:
1831:"TradiciĂłn: una nueva razĂłn para alimentar las palomas urbanas (Columba livia; Columbiformes: Columbidae), y cĂłmo controlarlas de manera sostenible"
330:
pigeons often only have small populations within cities relative to the number of humans. For example, the breeding population of feral pigeons in
441:
531:
In 1998, in response to conservation groups and the public interest, the
National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), a USDA/APHIS laboratory in
491:
127:
2477:
2158:
2139:
1066:
819:
67:, which naturally inhabits sea-cliffs and mountains. Rock, domestic, and feral pigeons are all the same species and will readily interbreed.
1656:
320:
569:
413:
have also been recorded killing and consuming pigeons even when alternative food sources being available. In cities in
Western Europe,
1687:
2489:
2484:
2201:
704:– typically thought of as an activity of bird enthusiasts, studies have revealed it may have both positive and negative impact
279:
221:
1769:
990:
2554:
1804:
688:. The mirrored stainless steel statue cost AU$ 174,000. While the installation has been talked up by City of Adelaide Lord Mayor
252:
103:
2569:
2465:
2072:
1025:
2599:
1739:
777:
505:
leftovers carelessly dropped on the ground, but securely disposing of foodstuffs will greatly reduce scavenger populations.
315:
155:
The avoidance of mating between related individuals is ordinarily regarded as adaptive since it decreases the likelihood of
1370:
424:, the abundance of feral pigeons (and other small animals) has created such a conducive environment for predators that the
2077:
298:
1523:
2455:
1692:
2584:
2579:
2515:
2510:
480:
One of the difficulties of controlling feral pigeon populations is the common practice of feeding them, as here in
1222:
2594:
310:
1390:
839:
2574:
2564:
2559:
1928:
2174:
2609:
2460:
2310:
506:
2589:
2385:
2375:
1410:
635:
532:
526:
2039:
2279:
2194:
1624:
864:
414:
355:
156:
1953:
Uribe, F.; Colom, L.; Camerino, M.; Ruiz, J.; Senar, C. (1984). "Censo de las palomas semidomésticas".
543:, a promising compound for avian contraception. Originally developed for use in resident Canada geese,
476:
2471:
2407:
2268:
2262:
1292:
1208:
1162:
1108:
394:
139:
2533:
2257:
1329:
680:
A 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall statue of a pigeon by artist Paul Sloan was installed at the
410:
406:
335:
1478:
1070:
2392:
2303:
1664:
1519:
1505:
1310:
1126:
946:
890:
351:
1927:. City Services, Community and Cultural Development Committee, City of Melbourne. Archived from
1890:
665:
2154:
2135:
1430:
1351:
1190:
1151:"Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) Prefer Genetically Similar Mates despite Inbreeding Depression"
1044:
938:
815:
417:
may occasionally hunt and consume feral pigeons in addition to other birds and small mammals.
294:
203:
164:
115:
2494:
2434:
2187:
2051:
2018:
1985:
1872:
1842:
1751:
1638:
1422:
1341:
1300:
1180:
1170:
1116:
1034:
930:
707:
659:
655:
647:
387:
79:
1697:
2417:
2365:
2325:
2315:
2231:
689:
444:
use only, while 4-AP is a restricted-use pesticide, for use only by licensed applicators.
425:
283:
75:
56:
1776:
1574:
1547:
1296:
1166:
1112:
994:
257:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
63:) that have returned to the wild. The domestic pigeon was originally bred from the wild
2424:
2380:
2337:
2293:
1372:
Environmental and economic costs of vertebrate species invasions into the United States
1185:
1150:
1021:"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland"
950:
918:
565:
588:
557:
Registered by the EPA as a pesticide (EPA Reg. No. 80224-1), "OvoControl P", brand of
2548:
2412:
2332:
1305:
1280:
747:
Trash animals: how we live with natures filthy, feral, invasive, and unwanted species
719:
639:
481:
421:
287:
2007:"Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected"
1314:
1130:
2429:
2402:
2288:
724:
701:
1639:"An Interview with Dave Roth, Founder and President of the Urban Wildlife Society"
2179:
1175:
2397:
969:
Bird control contractor appointed in 2004 to deter pigeons from
Trafalgar Square
836:"Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons"
785:
681:
673:
593:
420:
Larger birds of prey occasionally take advantage of this population as well. In
1426:
2439:
2214:
2210:
2105:
1990:
1973:
1529:
1497:
1121:
1096:
1019:
Geigenfeind, Ila; Vanrompay, Daisy; Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel (February 2012).
