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275:. Using wooden camera models which weighed 30 to 75 grams (1.1 to 2.6 oz), the pigeons were carefully trained for their load. To take an aerial photograph, Neubronner carried a pigeon to a location up to about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from its home, where it was equipped with a camera and released. The bird, keen to be relieved of its burden, would typically fly home on a direct route, at a height of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft). A pneumatic system in the camera controlled the time delay before a photograph was taken. To accommodate the burdened pigeon, the
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making carrier pigeons accept a displaced dovecote with only a minimum of retraining had been tackled with some success by the
Italian army around 1880; the French artillery captain Reynaud solved it by raising the pigeons in an itinerant dovecote. There is no indication that Neubronner was aware of this work, but he knew there must be a solution as he had heard of an itinerant fairground worker who was also a
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Michel's plan to sell his camera to the Swiss Army failed, as he was unable to find a manufacturer to produce it in quantity; only about 100 of his cameras were constructed. After the outbreak of the Second World War Michel patented a shell and harness for the transport of items such as film rolls by
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could be attached. Neubronner's German patent application was initially rejected, but was granted in
December 1908 after he produced authenticated photographs taken by his pigeons. He publicized the technique at the 1909 Dresden International Photographic Exhibition, and sold some images as postcards
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Despite the War
Ministry's position immediately after the First World War, in 1932 it was reported that the German army was training pigeons for photography, and that the German pigeon cameras were capable of 200 exposures per flight. In the same year, the French claimed that they had developed film
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was interested, but some initial skepticism could only be overcome through a series of successful demonstrations. The pigeons proved relatively indifferent to explosions, but during battle a dovecote may need to be moved, and pigeons can take some time to orient to their new position. The problem of
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via pigeon post. He delivered urgent medications up to 75 grams (2.6 oz) by the same method, and positioned some of his pigeons with his wholesaler in
Frankfurt to profit from faster deliveries himself. When one of his pigeons lost its orientation in fog and mysteriously arrived, well-fed, four
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The construction of sufficiently small and light cameras with a timer mechanism, and the training and handling of the birds to carry the necessary loads, presented major challenges, as did the limited control over the pigeons' position, orientation and speed when the photographs were being taken. In
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In a 1920 pamphlet, Neubronner described his last model as weighing slightly more than 40 grams (1.4 oz) and being capable of taking 12 exposures. In 2007, a researcher remarked that only little technical information is available about lenses, shutters and the speed of the photographic media,
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they are classified as test photos on the ground or from a window, human perspectives from the ground or from elevated points, aeroplane-based aerial photographs, aerial photographs of relatively high altitude that were probably taken by pigeons released from a plane, and only a small number of
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In 1920 Neubronner found that ten years of hard work and considerable expenses had been rewarded only with his inclusion in encyclopedias and the satisfaction that an ancillary technology, the mobile dovecote (described below), had proved its worth in the war. Neubronner's panoramic camera is
505:, followed by the state's acquisition of the invention. These plans were thwarted by the outbreak of the war. Neubronner had to provide all his pigeons and equipment to the military, which tested them in the battlefield with satisfactory results, but did not employ the technique more widely.
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According to
Neubronner, there were a dozen different models of his camera. In 1907 he had sufficient success to apply for a patent. Initially his invention "Method of and Means for Taking Photographs of Landscapes from Above" was rejected by the German patent office as impossible, but after
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Top: Sectional view of patented pigeon camera with two lenses. Bottom: Pneumatic system. The camera was activated by inflating the chamber on the left. As the air slowly escaped through the capillary at the bottom, the piston moved back towards the left until it triggered the
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and the 1909 International
Aviation Exhibition in Frankfurt. Spectators in Dresden could watch the arrival of the pigeons, and the aerial photographs they brought back were turned into postcards. Neubronner's photographs won prizes in Dresden as well as at the 1910 and 1911
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of ISO 25/15° – 40/17° and a shutter speed of 1/60 s – 1/100 s. The film was cut to the format 30 mm × 60 mm and bent into a concave shape to prevent unnecessary distortion due to the half-circle movement of the lens.
622:, and improving it with a mechanism to control the delay before the first exposure and to transport the film between exposures. Michel's camera, patented in 1937, weighed only 70 grams (2.5 oz), and may have been one of the first to have a timer operated by
690:'s virtual tour. According to the website, the details of the camera's use are still classified. News reports suggest that the camera was used in the 1970s, that the pigeons were released from planes, and that it was a failure. In 1978 the Swiss magazine
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for messenger pigeons had the greatest impact. Owing to the rapid development of aviation during the war, military interest in pigeon photography faded and
Neubronner abandoned his experiments. The idea was briefly resurrected in the 1930s by a Swiss
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Sakamoto, Kentaro Q.; Takahashi, Akinori; Iwata, Takashi; Trathan, Philip N. (2009), Earley, Ryan L. (ed.), "From the Eye of the
Albatrosses: A Bird-Borne Camera Shows an Association between Albatrosses and a Killer Whale in the Southern Ocean",
599:, some of which show motifs from before 1918 with updated uniforms, began to include a signal corps soldier with a pigeon transport dog. The figurine represents a soldier in the act of releasing a pigeon that carries an oversized pigeon camera.
