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301:(Dakota) Indians. When Radisson arrived at an Ojibwa village on the shores of Lake Superior, where he spent much of the winter, he later reported giving three types of presents: to the men, women and children of the village. He gave each of the men "...a kettle, two hatchets , and six knives and a blade for a sword"; the women "...2 and 20 awls, 50 needles, 2 graters of castors, 2 ivory combs and 2 wooden ones, with red painte , 6 looking-glasses of tin"; and to the children "...brasse rings, of small bells, and rasades of divers colors...". American historian Bruce White wrote that Radission and Des Groseilliers did not entirely understand Ojibwa society, as the kettles were typically used much more by the women for cooking than by the men. Giving paint and make-up only to women overlooked the fact that Ojibwa men used make-up and painted their faces just as much as Ojibwa women did. But Radisson may have learned that kettles were used prominently by the Huron in their
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124:. Radisson should be considered in multiple contexts; for his achievement as a narrator of his own life, the range of his explorations, his experiences among the Indigenous peoples, and his social formation, both as a man of the early modern period for whom personal honour was an important value and as a working trader participating in the mercantile projects of the era. Radisson's life and writings have been interpreted from many different perspectives. Many French Canadians until the twentieth century accepted the verdict of his French contemporaries that he was a traitor to France.
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to engage in more overtly sexual behavior, he quickly realized what they were offering. Several tribal elders informed
Radisson that they did not want him trading with their enemies, the Dakota , and that he and Des Groseilliers were free to sleep with the unmarried women of the village on condition that they did not trade with the Dakota. As Radisson's account was written for an English audience, he was vague as to whether he and Des Groseilliers took up this offer.
156:, whereas records suggest either Paris or Avignon. According to Radisson, he emigrated from France to Canada on 24 May 1651. He may have arrived with his two sisters, Élisabeth and Françoise. They may also have been accompanied by their maternal half-sister Marguerite Hayet, who would eventually marry Radisson's later fur-trading partner, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers. By sometime in 1651, these three women were living together in
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cooked, fished, built bark houses, and wove mats. Ojibwa women also played important roles in the fur trade. Some married winter partners or traders, establishing relations that gave advantages to their bands. Others used their sexuality as a way of establishing informal relations with the French in order to ensure the continued supply of
European goods and prevent the French from trading with other Indians.
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for saving his life. By
Iroquois standards, Radisson's torture had been moderate. Radisson recounts witnessing other torture: "They burned a Frenchwoman; they pulled out her breasts, and took a child out of her belly, with they broyled and made the mother eat it, so in short she died". Sometime after his own wounds healed, Radisson spent some five months on a war-party expedition.
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422:(HBC). During the next few years, they made a number of highly profitable trips between England and the Bay region. With the founding of the HBC, Radisson became forced to deal with a European context; there he had to struggle for survival among rival monarchs, competing courtiers, and the changing political and economic world in which they operated.
429:, declaring that the lands adjacent to Hudson's Bay or rivers flowing into Hudson's Bay now belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. In theory, much of modern Canada then belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company, as Rupert's Land was a vast region. In practice, the company maintained a few trading forts on the sea coasts of
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As the
Iroquois despised cowardice and punished it with death, Radisson's adoptive parents advised him to be brave and yet not too brave, since the Iroquois also sometimes ate the hearts of exceptionally brave men to acquire their courage. Radisson's fingernails were pulled out while he was forced to
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Radisson reported on visiting one Ojibwa village in the spring of 1660, where there was a welcoming ceremony: "The women throw themselves backward on the ground, thinking to give us tokens of friendship and wellcome ". Radisson was confused at first by what the action meant, but as the women started
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Once eventually released, the overwhelmed
Radisson found that, as he would recall, "all my pains and griefs ceased, not feeling the least pain. bids me be merry, makes me sing, to which I consented with all my heart." He felt deep gratitude to his adoptive parents, whom he described as very loving,
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arrived from Québec. Although there was conflict, no blood was shed. The French wintered near the
English and returned to Québec with a moderate load of furs.) Radisson's differences with various Hudson's Bay Company underlings in the 1680s suggests that he was not admired by the English seamen who
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and began to seek financing and sea-going ships for their new explorations. They could reach this destination by travel on waters outside the continent, instead of through a number of internal rivers. The first voyage to Hudson Bay was unsuccessful since the winter of that year came early, and they
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On the other hand, White notes that the two
Frenchmen clearly understood some aspects of Ojibwa gender roles very well: the gift of tomahawks for the men acknowledged that Ojibwa men were hunters and warriors, while the gift of awls for the women reflected that Ojibwa women gathered rice, gardened,
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man who convinced him to defect and return to Trois-Rivières. Together, they killed
Radisson's Mohawk companions, traveled 14 days, and sighted the town, but were captured by patrolling Mohawk. The Mohawk killed the Algonquin and subjected Radisson, along with some 20 prisoners, to ritual torture.
