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810:. This was unacceptable for their opponents for two reasons: the first that live force conservation did not apply to so-called âhardâ bodies, bodies that were totally incompressible, whereas the other two conservation principles did; the second was that live force was defined by the product of mass and square of velocity. Why did the velocity appear twice in this quantity, as squaring it suggests? The Leibnizians argued this was simple enough: there was a natural tendency in all matter towards motion, so even at rest, there is an inherent velocity in bodies; when they begin to move, there is a second velocity term corresponding to their actual motion.
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existent? Le hasard, diroit-on, avoit produit une multitude innombrable d'Individus; un petit nombre se trouvoit construit de maniere que les parties de l'Animal pouvoient satisfaire à ses besoins; dans un autre infiniment plus grand, il n'y avoit ni convenance, ni ordre: tous ces derniers ont péri; des
Animaux sans bouche ne pouvoient pas vivre, d'autres qui manquoient d'organes pour la gĂ©nĂ©ration ne pouvoient pas se perpĂ©tuer; les feuls qui soient restĂ©s, sont ceux oĂč se trouvoient l'ordre & la convenance: & ces especes que nous voyons aujourd'hui, ne sont que la plus petite partie de ce qu'un destin aveugle avoit produit.
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Chance, it may be said, had produced an innumerable multitude of individuals; a small number found themselves constructed in such a manner that the parts of the animal were able to satisfy its needs; in another infinitely greater number, there was neither fitness nor order: all of these latter have perished. Animals lacking a mouth could not live; others lacking reproductive organs could not perpetuate themselves; the only ones that remained are those in which order and fitness were found; and these species, which we see today, are but the smallest part of what blind destiny had produced.
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835:) of 1750. He shows that the major arguments advanced to prove God, from the wonders of nature or the apparent regularity of the universe, are all open to objection (what wonder is there in the existence of certain particularly repulsive insects, what regularity is there in the observation that all the planets turn in nearly the same plane â exactly the same plane might have been striking but 'nearly the same plane' is far less convincing). But a universal principle of wisdom provides an undeniable proof of the shaping of the universe by a wise creator.
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798:), this time to the Berlin Academy of Sciences, which showed that point masses also minimise action. Point masses are bodies that can be treated for the purposes of analysis as being a certain amount of matter (a mass) concentrated at a single point. A major debate in the early part of the eighteenth century concerned the behaviour of such bodies in collisions.
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product of mass, velocity and distance is mathematically the equivalent of the product of the live force and time; thus the integral over distance of the product of mass and velocity is equivalent of the integral over time of the live force. Leibniz had already shown that this quantity is likely to be either minimised
526:"The brilliance of much of what he did was undermined by his tendency to leave work unfinished, his failure to realise his own potential. It was the insight of genius that led him to least-action principle, but a lack of intellectual energy or rigour that prevented his giving it the mathematical foundation that
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But what are we to say when we find Kant's most important and brilliant doctrine, that of the ideality of space and of the merely phenomenal existence of the corporeal world, expressed already thirty years previously by
Maupertuis? ... Maupertuis expresses this paradoxical doctrine so decidedly,
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states that in all natural phenomena a quantity called 'action' tends to be minimised. Maupertuis developed such a principle over two decades. For him, action could be expressed mathematically as the product of the mass of the body involved, the distance it had travelled and the velocity at which it
819:
For
Maupertuis, however, it was important to retain the concept of the hard body. And the beauty of his principle of least action was that it applied just as well to hard and elastic bodies. Since he had shown that the principle also applied to systems of bodies at rest and to light, it seemed that
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The flaws in his reasoning are principally that there is no obvious reason why the product of mass, velocity and distance should be particularly viewed as corresponding to action, and even less reason why its minimisation should be an 'economy' principle like a minimisation of effort. Indeed, the
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The final stage of his argument came when
Maupertuis set out to interpret his principle in cosmological terms. âLeast actionâ sounds like an economy principle, roughly equivalent to the idea of economy of effort in daily life. A universal principle of economy of effort would seem to display the
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But could one not say that, in the fortuitous combinations of the productions of nature, as there were but some where certain relations of fitness were present which be able to subsist, it is not to be wondered at that this fitness is present in all the species that are currently in existence?