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discovered abandoned German trucks with pigeon cameras that could take photos in five-minute intervals, as well as dogs trained to carry pigeons in baskets. On the allied side, as late as 1943 it was reported that the
American
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took the oldest surviving aerial photographs, also from a balloon. As photographic techniques made further progress, at the end of the 19th century some pioneers placed cameras in unmanned flying objects. In the 1880s,
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held the bellows in its expanded state until the photo was taken, but condensed it immediately afterwards. This allowed one exposure of size 6 cm Ă— 9 cm on a photographic plate, at a focal length of
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weeks late, Neubronner was inspired with the playful idea of equipping his pigeons with automatic cameras to trace their paths. This thought led him to merge his two hobbies into a new "double sport" combining
700:, taken by a pigeon of Febo de Vries-Baumann equipped with a camera with a hydraulic mechanism. In 2002–2003 the performance artist and pigeon fancier Amos Latteier experimented with pigeon photography using
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were introduced and perfected during the First World War. But pigeon-based photography, despite its practical difficulties, promised to deliver complementary, detailed photographs taken from a lower height.
528:. After the war, the War Ministry responded to Neubronner's inquiry to the effect that the use of pigeons in aerial photography had no military value and further experiments were not justified.
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Neubronner's invention was at least partially motivated by the prospect of military applications. At the time photographic aerial reconnaissance was possible but cumbersome, as it involved
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and mobile dovecotes were used extensively during the Second World War, it is unclear to what extent, if any, they were employed for aerial photography. According to a report in 1942, the
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It is certain, however, that during the Second World War pigeon photography was introduced into German nurseries in toy form. From around 1935 the toy figures produced under the brand
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Die
Brieftaubenphotographie und ihre Bedeutung fĂĽr die Kriegskunst, als Doppelsport, fĂĽr die Wissenschaft und im Dienste der Presse. Nebst einem Anhang: 'Die Kritik des Auslandes'
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with built-in video cameras can also be attached to pigeons. In 2009 researchers made news when a peer-reviewed article discussed the insights they gained by attaching cameras to
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on a train and whilst riding a sled, Neubronner began the development of a light miniature camera that could be fitted to a pigeon's breast by means of a harness and an aluminum
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film with a speed of ISO 8/10°. The exposed format was 10 mm × 34 mm. The quality was sufficient for a tenfold magnification. In the catalog of the 2007 exhibition
682:, foreign spies use pigeon photography to obtain photographs of a secret British base, and a talking parrot to smuggle the information out of the country. The United States
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In the 1980s a small number of high-quality replica Doppel-Sport cameras were made by Rolf Oberländer. One was acquired in 1999 by the Swiss Camera Museum in Vevey.
407:, which Neubronner tried to market around 1910. It captured a panoramic view on 3 cm Ă— 8 cm film. It never went into serial production, though.
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355:) became famous due to its accidental inclusion of the photographer's wing tips. In a breach of copyright it was shown in German cinemas as part of the weekly
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presentation of authenticated photographs the patent was granted in December 1908. (The rejection was based on a misconception about the carrying capacity of
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with a mobile dovecote in flashy colors. In months of laborious work he trained young pigeons to return to the dovecote even after it was displaced.
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holds around 1,000 photographs taken for test purposes during the development of Michel's camera. Most of the photos were taken with 16 mm
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610:, much more is known about the pigeon cameras developed at about the same time by the Swiss clockmaker Christian Adrian Michel (1912–1980) in
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into the besieged capital. Altogether 150,000 individual private telegrams and state dispatches were delivered. In an 1889 experiment of the
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using only his mobile dovecote. Almost 10 years of negotiations were scheduled to end in August 1914 with a practical test at a maneuver in
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55 Jahre Liebhaberphotograph: Erinnerungen mitgeteilt bei Gelegenheit des fünfzehnjährigen Bestehens der Fabrik für Trockenklebematerial
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In a panoramic camera, the focal-plane shutter was replaced by a rotation of 180° of the lens itself. This model was the basis for the
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331:.) The technology became widely known through Neubronner's participation in the 1909 International Photographic Exhibition in
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fancying with amateur photography. (Neubronner later learned that his pigeon had been in the custody of a restaurant chef in
1911:, Miniatur-Bibliothek für Sport und Spiel (in German), vol. 30–31, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt a. M., Paris: Grethlein,
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The "double camera" described in the patent had two lenses pointing in opposite directions (forward/backward), each with a
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Rapport concernant le traitement de conservation-restauration d'une série de petits appareils photographiques pour pigeons
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Rapport concernant le traitement de conservation-restauration d'une série de petits appareils photographiques pour pigeons
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Michel created an operating manual, but could not find a production partner before the outbreak of the Second World War.