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under a French flag, albeit against the wishes of the French state. He did so as a means of capturing the market, fearing the construction of a
British fort on the same river and thus further dominance of the bay by the Hudson's Bay Company. He recruited Grosseilliers the following year to build a
402:, became that patron. Prince Rupert was not considered to be a good businessman and was not one of the king's closest friends, but he was the only member of the royal family prepared to champion the Radisson–Des Groseilliers project of fur trading at Hudson's Bay, and critical to their getting a
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to gain a year-long permit to explore New France; the governor granted it. Seeing the success of the trip and the number of furs they had brought back, d'Argenson levied high taxes on the men, ostensibly because they had exceeded the terms of their year-long permit by a couple of days.
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Later that year, 1654, Radisson returned to Trois-Rivières in New France. Over the next three years, he would embark on several missionary expeditions. His writings largely ignored this period, so little is known about his whereabouts during it, apart from a documented a
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When
Radisson and Groseilliers returned to Québec on August 24, 1660, with many furs, the merchants waiting for them were delighted to be able to sail with the pelts to Europe, but the Governor was jealous of their success. In 1659 Groseilliers had met with Governor
230:. There, a governor recognized him as a Frenchman and offered to pay for his freedom. But Radisson returned to his Mohawk village. He escaped on 29 October 1653, "at 8 of the clock in the morning". Reaching Fort Orange, he was hidden at a farm, then met a
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In the winter of 1683 he and Groseilliers went to France to deal with their legal problems. (They had seized two English parties in time of peace and paid Québec tax on furs from Hudson Bay from their Nelson River fort, which may not have been part of
511:, asked that they be punished. Compromise plans were made to send Radisson back to the Bay to pick up the remaining furs and divide the profits fairly. Lord Preston recruited Radisson back into the English service and Groseilliers returned to Québec.
543:. The HBC rejected the charges and Radisson was removed. Thereafter he lived in England on an HBC pension, which was irregularly paid. He died in 1710. In 1729 the company voted to pay ten pounds to his third wife, "she being ill and in great want."
448:. Radisson and Groseilliers were successful in having the HBC receive much capital from the City of London in order to fund its operations. In 1672, Radisson married Mary Kirke, the daughter of Sir John Kirke, one of the City investors in the HBC.
145:. In a 1697 affidavit and a 1698 petition he reported his age as 61 and 62, respectively, suggesting birth in 1636. Yet a 1681 census in New France, Canada, reported his age as 41, suggesting birth in 1640. This coheres with baptismal records from
455:, both Prince Rupert and Sir John decreased their support for the men. Although Radisson's reasons for doing so are not fully clear, he left London in 1675 with Grosseiliers to reenter the service of France, leaving his wife behind in England.
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get tortured to death. The next day, an old man burned Radisson, tied to a scaffold, and a young man drove a red-hot dagger through his foot. After three days of similar treatment, the Mohawk brought out Huron prisoners and, using
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and culture, was adopted and assimilated. In the Mohawk custom of adopting young captives, whether indigenous or European, to replace relatives lost to disease or warfare, Radisson joined a local Mohawk family near modern-day
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In 1685 Radisson was made "Superintendent and Chief Director of the Trade at Port Nelson", where he seems to have accomplished little. In 1687 he made serious charges against the superintendent of
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There is no image of him other than that provided in his writings and those of the people who encountered him in New France, in Paris on the fringes of the court, on remote Hudson Bay, and in late
410:, Radisson and des Groseilliers had the advantages of being the only men who knew how to survive in the North, and who also knew the local languages and customs of the Indians, and the geography.