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Mais ne pourroit-on pas dire, que dans la combinaison fortuite des productions de la Nature, comme il n'y avoit que celles oĂč se trouvoient certains rapports de convenance, qui pussent subsister, il n'est pas merveilleux que cette convenance se trouve dans toutes les especes qui actuellement
567:, pointing to phenomena incompatible with a concept of a good and wise Creator. He was also one of the first to consider animals in terms of variable populations, in opposition to the natural history tradition that emphasised description of individual specimens.
787:) to show that the behaviour of light during refraction â when it bends on entering a new medium â was such that the total path it followed, from a point in the first medium to a point in the second, minimised a quantity which he again assimilated to action.
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would provide... He reveals remarkable powers of perception in heredity, in understanding the mechanism by which species developed, even in immunology, but no fully elaborated theory. His philosophical work is his most enthralling: bold, exciting, well
560:, postulating particles from both mother and father as responsible for the characters of the child. Bowler credits him with studies on heredity, with the natural origin of human races, and with the idea that forms of life may have changed with time.
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between his home country and his patron's, and his reputation suffered in both Paris and Berlin. Finding his health declining, he retired in 1757 to the south of France with a young girl, leaving his wife and children behind and went in 1758 to
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of new kinds of animals and plants, together with massive elimination of deficient forms. These ideas avoid the need for a
Creator, but are not part of modern thinking on evolution. The date of these speculations, 1745, is concurrent with
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Hence the principle of least action is not just the culmination of
Maupertuis's work in several areas of physics, he sees it as his most important achievement in philosophy too, giving an incontrovertible proof of God.
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as a metaphysical principle that underlies all the laws of mechanics. He also expanded into the biological realm, anonymously publishing a book that was part popular science, part philosophy, and part erotica:
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Cartesian and
Newtonian physicists argued that in their collisions, point masses conserved both momentum and relative velocity. Leibnizians, on the other hand, argued that they also conserved what was called
424:. In that work, Maupertuis proposed a theory of generation (i.e., reproduction) in which organic matter possessed a self-organizing âintelligenceâ that was analogous to the contemporary chemical concept of
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working of wisdom in the very construction of the universe. This seems, in
Maupertuis's view, a more powerful argument for the existence of an infinitely wise creator than any other that can be advanced.
372:. His results, which he published in a book detailing his procedures, essentially settled the controversy in his favour. The book included an adventure narrative of the expedition, and an account of the
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so that he thrived socially and politically. The son was educated in mathematics by a private tutor, Nicolas Guisnée, and upon completing his formal education his father secured him a largely honorific
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Today the concept of a âhardâ body is rejected; and mass times the square of velocity is just twice kinetic energy so modern mechanics reserves a major role for the inheritor quantity of âlive forceâ.
776:). In it he showed that a system of bodies at rest tends to reach a position in which any change would create the smallest possible change in a quantity that he argued could be assimilated to action.
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1979:
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This was anathema to
Cartesians and Newtonians. An inherent tendency towards motion was an âoccult qualityâ of the kind of favoured by mediaeval scholastics and to be resisted at all costs.