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251:, resumed a practice begun by his father half a century earlier and received prescriptions from a sanatorium in nearby
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1024:), Neubronner, Julius, issued 1908-12-02, filed 1907-06-20. Neubronner also obtained corresponding patents in France (
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101:
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1463:), published 1937-12-01, issued 1937-09-15, filed 1936-02-03. Michel also obtained corresponding patents in Germany (
1461:"Photographieapparat mit schwenkbarem, mit selbsttätiger Auslösung versehenem Objektiv, insbesondere für Brieftauben"
104:(CIA) later developed a battery-powered camera designed for espionage pigeon photography; details of its use remain
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Brons, Franziska (2006), "Faksimile: "siehe oben"", in Bredekamp, Horst; Bruhn, Matthias; Werner, Gabriele (eds.),
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618:'s carrier pigeons service in 1931, and in 1933 he began work on adapting Neubronner's panoramic camera to
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Wittenburg, Jan-Peter (2007), "Photographie aus der Vogelschau: zur Geschichte der Brieftaubenkamera",
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Wittenburg, Jan-Peter (2007), "Photographie aus der Vogelschau: zur Geschichte der Brieftaubenkamera",
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1535:(in French), Vevey: Musée suisse de l'appareil photographique, 2007, pp. 16–29, archived from
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in 1896 became famous. Amedee Denisse equipped a rocket with a camera and a parachute in 1888, and
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2007:
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1165:(in French), Vevey: Musée suisse de l'appareil photographique, 2007, pp. 4–11, archived from
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704:(APS) and digital cameras and turned the results into "PowerPointillist" lecture performances in
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Denkschrift der Ersten Internationalen Luftschiffahrts-Ausstellung (Ila) zu Frankfurt a.M. 1909
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1022:"Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Photographieren von Geländeabschnitten aus der Vogelperspektive"
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Denkschrift der Ersten Internationalen Luftschiffahrts-Ausstellung (Ila) zu Frankfurt a.M. 1909
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1473:"Appareil photographique à déclenchement automatique, particulièrement pour pigeons-messagers"
1469:"Appareil photographique à déclenchement automatique, particulièrement pour pigeons-messagers"
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to obtain live footage, and today some researchers, enthusiasts and artists similarly deploy
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1944:Ă„schlimann, Heinz (2008), "Die Entstehung des Bildes mit einer Brieftauben-Panoramakamera",
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Neubronner, Julius (1910), "Die Photographie mit Brieftauben", in Wachsmuth, Richard (ed.),
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Neubronner, Julius (1910), "Die Photographie mit Brieftauben", in Wachsmuth, Richard (ed.),
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cameras for pigeons as well as a method for having the birds released behind enemy lines by
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1514:), Michel, Christian Adrian, published 1941-07-16, issued 1941-04-30, filed 1940-06-22.
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In 1912 Neubronner completed his task (set in 1909) of photographing the waterworks at
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Brons, Franziska (2006), "Bilder im Fluge: Julius Neubronners Brieftaubenfotografie",
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Brons, Franziska (2006), "Bilder im Fluge: Julius Neubronners Brieftaubenfotografie",
1026:"Procédé et appareil pour prendre des vues photographiques de paysages de haut en bas"
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Modern technology allows extension of the principle to video cameras. In the 2004
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camera had similar characteristics, but both lenses pointed in the same direction.
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1034:"Vorrichtung zum Photographieren von Geländeabschnitten aus der Vogelperspektive"
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One model was capable of transporting film and taking several exposures in a row.
19:"Pigeon camera" redirects here. For the song by the band The Tragically Hip, see
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were used extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, both for civil
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presented spectacular films taken by miniature television cameras attached to
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carrier pigeon. Between 2002 and 2007 three of his cameras were auctioned by
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but reported that Neubronner obtained the film for his panoramic camera from
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at the Frankfurt International Aviation Exhibition and at the 1910 and 1911
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Real birds eye view! Golden Eagle in flight – Animal Camera – BBC
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Die Luftschiffahrt nach ihrer geschichtlichen und gegenwärtigen Entwicklung
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Die Luftschiffahrt nach ihrer geschichtlichen und gegenwärtigen Entwicklung
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Die Luftschiffahrt nach ihrer geschichtlichen und gegenwärtigen Entwicklung
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In a short book published in 1909 Neubronner described five camera models:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 18 August 2017
1962:(in French), Basel: Art Metal Conservation GmbH, p. 4, archived from
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In the 1967 episode "The Bird Who Knew Too Much" of the television series
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1465:"Panoramakamera mit schwenkbarem Objektiv, insbesondere fĂĽr Brieftauben"
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Ruhmesblätter der Technik – Von den Urerfindungen bis zur Gegenwart
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1725:(in German), Deutsche Kindermedienstiftung Goldener Spatz, p. 78.
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Mattison, David (2008), "Aerial photography", in Hannavy, John (ed.),
686:(CIA) developed a battery-powered pigeon camera now on display in the
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1998:(in French), Vevey: Musée suisse de l'appareil photographique, 2007,
1030:"Method of and Means for Taking Photographs of Landscapes from Above"
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saw a renaissance. Neubronner's mobile dovecote found its way to the
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provided encouraging results, but the ancillary technology of mobile
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1981:
Häfliger, Rolf (2008), "Eine Brieftaubenkamera aus der Schweiz?",
1826:"Bird's Eye View: Camera-Laden Albatrosses Snap Spectacular Shots"
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Häfliger, Rolf (2008), "Eine Brieftaubenkamera aus der Schweiz?",
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Faszination des Augenblicks: Eine Technikgeschichte der Fotografie
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Four-year-old homing pigeon that made 15 ascents in a balloon
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1002:(in German), Frankfurt am Main: Gebrüder Knauer, pp. 23–31,
758:. The lipstick-sized cameras took a photo every 30 seconds.