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In 1670, Radisson was back in England and on 2 May received a royal charter giving him and his partners the exclusive rights to the land surrounding Hudson Bay; with this they founded the
527:, where he found Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste conducting a brisk trade with the Indians. He recruited Jean-Baptiste into joining HBC service and left for England in September, leaving
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Throughout their 1659–1660 voyage, the French explorers had heard references to a "salt sea" as an area with an abundance of good furs. They determined the reference must be to
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operate his mission and to promote further fur trading. In 1658, under rising tensions with local Iroquois, the French left, ending the expedition. Radisson soon returned to
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441:. It was not until the late 18th century that the Hudson's Bay Company showed any interest in moving inland and making good its claims to control Rupert's Land.
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274:, fur trader, and explorer. In August 1659, Radisson persuaded his brother-in-law, MĂ©dard Chouart des Groseilliers, to hire him for his journey around
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in 1665. There they passed the winter. In the spring, they left for the New World with ship's crew that the king had promised them. The vessel
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raiding party, he was captured by the warriors. Perhaps because of his youth, he received fairly mild treatment and, as he showed interest in
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His adoptive, Mohawk family advocated for him and materially compensated the bereaved families to spare him execution and temper his torture.
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After seeking unsuccessfully in the courts to regain what had been confiscated by the Governor, Radisson and Groseilliers decided to go to
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Mood, Fulmer; Turner, Frederick J. (March 1950). "Radisson and Groseilliers: A Newly Recovered Historical Essay by Frederick J. Turner".
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Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson: Being an Account of His Travels and Experiences Among the North American Indians, from 1652 to 1684
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from the Marshal in a failed attempt to pay to arrange his wife's passage from Britain. He also failed to regain a position in the
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Pierre-Esprit Radisson, The Collected Writings, Volume 2: The Port Nelson Relations, Miscellaneous Writings, and Related Documents
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Thomas Wien, "FOURNIER, Martin, Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1636-1710. Aventurier et commerçant (Sillery, Septentrion, 2001), 319 p.".
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This second attempt was cancelled after one of the ships was destroyed in a storm. The two men were invited to England to meet
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As anti-French and anti-Catholic sentiment increased in England following discontent expressed in events such as the
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Both Radisson and Groseilliers operated within the HBC with the support of Prince Rupert and the company's director
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After leaving Britain, Radisson was unpopular in the royal court. In 1677 he decided to join the navy and to fund
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Radisson sought the support of a royal patron to secure a crown monopoly on trade within the Hudson's Bay region.
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Not long after Radisson's integration, which took about six weeks, while out hunting with three Mohawk, he met an
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Radisson's biggest influence in Canadian history dates from the period of 1658 to 1684, when he was an active
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of sale that he signed in November 1655. In 1657, Radisson accompanied a joint Franco–Iroquois expedition into
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In the winter of 1659–1660, Radisson and Des Groseilliers lived just south of Lake Superior in what is now
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Caesars of the Wilderness: MĂ©dard Chouart, Sieur Des Groseilliers and Pierre Esprit Radisson, 1618-1710
117:. His career was particularly notable for its repeated transitions between serving Britain and France.
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home, Radisson became separated from his hunting group. After discovering its several men killed by a
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113:. The decision of Radisson and Groseilliers to enter the English service led to the formation of the
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King Charles II in his charter for the Hudson's Bay Company also founded a proprietary colony named
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for their next explorations. They would seek English financing there to support their expedition.
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278:. The year-long trip was planned to collect furs, in order to participate in the ever-lucrative
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judged their rations on board insufficient to survive it. The pair were forced to return to
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1907:"The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade"
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wrote several novels about Grand Republic, the seat of the fictitious Radisson County,
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206:, bashed in the heads of some, whereas the rest were adopted by individual families.
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Indians came up in the spring of 1669 to trade furs in exchange for European goods.
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in early 1654 under an agreement now unclear but perhaps involving missionary work.
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149:, a city near Avignon, that concern Radisson's father, Pierre-Esprit Radisson Sr.
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Pierre-Esprit Radisson's birthplace is unclear, but was likely in France's lower
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1999:"Adventurer, turncoat, cannibal: the remarkable story of Pierre-Esprit Radisson"
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but were promised two ships and crew for a second attempt the following year.
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had to work with him, because of their rooted detestation of the French.
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Pierre-Esprit Radisson: The Collected Writings, Volume 1: The Voyages
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Empire of the Bay: The Company of Adventurers that Seized a Continent
503:.) Here they found themselves pawns in the events that led up to the
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provincial electoral district in Manitoba, are all named after him.