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La Figure de la Terre, déterminée par les
Observations de Messieurs Maupertuis, Clairaut, Camus, Le Monnier & de M. lâAbbĂ© Outhier, accompagnĂ©s de M. Celsius
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in natural phenomena. Minimising this quantity could conceivably demonstrate economy, but how could maximising it? (See also the corresponding principles of
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Some historians of science point to his work in biology as a significant precursor to the development of evolutionary theory, specifically the theory of
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commission. After three years in the cavalry, during which time he became acquainted with fashionable social and mathematical circles, he moved to
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became a flashpoint in the battle among rival systems of mechanics. Maupertuis, based on his exposition of Newton (with the help of his mentor
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544:. Other writers contend that his remarks are cursory, vague, or incidental to that particular argument. Mayr's verdict was "He was neither an
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Glass, Bentley (1959). "Maupertuis, pioneer of genetics and evolution". In Glass, Bentley; Temkin, Owsei; Straus, William L. Jr. (eds.).
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59:" from his Lapland expedition. With one hand he is pressing on the globe, making it oblate. Line engraving by J. Daullé, 1741, after
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The difficulty of interpreting Maupertuis can be gauged by reading the original works. Below is a translation from the
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436:, collecting evidence that confirmed the contributions of both sexes and treated variations as statistical phenomena.
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Lancaster, H O (May 1995). "Mathematicians in medicine and biology. Genetics before Mendel: Maupertuis and RĂ©aumur".
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In the city archives of Saint-Malo his baptism date is given as 28 September 1698. The actual birth date is unknown.
459:, where he was elected director of the Academy of Sciences in 1742, and in the following year was admitted into the
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Astronomie nautique : ou Elémens d'astronomie, tant pour un observatoire fixe, que pour un observatoire mobile
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The chief debate that Maupertuis was engaged in was one that treated the competing theories of generation (i.e.
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and yet without the addition of proof, that it must be supposed that he also obtained it from somewhere else.
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After the Lapland expedition, Maupertuis set about generalising his earlier mathematical work, proposing the
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432:. He later developed his views on living things further in a more formal pseudonymous work that explored
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and began building his reputation as a mathematician and literary wit. In 1723 he was admitted to the
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463:. Returning to Berlin in 1744, again at the desire of Frederick II, he was chosen president of the
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in Sweden. On his return home he became a member of almost all the scientific societies of Europe.
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599:"). King-Hele (1963) points to similar, though not identical, ideas of thirty years later by
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Hoffheimer, M. H. (1982). "Maupertuis and the eighteenth-century critique of preexistence".
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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332:(whose theories were not yet widely accepted outside England) and argued against the waning
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264:â an integral equation that determines the path followed by a physical system. His work in
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881:-like objects, which Maupertuis notes are actually collections of stars, including
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to determine the shape of the Earth. He is often credited with having invented the
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The man who flattened the Earth â Maupertuis and the sciences in the Enlightenment
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Sandler, I. (1983). "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis â a precursor of Mendel".
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Accord de différentes loix de la nature qui avoient jusqu'ici paru incompatibles
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RĂ©flexions philosophiques sur l'origine des langues et la signification des mots
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until his death. His position became extremely awkward with the outbreak of the
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1262:. Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
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Derivation of the laws of motion and equilibrium from a metaphysical principle
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Agreement of several natural laws that had hitherto seemed to be incompatible
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is interesting in relation to modern science, since he touched on aspects of
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Accord de plusieurs lois naturelles qui avaient paru jusqu'ici incompatibles
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Nineteenth century account of Maupertuis and the Principle of Least Action
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Les sciences de la vie dans la pensée Francaise du XVIIe et XVIIIe sicle
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The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance
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characters through lineages, foreshadows later work done in genetics.
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Les loix du mouvement et du repos déduites d'un principe metaphysique
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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
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Les loix du mouvement et du repos déduites d'un principe metaphysique
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controversy, for which Maupertuis developed and extended the work of
233:; 1698 â 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and
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Vitali Kaptug: On Comparison of the Three Meridian Arcs in Lapland
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French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters (1698â1759)
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1287:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 51â83.
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attacking the windmills with the broken lance and exclaiming
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Schmadel, Lutz D.; International Astronomical Union (2003).