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750:. The cameras have a weight of 28 grams (1 oz). Miniature
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had a spacious, elastic landing board and a large entry hole.
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469:' successful flight in 1903 presented new possibilities, and
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1612:"CIA gadgets: robot fish, pigeon camera, jungle microphones"
918:
Neubronner, Julius (1908), "Die Brieftaube als Photograph",
165:. Many others followed him, and high-quality photographs of
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Initially, the military potential of pigeon photography for
539:
includes a replica of a pigeon camera in its collection.
30:
Pigeon with German miniature camera, probably during the
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was aware of the possibility of adopting the technique.
1872:
Gradenwitz, Alfred (1908), "Les pigeons photographes",
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exposures at a time determined by the pneumatic system.
1894:(in German), Berlin: Julius Springer, pp. 77–96,
796:
Professional Aerial Photographers Association (2007),
970:(in German), Leipzig: Brandstetter, pp. 544–553.
902:(in German), Berlin: Julius Springer, pp. 77–96.
116:(BBC) used miniature television cameras attached to
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825:(in German), München: Oldenbourg, pp. 384–386.
1635:"True to form, CIA keeps its spy museum hush-hush"
1477:"Improvements in or relating to Panoramic-cameras"
1443:Sale 9965, Lot 266. South Kensington, 2004-11-16.
1436:Sale 9509, Lot 500. South Kensington, 2002-11-19.
781:(in German), München: Oldenbourg, pp. 395–397
1450:Sale 5144, Lot 378. South Kensington, 2007-06-06.
993:
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989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
913:
911:
909:
893:
891:
2083:
1084:(in German), Akademie Verlag, pp. 58–63,
884:(in German), MĂĽnchen: Oldenbourg, p. 406.
838:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography
2495:
2130:
1522:
1520:
219:film negatives to the ground by pigeon post.
8:
1909:Brieftaubensport und Brieftaubenphotographie
1487:
1485:
1425:
1423:
1377:"Pigeons carry cameras to spy for Nazi army"
1255:"Les lois de l'orientation chez les animaux"
1242:(in French), vol. 30, pp. 481–490.
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
935:
933:
696:printed an aerial photograph of a street in
653:
322:The patented camera with cuirass and harness
4047:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1329:(2), Hearst Magazines: 216, February 1932,
1319:"Carrier pigeons take photos automatically"
79:appeared interesting. Battlefield tests in
3784:Comparison of digital and film photography
2502:
2488:
2480:
2137:
2123:
2115:
4004:Photographs considered the most important
1805:
1795:
639:Musée suisse de l'appareil photographique
604:Musée suisse de l'appareil photographique
449:and darkroom as shown at 1909 exhibitions
374:, the camera could take two simultaneous
44:technique invented in 1907 by the German
2100:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1682:"Visual Reviews – PowerPointillism"
840:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 12–15,
1658:"A report on pigeon aerial photography"
1412:Schnug, Ernst (1988), "Die Fototaube",
1383:, Hearst Magazines: 33, September 1942.
1214:Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin (2007),
1103:
1101:
1053:(in French), 1909-06-12, archived from
767:
508:Instead, under the novel conditions of
1885:(in German), Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch.
1570:(in French), p. 4, archived from
1234:Etat-Major Des Armées, France (1886),
1075:
1073:
1071:
791:
789:
746:, transmitted to a nearby receiver by
177:also used rocket photography in 1897.
1236:"Les colombiers militaires en Italie"
861:Dagron, Prudent René Patrice (1870),
551:German toy soldier with camera pigeon
148:were taken in 1858 by the balloonist
7:
1273:"The pigeon spy and his work in war"
602:Thanks to research conducted by the
370:of 40 mm. Operated by a single
63:to which a lightweight time-delayed
59:was fitted with an aluminium breast
3999:Museums devoted to one photographer
3546:Timeline of photography technology
2036:and several videos thus obtained.
391:One model had its lens fixed to a
14:
4127:Audiovisual introductions in 1907
2425:United States Army Pigeon Service
2420:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
1907:Oelze, Friedrich Wilhelm (1910),
1191:Deutsches Museum MĂĽnchen (2007),
416:. For this camera he estimated a
203:telegrams per pigeon flight from
128:with various species of animals.
96:were deployed extensively during
4097:
4087:
4086:
2464:
2463:
2082:
1824:de Swaaf, Kurt F. (2009-08-10),
1399:Flight and the Aircraft Engineer
114:British Broadcasting Corporation
4098:
2401:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
1992:Des pigeons photographes ?
1697:Gallivan, Joseph (2003-01-31),
1512:"DepeschenhĂĽlse fĂĽr Brieftaube"
1365:(in French): 55, February 1932.
798:"History of aerial photography"
708:. In a 2008 film adaptation of
1341:"Carrier pigeons with cameras"
1193:"New Exhibition: Photo + Film"
864:La poste par pigeons voyageurs
305:: Pigeons fitted with cameras.