651:
558:
551:
544:
540:
17:
1355:
1097:"Phenotype-dependent selection of juvenile urban Feral Pigeons Columba livia"
967:
942:
2252:
2226:
2101:"$ 174,000 Rundle Mall 'Pigeon' sculpture leaves some Adelaidians in a flap"
2056:
1847:
1830:
934:
597:
461:
429:
370:
359:
331:
91:
64:
2023:
2006:
1434:
1194:
1048:
1039:
1020:
993:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from
1972:
Senar, J. C.; Carrillo, J.; Arroyo, L.; Montalvo, T.; Peracho, V. (2009).
1600:"Rome's seagulls hunt rats and pigeons as lockdown starves them of scraps"
1346:
1251:"Animal Protections Laws For The Guidance Of Police, HAWOS, NGOs And Awos"
765:
Pigeons: The
Fascinating Saga of the World’s Most Revered and Reviled Bird
2370:
536:
465:
293:
In India, pigeons are protected under
Section 428 and Section 429 of the
159:
in progeny that can be caused by the expression of deleterious recessive
1897:. ABC Radio National (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 7 March 2007
1369:
Pimental, D. (2007). G. W. Witmer; W. C. Pitt; K. A. Fagerstone (eds.).
919:"How Pigeons Became Rats: The Cultural-Spatial Logic of Problem Animals"
2320:
1330:"List of harmful birds in Costa Rica : the other side of the coin"
643:
469:
2298:
547:
was introduced for use as a contraceptive for feral pigeons in 2007.
510:
398:
160:
1876:
1755:
1625:
Pale Male – Introduction – Red-tailed Hawk in New York City | Nature
1498:"Sparrowhawk bird of prey plucking pigeon feathers from fresh kill"
716:– a young pigeon, typically under four weeks old, or its meat
374:
Many places where feral pigeons could land are covered with spikes.
2360:
2342:
2073:"Adelaide's big pigeon unveiled as latest addition to Rundle Mall"
2040:"An improved method to estimate pigeon populations in urban areas"
713:
664:
587:
487:
475:
455:
369:
338:
7757–18,970), in a city with a human population of about 500,000.
334:, England in summer 2005 was estimated at 12,130 individuals (95%
327:
314:
68:
1740:"Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)"
1460:"Fastest bird on earth enjoys family time high above city street"
428:
has begun to return in very small numbers, including the notable
1891:"'Rats with wings': a history of the urban pigeon - Rear Vision"
1095:
Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Heeb, Philipp; Leiss, Andreas (2006).
402:
282:, which protects native birds, does not apply to feral pigeons,
2183:
1775:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
1223:"Frequently asked questions about a federal depredation permit"
1281:"How many birds are there in a city of half a million people?"
895:
781:
233:
174:
1794:"The Secondary Toxicity of OvoControl® (nicarbazin) in Birds"
393:
Other predators of the pigeon have been recorded, including
97:
tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.
749:. Minneapolis (Minn.), University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
167:
benefits that outweigh the costs of inbreeding depression.
634:
Many city squares have large pigeon populations, such as
574:
American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1389:
Bonnefoy, Xavier; Kampen, Helge; Sweeney, Kevin (2008).
767:, St Lucia, Qld., University of Queensland Press, 2007.
199:
350:
Feral pigeons are widely considered pests, and can be
1479:"Glaucous-winged Gull Predation on Feral Rock Doves"
2503:
2448:
2353:
2278:
2245:
1328:Chaves, VĂctor Acosta-; Monge, Otto (5 June 2015).
1209:16 U.S. Code Subchapter II - MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY
1069:. AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management. Archived from
564:Avian contraception has the support of a range of
1688:"Venice bans pigeon feeding in St. Mark's Square"
1663:. Bexley, England: Bexley Council. Archived from
1279:Fuller, R.A.; Tratalos, J.; Gaston, K.J. (2009).
865:"The Origins of Our Misguided Hatred for Pigeons"
319:A flock of feral pigeons at rest in front of the
1453:
1451:
1645:. republished online by Urban Wildlife Society.