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With other Mohawk warriors, Radisson traveled to a trading post at
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Radisson would trace his family, the Hayet-Radissons, to the town
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in charge of the fort. (Eight days later two ships belonging to
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30:"Pierre Radisson" redirects here. For the icebreaker ship, see
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
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Radisson, Pierre Esprit; Scull, Gideon Delaplaine (1885).
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Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1636-1710. Aventurier et commerçant
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Captured by the Mohawks: and other adventures of Radisson
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sing, one finger was cut to the bone, and he watched ten
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University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.
1834:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 280.
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681:(2001), and a series of historical young adult novels,
238:, who made him "a great offer", whereby he returned to
1649:
Pierre-Esprit Radisson: Merchant Adventurer, 1636-1701
1623:"The Minnesota Backgrounds of Sinclair Lewis' Fiction"
437:, to which they later added forts on the sea coast of
1960:
Bush Runner: The Adventures of Pierre-Esprit Radisson
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from Charles II. While soliciting financing from the
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has written both an academic biography of Radisson,
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490:In 1681 Radisson headed out to found a fort on the
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3052:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
2065:. 1651. 2 loose-leaf binders (photostat). At the
1133:"The Explorers: Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1659-1660"
632:dramatized Radisson's life and adventures in his
487:, as a further result of anti-French prejudice.
1455:. Radisson Hotels & Resorts. Archived from
2120:Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La VĂ©rendrye
1790:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
666:(1957–1958) was based on the explorer's life.
345:Arrival of Radisson in an Indian camp in 1660.
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1882:. The Publications of the Champlain Society.
1563:, Volume 57, Number 2, Fall 2003, p. 278–281.
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168:In 1651 or 1652, while hunting fowl near his
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592:group, starting with the Radisson Hotel in
214:Departure from Iroquois and missionary work
109:. He is often linked to his brother-in-law
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1603:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 99.
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796:
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744:Timeline of Quebec history (1663 to 1759)
2054:Works by or about Pierre-Esprit Radisson
1561:Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française
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1441:. Government of Canada. 17 October 2023.
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164:Capture, adoption, and torture by Mohawk
27:French fur trader and explorer (d. 1710)
2227:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
1262:
765:
254:territory to aid a Jesuit priest named
2177:Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval
1765:. Minnesota Historical Society Press.
1485:. Government of Canada. 31 March 2017.
1421:
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414:Foundation of the Hudson's Bay Company
2507:List of French forts in North America
2140:Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La VĂ©rendrye
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7:
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515:Working for the Hudson's Bay Company
289:, associating with groups of Huron,
89:Explorer, Fur Trader, Co-founder of
2288:French colonization of the Americas
2172:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
1855:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1397:
1652:. McGill–Queens University Press.
670:played the character of Radisson.
596:in 1909, is also named after him.
133:Birth and emigration to New France
25:
3032:French explorers of North America
1878:Warkentin, Germaine, ed. (2014).
1849:Warkentin, Germaine, ed. (2012).
2991:
2990:
2916:Military history of the Acadians
2664:Seigneurial system of New France
1997:Seward, Stacey (29 April 2019).
1978:Moogk, Peter N. (4 March 2015).
1821:Voyages Of Peter Esprit Radisson
1811:Voyages Of Peter Esprit Radisson
1787:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1670:The Canadian Prairies: A History
723:
709:
695:
519:In 1684 Radisson sailed for the
337:Trade and journeys to Hudson Bay
2340:History of the French-Americans
2130:Pierre Gaultier de La VĂ©rendrye
2045:Works by Pierre-Esprit Radisson
1905:White, Bruce W. (Winter 1999).
1673:. University of Toronto Press.
1239:"Radisson and des Groseilliers"
2669:Criminal justice in New France
2298:Timeline of New France history
373:, England. In September 1668,
101:(1636/1640–1710) was a French
1:
2659:Custom of Paris in New France
2125:Jean Baptiste de La VĂ©rendrye
2063:Pierre Esprit Radisson papers
1805:. Boston: The Prince Society.