1:
3596:Painted photography backdrops
3528:Golden triangle (composition)
2803:35 mm equivalent focal length
1723:Goldener Spatz 2009 (Katalog)
1446:Pigeon camera Model A no. 803
1439:Pigeon camera Model B no. 937
1432:Pigeon camera model A no. 948
1240:Revue militaire de l'Ă©tranger
516:in their traditional role as
405:Doppel-Sport Panoramic Camera
267:After successfully testing a
16:Aerial photography by pigeons
2391:American Racing Pigeon Union
1953:Berger, Olivier (May 2008),
1830:Spiegel Online International
1797:10.1371/journal.pone.0007322
1633:Eisler, Peter (2008-07-14),
878:Hildebrandt, Alfred (1907),
867:, Paris: Lahure, p. 21.
819:Hildebrandt, Alfred (1907),
775:Hildebrandt, Alfred (1907),
659:typical pigeon photographs.
4147:Military history of Germany
3306:Intentional camera movement
1881:Neubronner, Julius (1909),
1743:. 2004-03-05. BBC. BBC one.
1508:"Traggerät für Brieftauben"
1223:(in German), pp. 4–13.
1199:(in German), archived from
998:Neubronner, Julius (1920),
942:"Pigeons as picture-makers"
940:Gradenwitz, Alfred (1908),
684:Central Intelligence Agency
427:German Museum of Technology
102:Central Intelligence Agency
4173:
3994:Most expensive photographs
3351:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2034:application of the harness
1876:(in French) (3429): 322ff.
1763:, retrieved on 2011-04-09.
1680:Bowie, Chas (2003-01-30),
1610:Bridis, Ted (2003-12-26),
1475:) and the United Kingdom (
1047:"Les pigeons photographes"
663:After the Second World War
199:carried up to 50,000
169:taken with this method by
55:to deliver medications. A
18:
4082:
2459:
2157:
1589:"CIA Museum virtual tour"
1529:Des pigeons photographes?
1506:Swiss patents CH 214355 (
1395:"Pigeons as birds of war"
1159:Des pigeons photographes?
1020:German patent DE 204721 (
655:Des pigeons photographes?
614:. He was assigned to the
567:Drawing from Swiss patent
3928:Digital image processing
2289:Relationship with humans
1985:(in German) (45): 34–43.
1561:Berger, Olivier (2008),
1496:(in German) (45): 34–43.
1459:Swiss patent CH 192864 (
1299:International Spy Museum
946:Technical World Magazine
533:International Spy Museum
289:: Aerial photographs of
231:Julius Neubronner (1914)
4152:Photographic techniques
3601:Photography and the law
2396:National Pigeon Service
1416:(in German) (1): 17–19.
1277:Popular Science Monthly
1028:), the United Kingdom (
712:by the German director
486:with a dovecote in his
163:kite aerial photography
3948:Gelatin silver process
2972:Science of photography
2957:Photographic processes
2935:Perspective distortion
2311:IP over Avian Carriers
2078:
2058:Listen to this article
1983:Photographica Cabinett
1948:(in German) (45): 43f.
1946:Photographica Cabinett
1494:Photographica Cabinett
1401:: 455–457, 1943-10-21.
1082:Bilder ohne Betrachter
966:(1910), "Taubenpost",
675:
654:
568:
560:
552:
450:
323:
315:
306:
295:Bottom left and center
243:in the German town of
232:
141:
34:
4137:Aerial reconnaissance
3406:Schlieren photography
2945:Photographic printing
2868:Exposure compensation
2077:
1853:Related to Neubronner
1429:Christie's auctions:
1261:(in French): 380–402.
1259:Revue des deux mondes
802:papainternational.org
752:digital audio players
702:Advanced Photo System
671:Pigeon camera in the
670:
566:
558:
550:
479:Prussian War Ministry
471:surveillance aircraft
444:
349:Schloss Friedrichshof
345:Schlosshotel Kronberg
321:
312:
291:Schlosshotel Kronberg
285:
230:
211:Technical Society at
139:
77:aerial reconnaissance
29:
3190:Straight photography
2828:Chromatic aberration
2407:British Homing World
2204:Sarcocystis calchasi
2198:Olfactory navigation
2109:More spoken articles
1703:The Portland Tribune
1253:Reynaud, G. (1898),
445:Neubronner's mobile
197:pigeon post of Paris
195:of 1870, the famous
4057:photographic plates
3742:Digital photography
2920:Hyperfocal distance
2833:Circle of confusion
2451:Wild pigeon species
2321:Bird fancier's lung
1788:2009PLoSO...4.7322S
1197:deutsches-museum.de
526:Battle of the Somme
372:focal-plane shutter
193:Franco-Prussian War
154:James Wallace Black
4132:Aerial photography
3561:Autochrome Lumière
3556:Analog photography
3381:Pigeon photography
3170:Social documentary
2649:discontinued films
2446:Wild pigeon genera
2079:
1363:Lectures Pour Tous
1359:"Le pigeon espion"
1345:The Canberra Times
676:
569:
561:
553:
451:
429:in Berlin and the
353:Kaiserin Friedrich
324:
316:
307:
269:Ticka watch camera
233:
171:William Abner Eddy
161:experimented with
146:aerial photographs
142:
42:aerial photography
38:Pigeon photography
35:
4112:
4111:
3913:Collodion process
3849:Chromogenic print
3836:Color photography
3346:Multiple exposure
3321:Lo-fi photography
2848:Color temperature
2477:
2476:
2181:Life and behavior
2146:Pigeons and doves
2075:
1938:Related to Michel
1510:) and CH 214356 (
1381:Popular Mechanics
1323:Popular Mechanics
1283:(1): 30–31, 1916.