658:and Kabutarkhana in Mumbai and (prior to 2000)
297:. Wild pigeons are further protected under the
962:
960:
2195:
2149:Johnston, Richard F.; Janiga, Marián (1995).
778:"Science & Nature: Animals: Feral Pigeon"
759:
757:
755:
188:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1738:Avery, M.; Keacher, K.; Tillman, E. (2008).
1144:
1142:
1140:
838:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from
1060:
1058:
578:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
2202:
2188:
2180:
2175:Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Pigeon Colors
206:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2134:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
2055:
2022:
1989:
1846:
1392:Public health significance of urban pests
1345:
1304:
1184:
1174:
1120:
1038:
814:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
745:Nagy, Kelsi, and Johnson, Phillip David.
692:, some locals have responded negatively.
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
500:Video showing feral pigeons eating seeds
1627:. PBS (May 2004). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
1496:Tom Strong Reviews (13 February 2012).
1411:"Health hazards posed by feral pigeons"
741:
739:
735:
99:
1829:Cabalceta, A.; Barrientos, Z. (2019).
1508:from the original on 11 December 2021.
2605:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1384:
1382:
1149:Jacob G, Prévot AC, Baudry E (2016).
991:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases"
27:Domestic pigeons returned to the wild
7:
1916:Bradbury, Garth (7 September 2004).
1458:Kleinman, Rachel (19 October 2007).
2071:Sutton, Malcolm (5 November 2020).
1918:"Update on Pigeon Management Issue"
1686:Povoledo, Elisabetta (8 May 2008).
1575:"Pelican's Pigeon Meal not so Rare"
570:Humane Society of the United States
25:
2490:United States Army Pigeon Service
2485:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
2038:Barrientos, Z.; Seas, C. (2018).
1803:. Innolytics, LLC. Archived from
1573:Clarke, James (30 October 2006).
1548:"Pelican Swallows Pigeon in Park"
1530:"Crow killing and eating pigeon!"
280:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
2529:
2528:
1978:Arxius de Miscel·là nia Zoològica
1528:Zambrano, Danilo (14 May 2014).
1409:Haag-Wackernagel, D (May 2004).
1306:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00537.x
238:
179:
138:
126:
114:
102:
2466:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
2099:Olle, Emily (9 December 2020).
1260:. Animal Welfare Board of India
1026:Journal of Medical Microbiology
891:"BBC Inside Out - Pigeon Pests"
630:City squares famous for pigeons
592:Large pigeon trap/coop/loft at
460:A man feeding feral pigeons at
405:. In London, the population of
346:Potential health risk to humans
1230:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1483:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
972:, vvenv.co.uk, 8 October 2004
299:Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
2456:American Racing Pigeon Union
1693:International Herald Tribune
1477:Jyrkkanen, Jorma A. (1974).
1398:. World Health Organization.
1176:10.1371/journal.pone.0162451
609:Monitoring pigeon population
92:Rock dove § Description
2153:. Oxford University Press.
1865:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1285:Diversity and Distributions
202:, discuss the issue on the
2626:
1427:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.11.001
524:
308:
89:
41:Columba livia forma urbana
2524:
2222:
1991:10.32800/amz.2009.07.0062
1657:"Feral Pigeons in Bexley"
1122:10.1080/00063650609461429
917:Jerolmack, Colin (2008).
311:Animal population control
247:This section needs to be
2354:Relationship with humans
2005:Thompson, W. L. (2002).
1696:. Venice. Archived from
1637:Roth, Dave (Fall 1994).
672:by artist Paul Sloan at
86:Physical characteristics
2555:Birds described in 1789
2461:National Pigeon Service
2057:10.22458/urj.v10i1.2039
1848:10.22458/urj.v11i3.2216
1770:"Nicarbazin Fact Sheet"
951:10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.72
935:10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.72
550:The active ingredient,
61:Columba livia domestica
37:Columba livia domestica
2570:Birds of North America
2376:IP over Avian Carriers
2130:Levi, Wendell (1977).
1040:10.1099/jmm.0.034025-0
810:Levi, Wendell (1977).