895:'s "most important and brilliant doctrine"âcontained in the
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In 1744, in another paper to the Paris Academy, he gave his
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In 1741, he gave a paper to the Paris Academy of Sciences,
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428:, which was widely read and commented upon favourably by
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riding a saddle, while to the right a satyr exclaims:
288:, France, to a moderately wealthy family of merchant-
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210:
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Michel-Louis-Ătienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'AngĂ©ly
1112:(in French). Vol. 4. Lyon: Jean-Marie Bruyset.
1101:(in French). Vol. 3. Lyon: Jean-Marie Bruyset.
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Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens
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1435:. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 273.
1357:. University of California Press. pp. 73â75.
1210:La vie privée du roi de Prusse par Voltaire, p. 64
827:He published his thinking on these matters in his
488:during the latter part of his life are examples.
30:"Maupertuis" redirects here. For other uses, see
629:'s own work, and so predates any firm notion of
324:His early mathematical work revolved around the
996:Discourse on the different figures of the stars
991:Discours sur les différentes figures des astres
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591:The same text was published earlier (1748) as "
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1980:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
790:Finally, in 1746 he gave a further paper, the
467:in 1746, which he controlled with the help of
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8:
1247:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1970:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
728:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
574:, followed by the original French passage:
548:, nor one of the founders of the theory of
356:. In 1736 Maupertuis acted as chief of the
1783:Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan
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1965:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
1668:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1630:Pekonen, Osmo; Vasak, Anouchka (2014).
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1185:
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924:is named after him, as is the asteroid
877:quotes Maupertuis' 1745 discussion of
563:Maupertuis was a strong critic of the
430:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1767:Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre
1260:Maupertuis: An intellectual biography
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606:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
368:to measure the length of a degree of
344:) predicted that the Earth should be
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7:
1416:The World as Will and Representation
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981:Discours sur la parallaxe de la lune
726:adding citations to reliable sources
901:(1781)âwas asserted by Maupertuis:
556:". Maupertuis espoused a theory of
520:"This is how you get to the stars!"
1920:18th-century French mathematicians
1239:Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de
664:appears to contradict the article
465:Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences
318:French Geodesic Mission to Lapland
25:
1960:Members of the Académie Française
1595:Journal of the History of Biology
1558:Journal of the History of Biology
1403:(in French). Paris: Armand Colin.
1354:Evolution: the history of an idea
998:] (in French) (2nd ed.).
498:(1753), published anonymously by
352:measured it astronomically to be
252:Maupertuis made an expedition to
241:, and the first President of the
184:Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
1990:18th-century French male writers
1950:18th-century French philosophers
1432:Dictionary of minor planet names
1285:Forerunners of Darwin, 1745-1859
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1081:(in French) – via Gallica.
1027:(in French) – via Gallica.
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620:). His account of life involved
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237:. He became the Director of the
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1985:French male non-fiction writers
1935:18th-century French astronomers
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1940:18th-century French biologists
1847:Alfred-Henri-Marie Baudrillart
1314:. Belknap Press. p. 328.
637:, coupled with the tracing of
552:he was one of the pioneers of
506:. On the cover is represented
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1945:Proto-evolutionary biologists
1634:(in French). Paris: Hermann.
792:Loix du mouvement et du repos
336:mechanics. In the 1730s, the
1975:Fellows of the Royal Society
1521:Journal of Medical Biography
1014:Lettre sur la comĂšte de 1742
1078:Essai de philosophie morale
970:(in French). Archived from
439:In 1740 Maupertuis went to
316:Commemorating stamp of the
243:Prussian Academy of Science
32:Maupertuis (disambiguation)
2006:
1839:Adrien Albert Marie de Mun
1533:10.1177/096777209500300204
1351:Bowler, Peter J. (2003) .
117:precursor of transmutation
29:
18:Pierre Louis de Maupertuis
1815:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
1729:
1663:"Pierre Louis Maupertuis"
1005:Eléments de la géographie
796:Laws of movement and rest
762:principle of least action
417:principle of least action
258:principle of least action
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113:Principle of least action
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1673:University of St Andrews
955:(in French) – via
820:it was truly universal.