1691:Wisconsin Magazine of History
614:Representation in other media
533:Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye
2197:Louis Juchereau de St. Denis
1574:"The Adventures of Radisson"
1137:Virtual Museum of New France
3047:Hudson's Bay Company people
2222:Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons
2212:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
2027:"Radisson and Groseilliers"
1792:University of Toronto Press
1094:Radisson & Scull (1885)
1066:Radisson & Scull (1885)
1039:Radisson & Scull (1885)
967:Radisson & Scull (1885)
951:Radisson & Scull (1885)
935:Radisson & Scull (1885)
920:Radisson & Scull (1885)
860:Radisson & Scull (1885)
514:
413:
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2606:Governor of Trois-Rivières
1631:Minnesota History Magazine
1141:Canadian Museum of History
683:The Adventures of Radisson
643:Radisson was portrayed by
507:. The English ambassador,
396:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
319:Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson
29:
2986:
2958:Expulsion of the Acadians
2749:Company of 100 Associates
2562:Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
2107:
1985:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1784:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
1782:"Radisson, Pierre-Esprit"
1780:Nute, Grace Lee (1979) .
1735:Newman, Peter C. (1998).
1545:Radisson (original title)
475:to conquer the island of
453:Bawdy House Riots of 1668
226:, located in present-day
222:, then controlled by the
48:
2953:French and Iroquois Wars
2135:François de La Vérendrye
2013:"Pierre-Esprit Radisson"
1980:"Pierre-Esprit Radisson"
1807: – Also
1667:Friesen, Gerald (1987).
903:Mood & Turner (1950)
383:region on the shores of
2963:Great Peace of Montreal
2764:Compagnie de l'Occident
2335:History of the Acadians
2202:MĂ©dard des Groseilliers
2116:de La VĂ©rendrye family
2102:Explorers of New France
2018:Encyclopædia Britannica
1830:Ray, Arthur J. (1996).
638:Captured by the Mohawks
551:On October 3 1989, the
111:MĂ©dard des Groseilliers
2911:Military of New France
2837:Gens de couleur libres
2567:Fort St. Louis (Texas)
2552:Fortress of Louisbourg
2376:(1682–1763, 1801–1803)
2293:French colonial empire
2217:Pierre-Esprit Radisson
1957:Bourrie, Mark (2019).
1717:Company of Adventurers
1479:"CCGS Pierre Radisson"
571:Radisson, Saskatchewan
346:
99:Pierre-Esprit Radisson
43:Pierre-Esprit Radisson
1888:10.3138/9781487510091
581:in Montreal; and the
553:Canadian Armed Forces
495:more permanent base.
471:'s expedition in the
344:
236:Joseph Antoine Poncet
141:region near the town
3042:Canadian fur traders
3037:People of New France
2611:Governor of Montreal
2517:Fort Michilimackinac
2325:1763 Treaty of Paris
1600:The Course of Empire
1483:Canadian Coast Guard
1453:"The Radisson Story"
1439:Government of Canada
717:North America portal
601:Canadian Coast Guard
485:Hudson's Bay Company
420:Hudson's Bay Company
115:Hudson's Bay Company
91:Hudson's Bay Company
32:CCGS Pierre Radisson
3027:Explorers of Canada
2759:Mississippi Company
2232:Samuel de Champlain
2021:. 16 February 2018.
2004:Canadian Geographic
1988:(online ed.).
1376:, pp. 173–174.
1337:, pp. 173–181.
1325:, pp. 180–181.
1313:, pp. 173–180.
1277:, pp. 303–304.
1228:, pp. 299–301.
969:, pp. 25–134;
953:, pp. 25–134;
905:, pp. 318–326.
575:Radisson, Wisconsin
505:Glorious Revolution
2931:King William's War
2926:Intercolonial Wars
1937:on 25 October 2019
937:, p. 25–134;
922:, pp. 25–134.
347:
3004:
3003:
2941:King George's War
2921:Acadian Civil War
2868:Missionary groups
2859:Intellectual life
2596:Sovereign Council
2330:History of Quebec
2240:
2239:
2167:Jacques Marquette
2152:Guillaume Couture
2049:Project Gutenberg
2031:Empire of the Bay
1970:978-1-77196-238-4
1897:978-0-7735-4438-3
1862:978-0-7735-4082-8
1841:978-0-5215-7393-1
1816:Project Gutenberg
1772:978-0-87351-128-5
1748:978-0-14-027488-2
1727:978-0-670-80877-9
1680:978-0-8020-6648-0
1659:978-0-7735-7428-1
1619:Flanagan, John T.
985:, pp. 33–34.