1091:978-3-05-004286-2
847:978-0-415-97235-2
647:orthopanchromatic
510:attrition warfare
425:displayed at the
397:scissor mechanism
237:Julius Neubronner
223:Julius Neubronner
49:Julius Neubronner
4164:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4089:
3968:Print permanence
3918:Cross processing
3876:CMYK color model
3861:Color management
3814:Foveon X3 sensor
3809:Three-CCD camera
3453:Miniature faking
3411:Sabattier effect
3023:Astrophotography
2878:Zebra patterning
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2430:Up North Combine
2413:Show of the Year
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2099:
2097:
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2076:
2066:
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2014:
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2006:, archived from
1997:
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1968:
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1705:, archived from
1693:
1688:, archived from
1686:Portland Mercury
1675:
1673:
1667:, archived from
1662:
1656:Latteier, Amos,
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:, archived from
1630:
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1618:, archived from
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1347:: 2, 1932-04-13.
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706:Portland, Oregon
657:
543:Second World War
522:Battle of Verdun
431:Deutsches Museum
351:after its owner
343:A photograph of
329:domestic pigeons
213:Saint Petersburg
209:Imperial Russian
65:miniature camera
51:, who also used
21:Fully Completely
4172:
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4117:
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4078:
4035:
3982:
3973:Push processing
3894:
3887:
3881:RGB color model
3830:
3736:
3620:
3532:
3498:Diagonal method
3484:
3224:
3128:Photojournalism
2991:
2823:Black-and-white
2791:
2770:Slide projector
2765:Movie projector
2644:available films
2513:
2508:
2478:
2473:
2455:
2434:
2379:
2284:
2246:Flying/Sporting
2209:
2176:
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2112:
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2095:
2093:
2090:This audio file
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1848:Further reading
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1295:"Pigeon Camera"
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710:Sleeping Beauty
665:
620:16 mm film
545:
537:Washington D.C.
467:Wright brothers
439:
437:First World War
338:Paris Air Shows
225:
134:
70:Paris Air Shows
32:First World War
24:
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2119:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2030:"newpigeonguy"
2020:
2019:External links
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:on 2011-07-06.
1987:
1978:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1921:
1904:
1887:
1878:
1874:L'Illustration
1869:
1861:Fotogeschichte
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1765:
1746:
1728:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1709:on 2011-03-24.
1694:
1692:on 2011-03-24.
1674:on 2011-03-24.
1648:
1645:on 2011-06-23.
1625:
1622:on 2009-12-29.
1602:
1599:on 2024-05-25.
1580:
1577:on 2011-07-07.
1553:
1542:on 6 July 2011
1516:
1499:
1481:
1452:
1419:
1404:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1310:
1286:
1264:
1245:
1226:
1206:
1203:on 2024-05-25.
1183:
1172:on 6 July 2011
1138:
1129:Fotogeschichte
1119:
1097:
1090:
1067:
1038:
1013:
973:
964:Feldhaus, F.M.
955:
929:
926:(41): 814–818.
905:
887:
870:
853:
846:
828:
811:
808:on 2024-05-25.
785:
766:
765:
763:
760:
664:
661:
544:
541:
484:pigeon fancier
438:
435:
409:
408:
401:
389:
386:
379:
258:carrier pigeon
224:
221:
181:Homing pigeons
133:
130:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4157:Working birds
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4115:
4105:
4096:
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4042:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:Photographers
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
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3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Bleach bypass
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:primary color
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Reversal film
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Image sharing
3819:
3815:
3812:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
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3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:United States
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
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3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Daguerreotype
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
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3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
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3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Stopping down
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Rephotography
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Long-exposure
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Architectural
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Shutter speed
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Metering mode
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Color balance
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Angle of view
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Manufacturers
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
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2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
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2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
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2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
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2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:Organizations
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Domestication
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:demonstrates
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1969:on 2011-07-07
1965:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:(in German),
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:(100): 17–36.
1866:
1863:(in German),
1862:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1836:on 2011-03-24
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:(10): e7322,
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1741:Animal Camera
1738:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
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1426:
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1420:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
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1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1290:
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1260:
1256:
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1237:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:(100): 17–36.