508:Don Quixote (Maupertuis)
260:; a version is known as
1775:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
1495:. U. of Chicago Press.
1399:Roger, Jacques (1963).
1244:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
898:Critique of Pure Reason
447:, and took part in the
445:Frederick II of Prussia
374:KÀymÀjÀrvi Inscriptions
358:French Geodesic Mission
284:Maupertuis was born at
245:, at the invitation of
43:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
1925:People from Saint-Malo
1489:Terrall, Mary (2002).
1474:. U of Chicago Press.
1413:Schopenhauer, Arthur,
1258:Beeson, David (2006).
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770:Loi du repos des corps
673:Please discuss at the
645:Least action principle
622:spontaneous generation
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514:. Underneath there is
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262:Maupertuis's principle
1632:Maupertuis en Laponie
1468:Shank, J. B. (2008).
1384:. s.l.: s.n. p.
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774:Law of bodies at rest
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443:at the invitation of
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307:Académie des Sciences
239:Académie des Sciences
55:Maupertuis, wearing "
1807:Pierre-Simon Laplace
1735:Claude de Malleville
1659:Robertson, Edmund F.
1308:Mayr, Ernst (1982).
722:improve this section
633:. Also, the work on
516:Sancho Panza (Euler)
61:R. Levrac-TourniĂšres
1759:Jean-Louis Bergeret
1657:O'Connor, John J.;
1381:Essai de cosmologie
1378:Maupertuis (1751).
1151:population genetics
1088:Essai de Cosmologie
1070:English translation
1044:English translation
889:Arthur Schopenhauer
829:Essai de cosmologie
572:Essai de cosmologie
565:natural theologians
370:arc of the meridian
247:Frederick the Great
1823:Charles de RĂ©musat
1791:Jean-Sifrein Maury
1751:GĂ©raud de Cordemoy
1720:Académie française
1607:10.1007/BF00132007
1570:10.1007/BF00186677
1419:, Vol. II, Ch. IV.
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833:Essay on cosmology
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461:Académie française
449:Battle of Mollwitz
348:, while his rival
338:shape of the Earth
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230:[mopÉÊtÉ„i]
1955:French geodesists
1930:French physicists
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1641:978-2-7056-8867-7
1481:978-0-226-74947-1
1442:978-3-540-00238-3
1364:978-0-520-23693-6
1321:978-0-674-36446-2
1294:978-0-8018-0222-5
1269:978-0-7294-0438-9
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667:elastic collision
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550:natural selection
542:natural selection
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1471:The Newton Wars
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1002:
987:
978:
974:on 31 May 2016.
963:
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935:
926:3281 Maupertuis
913:
891:suggested that
865:
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350:Jacques Cassini
342:Johan Bernoulli
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266:natural history
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738:November 2018
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707:This section
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662:This article
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1871:Jean Rostand
1855:Octave Aubry
1774:
1666:
1631:
1598:
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1524:
1520:
1491:
1470:
1446:. Retrieved
1431:
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1346:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1284:
1278:
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1253:
1242:
1216:
1205:
1198:Terrall 2002
1193:
1186:Terrall 2002
1181:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1108:
1097:
1090:(in French).
1087:
1077:
1067:(in French).
1061:
1053:(in French).
1050:
1041:(in French).
1035:
1023:
1016:(in French).
1013:
1007:(in French).
1004:
995:
990:
983:(in French).
980:
972:the original
966:
951:
941:
904:
896:
887:
868:
866:
848:
845:or maximised
844:
841:
837:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
807:
803:
800:
795:
791:
789:
784:
780:
778:
773:
769:
767:
759:
744:
735:
720:Please help
708:
680:
665:
663:
611:
604:
590:
584:
583:
577:
571:
569:
562:
546:evolutionist
539:
519:
515:
511:
507:
495:
482:Samuel König
438:
421:
414:
405:
399:Maupertuis's
398:
330:Isaac Newton
323:
283:
251:
183:
182:
164:Institutions
123:
92:(1759-07-27)
90:27 July 1759
56:
36:
1915:1759 deaths
1910:1698 births
1879:Michel DĂ©on
1831:Jules Simon
1527:(2): 84â9.