647:in the 1941 film
547:Legacy and honors
469:Jean II d'Estrées
465:Marshal of France
459:In French service
446:Sir John Robinson
439:northern Manitoba
400:English Civil War
331:Thirteen Colonies
303:Feast of the Dead
96:
95:
77:1710 (aged 69–74)
16:(Redirected from
3059:
2994:
2993:
2973:Schenectady Raid
2946:Seven Years' War
2936:Queen Anne's War
2802:King's Daughters
2754:Crozat's Company
2737:Coureur des bois
2679:Superior Council
2601:Bishop of Quebec
2586:Governor General
2527:Fort de Chartres
2386:Illinois Country
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2112:Daniel Greysolon
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2058:Internet Archive
2034:
2022:
2008:
1993:
1990:Historica Canada
1974:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:. Archived from
1911:
1901:
1874:
1845:
1825:Internet Archive
1818:
1806:
1795:
1776:
1752:
1731:
1712:Newman, Peter C.
1707:
1684:
1663:
1644:Fournier, Martin
1639:
1627:
1614:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1459:on 28 March 2009
1449:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:Warkentin (2012)
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1362:Warkentin (2014)
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1299:Warkentin (2012)
1296:
1290:
1287:Warkentin (2012)
1284:
1278:
1275:Warkentin (2012)
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1226:Warkentin (2012)
1223:
1217:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
974:
964:
958:
948:
942:
932:
923:
917:
906:
900:
894:
888:
875:
869:
863:
857:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
797:Warkentin (2012)
794:
788:
785:Warkentin (2012)
782:
776:
773:Warkentin (2012)
770:
739:Coureur des bois
733:
728:
727:
726:
719:
714:
713:
712:
705:
700:
699:
698:
618:American writer
567:Radisson, Quebec
473:Franco-Dutch War
431:northern Ontario
272:coureur-des-bois
228:Albany, New York
105:and explorer in
103:coureur des bois
68:or Paris, France
53:
39:
21:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2982:
2899:
2875:Jesuit missions
2863:
2812:Casquette girls
2768:
2715:
2684:Admiralty court
2647:
2571:
2495:
2412:
2405:
2344:
2303:Beginnings–1533
2276:
2271:
2241:
2236:
2162:Jacques Cartier
2103:
2100:
2041:
2025:
2011:
1996:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1953:
1951:Further reading
1940:
1938:
1934:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1877:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1808:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1757:Nute, Grace Lee
1755:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1710:
1687:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1642:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1595:DeVoto, Bernard
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:, May 20, 2016.
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1540:
1536:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1502:
1496:Flanagan (1960)
1494:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1435:"HMCS Radisson"
1433:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1386:Fournier (2002)
1384:
1380:
1374:Fournier (2002)
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1350:Fournier (2002)
1348:
1341:
1335:Fournier (2002)
1333:
1329:
1323:Fournier (2002)
1321:
1317:
1311:Fournier (2002)
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
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1245:
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1199:
1191:
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1155:
1145:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1070:Fournier (2002)
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1027:Fournier (2002)
1025:
1016:
1010:Fournier (2002)
1008:
1004:
998:Fournier (2002)
996:
989:
983:Fournier (2002)
981:
977:
971:Fournier (2002)
965:
961:
955:Fournier (2002)
949:
945:
933:
926:
918:
909:
901:
897:
891:Fournier (2002)
889:
878:
872:Fournier (2002)
870:
866:
858:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
762:
749:Pierre Allemand
729:
724:
722:
715:
710:
708:
701:
696:
694:
691:
675:Martin Fournier
616:
607:Pierre Radisson
590:Radisson Hotels
577:; a street and
549:
517:
461:
435:northern Québec
416:
363:King Charles II
339:
329:in the English
268:
216:
178:Mohawk language
166:
135:
130:
81:
80:London, England
78:
69:
62:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Pierre Radisson
15:
12:
11:
5:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2978:Deerfield Raid
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
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2900:
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2882:
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2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Trois-Rivières
2436:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2401:Domaine du roy
2398:
2396:Pays d'en Haut
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
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2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
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2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Nicolas Perrot
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Louis Hennepin
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Henri de Tonti
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2040:
2039:External links
2037:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2009:
1994:
1975:
1969:
1963:. Biblioasis.
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1922:(1): 109–147.