1134:
1131:(in German),
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:(in German),
1111:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1057:on 2011-07-08
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
974:
969:
965:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
894:
892:
888:
883:
882:
874:
871:
866:
865:
857:
854:
849:
843:
839:
832:
829:
824:
823:
815:
812:
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
786:
780:
779:
771:
768:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Steve Leonard
729:
728:Animal Camera
725:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
674:
669:
662:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
565:
557:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
422:
419:
415:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:(then called
346:
341:
339:
334:
330:
320:
311:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:homing pigeon
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
33:
28:
22:
4114:
4069:Polaroid art
3963:K-14 process
3958:Instant film
3953:Gum printing
3908:C-41 process
3893:Photographic
3794:Image sensor
3789:Film scanner
3443:Sun printing
3380:
3376:Print toning
3163:space selfie
3133:Pictorialism
3063:Ethnographic
3043:Conservation
2915:Guide number
2910:Focal length
2405:
2365:Release dove
2327:
2202:
2193:Intelligence
2008:the original
1991:
1982:
1971:, retrieved
1964:the original
1955:
1945:
1932:(59): 16–22.
1929:
1925:
1908:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1834:the original
1829:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1755:Newpigeonguy
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1707:the original
1702:
1699:"Bird brain"
1690:the original
1685:
1669:the original
1664:
1651:
1643:the original
1638:
1628:
1620:the original
1615:
1605:
1597:the original
1592:
1583:
1572:the original
1563:
1556:
1544:, retrieved
1537:the original
1528:
1502:
1493:
1471:), Belgium (
1455:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1216:
1209:
1201:the original
1196:
1186:
1174:, retrieved
1167:the original
1158:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1116:(59): 16–22.
1113:
1109:
1081:
1059:, retrieved
1055:the original
1050:
1041:
1016:
999:
967:
958:
949:
945:
923:
919:
899:
880:
873:
863:
856:
837:
831:
821:
814:
806:the original
801:
777:
770:
727:
721:
718:
691:
680:The Avengers
677:
638:
636:
628:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:Signal Corps
578:
574:trained dogs
570:
530:
507:
496:
476:
452:
423:
410:
383:stereoscopic
368:focal length
361:
348:
342:
325:
302:
294:
286:
266:
234:
179:
175:Alfred Nobel
159:Arthur Batut
143:
110:
98:World War II
74:
37:
36:
4074:Stereoscopy
3938:E-6 process
3933:Dye coupler
3866:color space
3779:Digiscoping
3772:camera back
3687:Philippines
3616:Visual arts
3606:Glass plate
3591:Heliography
3490:Composition
3465:Ultraviolet
3421:Stereoscopy
3416:Slow motion
3401:Scanography
3316:Kite aerial
3256:Contre-jour
3148:Post-mortem
3138:Pornography
3118:Neues Sehen
3053:Documentary
2987:Zone System
2962:Reciprocity
2888:Film format
2818:Backscatter
2796:Terminology
2666:beauty dish
2565:rangefinder
2530:light-field
2511:Photography
2343:Clay pigeon
2328:Photography
1467:), France (
920:Die Umschau
756:albatrosses
714:Arend Agthe
634:in London.
585:Soviet army
581:war pigeons
518:pigeon post
514:war pigeons
433:in Munich.
400:85 mm.
393:bag bellows
376:glass plate
253:Falkenstein
201:microfilmed
189:war pigeons
185:pigeon post
126:crittercams
94:war pigeons
81:World War I
4142:Columbidae
4121:Categories
4064:Lomography
3895:processing
3844:Print film
3760:comparison
3727:Uzbekistan
3677:Luxembourg
3637:Bangladesh
3586:Dufaycolor
3566:Box camera
3523:Simplicity
3480:Zoom burst
3475:Xerography
3470:Vignetting
3460:Time-lapse
3448:Tilt–shift
3341:Mordançage
3331:Luminogram
3296:Holography
3291:High-speed
3271:Fill flash
3251:Burst mode
3229:Techniques
3210:Vernacular
3205:Underwater
3200:Toy camera
3180:Still life
3108:Monochrome
3098:High-speed
3048:Cloudscape
3038:Conceptual
2940:Photograph
2925:Lens flare
2905:Film speed
2787:Zone plate
2733:wide-angle
2718:long-focus
2150:Columbidae
2105:Audio help
2096:2017-08-18
1973:2009-07-12
1926:Photo Deal
1820:See also:
1757:'s channel
1737:"Airborne"
1676:See also:
1304:2023-02-21
1110:Photo Deal
1061:2009-06-30
952:: 485–487.
762:References
748:microwaves
693:L'Illustré
688:CIA Museum
673:CIA Museum
632:Christie's
616:Swiss Army
503:Strasbourg
418:film speed
241:apothecary
152:; in 1860
144:The first
112:2004, the
106:classified
90:clockmaker
46:apothecary
4014:Norwegian
3978:Stop bath
3923:Developer
3551:Ambrotype
3513:Lead room
3436:Slit-scan
3371:Photogram
3366:Panoramic
3276:Fireworks
3261:Cyanotype
3103:Landscape
2748:telephoto
2696:reflector
2691:monolight
2686:lens hood
2671:cucoloris
2607:safelight
2518:Equipment
2239:Trumpeter
2217:and types
2188:Crop milk
2004:428248338
1917:251937979
1639:USA Today
1616:USA Today
1335:0032-4558
624:clockwork
597:Elastolin
579:Although
359:in 1929.