1461:Works cited
1448:9 September
1139:"Fitness" (
916:The crater
851:actions by
512:"Tremoleu!"
146:metaphysics
134:Mathematics
102:Switzerland
1904:Categories
1337:, p.
1174:Shank 2008
1161:References
1141:convenance
933:Main works
918:Maupertuis
849:stationary
804:live force
639:phenotypic
618:epigenesis
601:David Hume
558:pangenesis
426:affinities
286:Saint-Malo
76:Saint-Malo
1335:Mayr 1982
883:Andromeda
709:does not
675:talk page
635:genealogy
536:Evolution
406:Cassini's
334:Cartesian
280:Biography
158:geography
154:astronomy
1623:30533381
1615:11615887
1586:26835071
1578:11611246
1549:45709897
1541:11640042
857:Hamilton
853:Lagrange
808:vis viva
683:May 2021
609:(1777).
554:genetics
531:argued."
528:Lagrange
500:Voltaire
486:Voltaire
434:heredity
362:Louis XV
326:vis viva
294:monarchy
290:corsairs
272:and the
270:heredity
57:lapmudes
1232::
1146:fitness
957:Gallica
942:Lettres
920:on the
911:Honours
730:removed
715:sources
631:species
603:in his
408:opinion
401:opinion
366:Lapland
354:prolate
299:cavalry
254:Lapland
226:French:
142:biology
138:physics
63:, 1737.
1889:(2019)
1881:(1978)
1873:(1959)
1865:(1946)
1857:(1946)
1849:(1918)
1841:(1897)
1833:(1875)
1825:(1846)
1817:(1827)
1809:(1816)
1801:(1803)
1793:(1784)
1785:(1759)
1777:(1743)
1769:(1694)
1761:(1684)
1753:(1675)
1745:(1648)
1737:(1634)
1723:seat 8
1638:
1621:
1613:
1584:
1576:
1547:
1539:
1499:
1478:
1439:
1361:
1318:
1291:
1266:
1226:
1064:
1038:
879:nebula
453:donkey
441:Berlin
346:oblate
130:Fields
80:France
1619:S2CID
1582:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1118:Notes
994:[
504:König
478:Basel
457:Paris
451:on a
303:Paris
98:Basel
1636:ISBN
1611:PMID
1574:PMID
1537:PMID
1497:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1450:2011
1437:ISBN
1388:â26.
1359:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1264:ISBN
922:Moon
855:and
760:The
713:any
711:cite
616:and
484:and
87:Died
72:1698
69:Born
1603:doi
1566:doi
1529:doi
1339:646
1241:".
1149:in
867:In
859:).
806:or
772:, (
724:by
502:or
364:to
1906::
1671:,
1665:,
1661:,
1617:.
1609:.
1599:15
1597:.
1580:.
1572:.
1562:16
1560:.
1543:.
1535:.
1523:.
1386:24
885:.
873:,
309:.
276:.
249:.
224:;
217:iË
205:Ér
199:oÊ
170:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
115:,
100:,
78:,
1712:e
1705:t
1698:v
1644:.
1625:.
1605::
1588:.
1568::
1551:.
1531::
1525:3
1505:.
1484:.
1452:.
1367:.
1341:.
1324:.
1297:.
1272:.
1200:.
1153:.
959:.
928:.
831:(
794:(
783:(
751:)
745:(
740:)
736:(
732:.
718:.
685:)
681:(
671:.
320:.
220:/
214:w
211:t
208:Ë
202:p
196:m
193:Ë
190:/
186:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