1902:
1896:
1875:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1827:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1708:
1698:(3): 318–326.
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1640:
1621:(March 1960).
1615:
1609:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1565:
1552:
1534:
1516:
1510:in libraries (
1500:
1488:
1470:
1444:
1426:
1424:, p. 352.
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 280.
1390:
1388:, p. 175.
1378:
1366:
1354:
1352:, p. 171.
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 305.
1291:
1289:, p. 304.
1279:
1267:
1263:Friesen (1987)
1255:
1230:
1218:
1216:, p. 129.
1197:
1195:, p. 119.
1180:
1178:, p. 118.
1165:
1163:, p. 117.
1153:
1113:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1068:, p. 79;
1055:
1043:
1031:
1014:
1002:
987:
975:
959:
943:
924:
907:
895:
893:, p. 218.
876:
864:
849:
837:
835:, pp. 41.
825:
823:, pp. 40.
813:
801:
789:
777:
764:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
734:
731:History portal
720:
706:
690:
687:
658:CBC Television
630:Sterling North
620:Sinclair Lewis
615:
612:
548:
545:
523:in the vessel
516:
513:
460:
457:
415:
412:
408:City of London
379:landed in the
338:
335:
267:
264:
256:Simon Le Moyne
215:
212:
170:Trois-Rivières
165:
162:
158:Trois-Rivières
134:
131:
129:
126:
94:
93:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
71:
70:
63:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
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3018:
3015:
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3012:
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2989:
2988:
2985:
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2755:
2752:
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2747:
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2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Chemin du Roy
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
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2578:
2574:
2568:
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2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Fort Duquesne
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Fort Carillon
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Fort de Buade
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
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2192:Louis Jolliet
2190:
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2173:
2170:
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2147:Étienne Brulé
2145:
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1823: at the
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1610:0-395-92498-7
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1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:Newman (1985)
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
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1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1265:, p. 49.
1264:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
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1157:
1154:
1142:
1138:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:, p. 50.
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:, p. 85.
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:, p. 47.
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:, p. 40.
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:, p. 99.
1052:
1051:DeVoto (1998)
1047:
1044:
1041:, p. 60.
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 35.
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:, p. 33.
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:, p. 34.
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 24.
972:
968:
963:
960:
957:, p. 23.
956:
952:
947:
944:
941:, p. 45.
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
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847:, p. 43.
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
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798:
793:
790:
787:, p. 10.
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688:
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185:in New York.
184:
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84:
76:
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56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2968:Lachine Raid
2705:Maréchaussée
2703:
2627:Terre-Neuve
2532:Fort Detroit
2512:Fort Rouillé
2485:Terre-Neuve
2391:Ohio Country
2216:
2182:Jean Nicolet
2030:
2016:
2002:
1983:
1959:
1939:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1919:
1915:Ethnohistory
1913:
1879:
1851:
1831:
1809:
1801:
1785:
1761:
1737:
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1635:
1629:
1599:
1577:
1572:Ruth Latta,
1568:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1537:
1525:Hudson's Bay
1524:
1519:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1447:
1438:
1429:
1417:
1412:, p. 4.
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1364:, p. 1.
1357:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1243:HBC Heritage
1242:
1233:
1221:
1214:White (1999)
1193:White (1999)
1176:White (1999)
1161:White (1999)
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1136:
1089:
1077:
1046:
1034:
1005:
978:
962:
946:
898:
867:
862:, p. 1.
840:
828:
816:
804:
799:, p. 8.
792:
780:
775:, p. 3.
768:
682:
678:
672:
661:
655:
650:Hudson's Bay
648:
642:
637:
628:
617:
606:
598:
587:
564:
558:
550:
541:York Factory
538:
529:John Abraham
525:Happy Return
524:
518:
509:Lord Preston
497:
492:Nelson River
489:
462:
450:
443:
424:
417:
393:
381:Rupert River
375:
366:
360:
348:
324:
315:
311:
307:
284:
269:
244:
217:
208:
195:
187:
167:
151:
136:
119:
98:
97:
36:
3022:1710 deaths
3017:1636 births
2822:Amerindians
2785:1666 census
2694:Officiality
2689:Provostship
2576:Governments
2557:Castle Hill
2479:New Orleans
2455:ĂŽle Royale
2434:Quebec City
2382:(1713–1763)
2370:(1662–1713)
2368:Terre-Neuve
2364:(1608–1763)
2358:(1604–1713)
1871:j.ctt1pq1h7
1741:. Penguin.