314:exposure.
299:Frankfurt
262:Wiesbaden
249:Frankfurt
217:collodion
191:. In the
85:dovecotes
4093:Category
3799:CMOS APS
3697:Slovenia
3625:Regional
3571:Calotype
3508:Headroom
3386:Redscale
3301:Infrared
3246:Brenizer
3220:Wildlife
3143:Portrait
3088:Forensic
3078:Fine-art
3013:Aircraft
3003:Abstract
2883:F-number
2863:Exposure
2838:Clipping
2813:Aperture
2681:hot shoe
2602:enlarger
2597:Darkroom
2469:Category
2353:Shooting
2316:Fancying
2306:Dovecote
2167:Domestic
2107: ·
1900:44169647
1816:19809497
1776:PLOS ONE
1665:Homepage
1546:16 April
1176:16 April
1051:Le Matin
744:goshawks
726:program
492:darkroom
455:balloons
447:dovecote
357:newsreel
287:Top left
277:dovecote
245:Kronberg
235:In 1903
122:goshawks
4104:Outline
4040:Related
3732:Vietnam
3717:Ukraine
3652:Denmark
3632:Albania
3611:Tintype
3538:History
3503:Framing
3396:Rollout
3361:Panning
3311:Kirlian
3215:Wedding
3093:Glamour
3073:Fashion
3058:Eclipse
3028:Banquet
2950:Albumen
2760:Monopod
2738:fisheye
2706:softbox
2555:pinhole
2545:instant
2535:digital
2439:Related
2370:Symbols
2296:As food
2273:Utility
2261:Tumbler
2256:Tippler
2229:Fantail
2094: (
2065:minutes
2050:YouTube
2026:YouTube
1807:2752807
1784:Bibcode
1761:YouTube
1593:cia.gov
1008:3113299
740:falcons
488:trailer
463:rockets
333:Dresden
273:cuirass
187:and as
132:Origins
118:falcons
61:harness
53:pigeons
4102:
4091:
4024:street
4019:Polish
3712:Turkey
3707:Taiwan
3692:Serbia
3682:Norway
3657:Greece
3642:Canada
3236:Afocal
3195:Street
3175:Sports
3158:Selfie
3113:Nature
3068:Erotic
3033:Candid
3008:Aerial
2996:Genres
2898:medium
2775:Tripod
2743:swivel
2656:Filter
2634:holder
2629:format
2525:Camera
2348:Racing
2268:Homing
2251:Roller
2234:Pouter
2215:Breeds
2162:Common
2002:
1915:
1898:
1814:
1804:
1333:
1088:
1006:
844:
736:eagles
465:. The
167:Boston
40:is an
4029:women
3987:Lists
3943:Fixer
3826:Pixel
3755:D-SLR
3702:Sudan
3672:Korea
3667:Japan
3662:India
3647:China
3431:Strip
3356:Night
3336:Macro
3241:Bokeh
3185:Stock
3153:Ruins
2893:large
2723:prime
2701:snoot
2661:Flash
2639:stock
2614:Drone
2575:still
2560:press
2550:phone
2540:field
2338:Sport
2278:Squab
2224:Fancy
2172:Feral
2028:user
2011:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1661:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
698:Basel
643:Vevey
612:Walde
608:Vevey
499:Tegel
459:kites
303:Right
247:near
239:, an
205:Tours
150:Nadar
4052:film
3767:MILC
3266:ETTR
3123:Nude
3083:Fire
2982:Sync
2780:head
2728:zoom
2713:Lens
2676:gobo
2624:base
2619:Film
2590:view
2333:Post
2000:OCLC
1913:OCLC
1896:OCLC
1812:PMID
1548:2013
1331:ISSN
1178:2013
1086:ISBN
1004:OCLC
842:ISBN
742:and
650:Agfa
637:The
531:The
477:The
414:ADOX
395:. A
120:and
3804:CCD
2585:toy
2580:TLR
2570:SLR
2375:War
2048:on
1802:PMC
1792:doi
1759:on
724:BBC
641:at
606:at
535:in
461:or
264:.)
4123::
2063:24
2024:A
1865:26
1828:,
1810:,
1800:,
1790:,
1778:,
1739:.
1701:,
1684:,
1663:,
1637:,
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1591:,
1519:^
1484:^
1479:).
1422:^
1397:,
1379:,
1361:,
1343:,
1327:57
1325:,
1321:,
1297:.
1281:88
1279:,
1275:,
1257:,
1238:,
1195:,
1141:^
1133:26
1100:^
1070:^
1049:,
1036:).
976:^
950:10
948:,
944:,
932:^
924:12
922:,
908:^
890:^
800:,
788:^
738:,
730:,
626:.
576:.
512:,
457:,
381:A
340:.
301:.
297::
293:.
108:.
72:.
2503:e
2496:t
2489:v
2152:)
2148:(
2138:e
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2111:)
2103:(
2098:)
2067:)
2060:(
2052:.
1976:.
1930:4
1919:.
1902:.
1838:.
1818:.
1794::
1786::
1780:4
1550:.
1448:.
1441:.
1434:.
1307:.
1180:.
1114:4
1094:.
1064:.
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