443:, and other plants by the 1890s. Before the adoption of the process, copper mines in the Western United States produced only matte, which required further, costly purification steps in east coast refineries. The Manhes-David step increased the purity of copper metal produced at the Western mine site, up to 99%, and more with the addition of the electrolysis process by the end of the century. The growing electrical needs for refined copper and its better conductivity was met by the purer metal now (ca. 1900) coming from the mines.
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In 1883, under license to use the patented process
Franklin Farrel introduced the Manhes-David furnace at the Parrot smelter in
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Nowadays, in the beginning of the XXI, Manhès-David process is still in use, to refine 90% of the copper
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and converter, which were widely adopted, mainly in the
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