677:
636:Washington Square Park
601:
527:Wildlife contraceptive
509:is banned in parts of
501:
485:
473:
415:European herring gulls
375:
324:
2600:Invasive bird species
2044:UNED Research Journal
1835:UNED Research Journal
1347:10.22458/urj.v7i1.869
1334:UNED Research Journal
668:
591:
568:groups including the
499:
479:
459:
395:Eurasian sparrowhawks
373:
318:
157:inbreeding depression
55:, are descendants of
2472:British Homing World
2269:Sarcocystis calchasi
2263:Olfactory navigation
2024:10.1093/auk/119.1.18
1925:melbourne.vic.gov.au
1667:on 28 September 2007
1415:Journal of Infection
763:Blechman, Andrew D.
521:Avian contraceptives
452:Reducing food supply
407:Great white pelicans
200:improve this section
190:may not represent a
2516:Wild pigeon species
2386:Bird fancier's lung
1297:2009DivDi..15..328F
1167:2016PLoSO..1162451J
1113:2006BirdS..53..163H
336:confidence interval
2585:Domesticated birds
2580:Cosmopolitan birds
2511:Wild pigeon genera
1000:on 13 January 2008
871:. 14 November 2016
678:
654:in Amsterdam, The
638:in New York City,
602:
539:, started work on
507:Feeding of pigeons
502:
486:
474:
376:
360:livestock diseases
358:of some human and
325:
321:statue of James II
305:Population control
2542:
2541:
2246:Life and behavior
2211:Pigeons and doves
2160:978-0-19-508409-2
2141:978-0-85390-013-9
1744:Wildlife Research
1643:Hot Look Magazine
1554:. 25 October 2006
1033:(Pt 2): 261–265.
821:978-0-85390-013-9
584:Dummy egg nesting
497:
388:Peregrine falcons
295:Indian Penal Code
278:In the U.S., the
272:
271:
232:
231:
224:
171:Protection status
165:inclusive fitness
16:(Redirected from
2617:
2595:Introduced birds
2532:
2531:
2495:Up North Combine
2478:Show of the Year
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2164:
2145:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:on 18 March 2009
1933:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1782:on 25 June 2012.
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:(Suppl. 1): 536.
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1065:Paulik, Laurie.
1062:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
987:
981:
980:
979:
977:
964:
955:
954:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
844:
832:
826:
825:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
790:
784:. Archived from
774:
768:
761:
750:
743:
708:Doves as symbols
660:Trafalgar Square
656:Gateway of India
648:Piazza San Marco
498:
411:St. James's Park
341:
284:common starlings
267:
264:
258:
242:
241:
234:
227:
220:
216:
213:
207:
183:
182:
175:
142:
130:
118:
106:
80:invasive species
57:domestic pigeons
21:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2575:Columba (genus)
2565:Birds of Europe
2560:Birds of Canada
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2520:
2499:
2444:
2349:
2311:Flying/Sporting
2274:
2241:
2218:
2208:
2171:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:10.1139/Z10-044
1861:
1860:
1856:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:10.1071/wr07017
1737:
1736:
1732:
1721:Poultry Science
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1700:on 12 June 2008
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1604:The Independent
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1524:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:. 13 July 1918.
1207:
1206:
1202:
1161:(9): e0162451.
1148:
1147:
1138:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
989:
988:
984:
975:
973:
966:
965:
958:
923:Social Problems
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
889:
888:
884:
874:
872:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
845:on 12 June 2008
842:
834:
833:
829:
822:
809:
808:
804:
794:
792:
788:
776:
775:
771:
762:
753:
744:
737:
733:
698:
690:Sandy Verschoor
632:
611:
586:
529:
523:
488:
454:
438:
426:red-tailed hawk
385:
368:
366:Property damage
348:
339:
313:
307:
268:
262:
259:
256:
243:
239:
228:
217:
211:
208:
197:
184:
180:
173:
153:
146:
143:
134:
131:
122:
119:
110:
107:
94:
88:
43:), also called
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2610:Urban wildlife
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Pigeon whistle
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2169:External links
2167:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2140:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2091:
2063:
2030:
1997:
1964:
1945:
1908:
1882:
1854:
1821:
1810:on 25 May 2010
1801:Ovocontrol.com
1785:
1761:
1730:
1711:
1678:
1648:
1629:
1617:
1591:
1565:
1539:
1511:
1488:
1469:
1447:
1421:(4): 307–313.
1401:
1378:
1361:
1320:
1291:(2): 328–337.