1463:22 February
1146:21 February
1109:Nute (1978)
1082:Nute (1978)
939:Nute (1978)
845:Nute (1978)
833:Nute (1978)
821:Nute (1978)
809:Nute (1978)
634:young adult
610:after him.
594:Minneapolis
562:after him.
521:Hayes River
220:Fort Orange
183:Schenectady
3011:Categories
2895:Sulpicians
2852:card money
2780:Population
2674:Intendancy
2637:Louisiane
2542:Fort Condé
2465:Louisiane
2459:Louisbourg
2424:Port Royal
2380:ĂŽle Royale
2274:New France
1941:25 October
1720:. Viking.
1578:CM Reviews
1398:Ray (1996)
760:References
673:Historian
605:CCGS
557:HMCS
555:named the
501:New France
481:Louis d'or
351:Hudson Bay
147:Carpentras
128:Early life
107:New France
2890:Ursulines
2885:Grey Nuns
2880:RĂ©collets
2797:Canadiens
2792:Habitants
2742:Voyageurs
2732:Fur trade
2711:Code Noir
2591:Intendant
2489:Plaisance
2411:Towns and
2374:Louisiana
2318:1663–1759
2313:1608–1662
2308:1534–1607
1597:(1998) .
1248:7 October
754:Voyageurs
645:Paul Muni
624:Minnesota
385:James Bay
287:Wisconsin
280:fur trade
204:tomahawks
190:Algonquin
64:Possibly
61:1636–1640
2996:Category
2847:Currency
2807:Acadians
2641:Governor
2631:Governor
2621:Governor
2444:Montreal
2413:villages
2349:Colonies
1759:(1978).
1714:(1985).
1646:(2002).
1543:Tomahawk
1514:catalog)
1512:WorldCat
689:See also
663:Radisson
583:Radisson
559:Radisson
371:Plymouth
252:Onondaga
154:St. Malo
2842:Alcohol
2832:Plaçage
2827:Slavery
2773:Society
2720:Economy
2699:Bailiff
2617:Acadie
2582:Canada
2449:DĂ©troit
2430:Canada
2420:Acadie
2281:History
2056:at the
1704:4632146
1588:Sources
660:series
376:Nonsuch
240:Holland
234:priest
143:Avignon
66:Avignon
2474:Biloxi
2469:Mobile
2362:Canada
2356:Acadia
2033:. PBS.
1967:
1928:483430
1926:
1894:
1869:
1859:
1838:
1769:
1745:
1724:
1702:
1677:
1656:
1607:
1527:(1941)
636:novel
603:named
477:Tobago
367:Eaglet
356:Boston
327:Boston
295:Ojibwa
291:Ottawa
266:Career
260:Québec
232:Jesuit
174:Mohawk
2817:MĂ©tis
2500:Forts
1935:(PDF)
1924:JSTOR
1910:(PDF)
1867:JSTOR
1700:JSTOR
1626:(PDF)
433:and
299:Sioux
224:Dutch
139:RhĂ´ne
2904:Wars
2652:Laws
1965:ISBN
1943:2019
1892:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1819:and
1767:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1638:(1).
1605:ISBN
1549:IMDb
1531:IMDb
1465:2009
1250:2015
1148:2016
656:The
599:The
588:The
573:and
389:Cree
297:and
248:deed
74:Died
58:Born
2047:at
1884:doi
1814:at
1547:at
1529:at
3013::
2029:.
2015:.
2001:.
1982:.
1920:46
1918:.
1912:.
1890:.
1865:.
1696:33
1694:.
1636:37
1634:.
1628:.
1576:.
1481:.
1437:.
1342:^
1241:.
1200:^
1183:^
1168:^
1139:.
1135:.
1116:^
1101:^
1058:^
1017:^
990:^
927:^
910:^
879:^
852:^
685:.
653:.
640:.
626:.
569:;
467:,
293:,
282:.
262:.
160:.
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2095:e
2088:t
2081:v
2007:.
1992:.
1973:.
1945:.
1900:.
1886::
1873:.
1844:.
1794:.
1775:.
1751:.
1730:.
1706:.
1683:.
1662:.
1613:.
1498:.
1467:.
1252:.
1150:.
874:.
811:.
34:.
20:)
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