1271:
1242:
1214:
1200:
1136:
1087:
1076:on 2 June 2004
1054:
1011:
982:
956:
909:
882:
856:
827:
820:
802:
791:on 8 July 2018
769:
751:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
711:
705:
697:
694:
631:
628:
627:
626:
622:
618:
610:
607:
585:
582:
566:animal welfare
522:
519:
453:
450:
437:
434:
384:
381:
367:
364:
347:
344:
306:
303:
288:house sparrows
270:
269:
246:
244:
237:
230:
229:
194:of the subject
192:worldwide view
187:
185:
178:
172:
169:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
137:
135:
132:
125:
123:
120:
113:
111:
108:
101:
90:Main article:
87:
84:
53:street pigeons
26:
24:
18:Pigeon control
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Feral animals
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:Organizations
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Domestication
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2151:Feral Pigeons
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1340:(1): 99–102.
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1074:(Web article)
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1012:
998:(Web article)
996:
992:
986:
983:
971:
970:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
910:
898:
897:
892:
886:
883:
870:
866:
860:
857:
843:(Web Article)
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
817:
813:
806:
803:
789:(Web article)
787:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
742:
740:
736:
730:
726:
723:
721:
720:Feral chicken
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:George Square
637:
629:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
608:
606:
599:
595:
590:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
520:
518:
514:
512:
508:
483:
482:New York City
478:
471:
467:
463:
458:
451:
449:
445:
443:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:New York City
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
382:
380:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
340:Despite this,
337:
333:
329:
322:
317:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
266:
254:
253:the talk page
250:
245:
236:
235:
226:
223:
215:
205:
201:
195:
193:
186:
177:
176:
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
150:
141:
136:
129:
124:
117:
112:
105:
100:
98:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:Feral pigeons
30:
19:
2470:
2430:Release dove
2267:
2258:Intelligence
2236:
2150:
2131:
2110:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1924:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1871:(8): 781–7.
1868:
1864:
1857:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1800:
1788:
1777:the original
1764:
1750:(1): 80–85.
1747:
1743:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1691:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1661:Bexley.co.uk
1660:
1651:
1642:
1632:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1606:. 2 May 2020
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1533:
1520:Ghostarchive
1518:Archived at
1514:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1466:. Melbourne.
1463:
1438:. Retrieved
1418:
1414:
1404:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1217:
1203:
1158:
1154:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1030:
1024:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
995:the original
985:
974:, retrieved
968:
929:(1): 72–94.
926:
922:
912:
900:. Retrieved
894:
885:
873:. Retrieved
868:
859:
847:. Retrieved
840:the original
830:
811:
805:
793:. Retrieved
786:the original
772:
764:
746:
725:Feral parrot
702:Bird feeding
685:
679:
669:
633:
612:
603:
563:
556:
549:
533:Fort Collins
530:
515:
503:
446:
439:
419:
392:
386:
377:
349:
326:
292:
277:
273:
260:
248:
218:
209:
189:
154:
95:
73:
60:
52:
49:city pigeons
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
29:
2408:Clay pigeon
2393:Photography
2112:19 February
2084:19 February
1440:10 February
1258:awbi.gov.in
902:30 December
875:30 December
682:Rundle Mall
674:Rundle Mall
662:in London.
650:in Venice,
594:Batman Park
2549:Categories
2215:Columbidae
2132:The Pigeon
2106:Seven News
1961:: 237–244.
1895:ABC.net.au
1584:7 November
1558:7 November
1235:5 February
1107:(2): 169.
1101:Bird Study
812:The Pigeon
731:References
676:, Adelaide
652:Dam Square
559:nicarbazin
552:nicarbazin
545:nicarbazin
541:nicarbazin
525:See also:
352:reservoirs
309:See also:
45:city doves
2304:Trumpeter
2282:and types
2253:Crop milk
2017:: 18–25.
1984:: 62–71.
1955:Misc Zool
1938:4 January
1901:29 August
1814:4 January
1704:4 January
1671:4 January
1356:1659-441X
1264:26 August
1080:4 January
1067:"Pigeons"
1004:4 January
943:0037-7791
849:6 January
795:5 January
598:Melbourne
513:, Italy.
462:Esplanadi
430:Pale Male
383:Predators
332:Sheffield
263:July 2019
212:June 2015
204:talk page
65:rock dove
2534:Category
2418:Shooting
2381:Fancying
2371:Dovecote
2232:Domestic
1579:BBC News
1552:BBC News
1522:and the
1506:Archived
1435:15066331
1315:55222315
1195:27588754
1155:PLOS ONE
1131:84205070
1049:21921110
696:See also
537:Colorado
466:Helsinki
323:, London
198:You may
151:Genetics
76:nuisance
2504:Related
2435:Symbols
2361:As food
2338:Utility
2326:Tumbler
2321:Tippler
2294:Fantail
2011:The Auk
1610:27 July
1534:YouTube
1502:YouTube
1464:The Age
1293:Bibcode
1186:5010204
1163:Bibcode
1109:Bibcode
869:Audubon
644:Glasgow
472:in 1921
470:Finland
356:vectors
249:updated
161:alleles
78:and an
2413:Racing
2333:Homing
2316:Roller
2299:Pouter
2280:Breeds
2227:Common
2157:
2138:
1433:
1354:
1313:
1193:
1183:
1129:
1047:
949:
941:
818:
686:Pigeon
670:Pigeon
646:, the
572:, the
511:Venice
436:Poison
2403:Sport
2343:Squab
2289:Fancy
2237:Feral
2124:Books
1932:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1841:(3).
1808:(PDF)
1797:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1311:S2CID
1254:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1127:S2CID
976:1 May
947:JSTOR
714:Squab
621:park.
403:gulls
399:crows
328:Feral
133:Black
121:Brown
109:White
69:Feral
51:, or
2398:Post
2155:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2114:2023
2086:2023
1940:2017
1903:2012
1816:2017
1706:2017
1673:2017
1612:2021
1586:2019
1560:2019
1442:2021
1431:PMID
1352:ISSN
1266:2023
1237:2019
1191:PMID
1082:2008
1045:PMID
1006:2008
978:2015
939:ISSN
904:2021
877:2021
851:2008
816:ISBN
797:2008
625:all.
576:and
442:USDA
401:and
354:and
145:Pied
2440:War
2078:ABC
2052:doi
2019:doi
2015:119
1986:doi
1873:doi
1843:doi
1752:doi
1423:doi
1342:doi
1301:doi
1181:PMC
1171:doi
1117:doi
1035:doi
931:doi
896:BBC
782:BBC
642:in
464:in
409:at
286:or
39:or
2551::
2103:.
2075:.
2050:.
2048:10
2046:.
2042:.
2013:.
2009:.
1980:.
1976:.
1957:.
1923:.
1893:.
1869:88
1867:.
1839:11
1837:.
1833:.
1799:.
1748:35
1746:.
1742:.
1725:86
1723:.
1690:.
1659:.
1641:.
1602:.
1577:.
1550:.
1532:.
1526::
1504:.
1500:.
1481:.
1462:.
1450:^
1429:.
1419:48
1417:.
1413:.
1381:^
1350:.
1336:.
1332:.
1309:.
1299:.
1289:15
1287:.
1283:.
1256:.
1228:.
1189:.
1179:.
1169:.
1159:11
1157:.
1153:.
1139:^
1125:.
1115:.
1105:53
1103:.
1099:.
1057:^
1043:.
1031:61
1029:.
1023:.
959:^
945:.
937:.
927:55
925:.
921:.
893:.
867:.
780:.
754:^
738:^
596:,
535:,
468:,
432:.
397:,
301:.
47:,
2217:)
2213:(
2203:e
2196:t
2189:v
2163:.
2144:.
2116:.
2088:.
2060:.
2054::
2027:.
2021::
1994:.
1988::
1982:7
1959:8
1942:.
1905:.
1879:.
1875::
1851:.
1845::
1818:.
1758:.
1754::
1708:.
1675:.
1614:.
1588:.
1562:.
1536:.
1485:.
1444:.
1425::
1358:.
1344::
1338:7
1317:.
1303::
1295::
1268:.
1239:.
1197:.
1173::
1165::
1133:.
1119::
1111::
1084:.
1051:.
1037::
1008:.
953:.
933::
906:.
879:.
853:.
824:.
799:.
484:.
265:)
261:(
255:.
225:)
219:(
214:)
210:(
196:.
59:(
35:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
