2250:. Bias is a technique by which active devices are set to operate in a particular region, or by which the DC component of the output signal is set to the midpoint between the maximum voltages available from the power supply. Most amplifiers use several devices at each stage; they are typically matched in specifications except for polarity. Matched inverted polarity devices are called complementary pairs. Class-A amplifiers generally use only one device, unless the power supply is set to provide both positive and negative voltages, in which case a dual device symmetrical design may be used. Class-C amplifiers, by definition, use a single polarity supply.
1068:
system. However, any unwanted signals introduced by the amplifier, such as distortion are also fed back. Since they are not part of the original input, they are added to the input in opposite phase, subtracting them from the input. In this way, negative feedback also reduces nonlinearity, distortion and other errors introduced by the amplifier. Large amounts of negative feedback can reduce errors to the point that the response of the amplifier itself becomes almost irrelevant as long as it has a large gain, and the output performance of the system (the "closed
2116:
1309:(RF) amplifier design typically optimizes impedances for power transfer, while audio and instrumentation amplifier designs normally optimize input and output impedance for least loading and highest signal integrity. An amplifier that is said to have a gain of 20 dB might have a voltage gain of 20 dB and an available power gain of much more than 20 dB (power ratio of 100)—yet actually deliver a much lower power gain if, for example, the input is from a 600 Ω microphone and the output connects to a 47
1282:
1564:
voltage between base and collector, and to take the output voltage between emitter and collector. This causes negative feedback, and the output voltage tends to follow the input voltage. This arrangement is also used as the input presents a high impedance and does not load the signal source, though the voltage amplification is less than one. The common-collector circuit is, therefore, better known as an emitter follower, source follower, or cathode follower.
342:
502:, for 40 years. Power control circuitry used magnetic amplifiers until the latter half of the twentieth century when power semiconductor devices became more economical, with higher operating speeds. The old Shreeve electroacoustic carbon repeaters were used in adjustable amplifiers in telephone subscriber sets for the hearing impaired until the transistor provided smaller and higher quality amplifiers in the 1950s.
1083:, distortion can typically be reduced to 0.001%. Noise, even crossover distortion, can be practically eliminated. Negative feedback also compensates for changing temperatures, and degrading or nonlinear components in the gain stage, but any change or nonlinearity in the components in the feedback loop will affect the output. Indeed, the ability of the feedback loop to define the output is used to make
2352:
635:
50:
38:
5147:
2184:. Also, the use of fixed diode bias as shown here can cause problems if the diodes are not both electrically and thermally matched to the output transistors – if the output transistors turn on too much, they can easily overheat and destroy themselves, as the full current from the power supply is not limited at this stage.
1357:
1580:
amplifier. Bilateral amplifier input impedance depends on the load, and output impedance on the signal source impedance. All amplifiers are bilateral to some degree; however they may often be modeled as unilateral under operating conditions where feedback is small enough to neglect for most purposes,
1563:
The common emitter (or common source, common cathode, etc.) is most often configured to provide amplification of a voltage applied between base and emitter, and the output signal taken between collector and emitter is inverted, relative to the input. The common collector arrangement applies the input
1313:
input socket for a power amplifier. In general, the power amplifier is the last 'amplifier' or actual circuit in a signal chain (the output stage) and is the amplifier stage that requires attention to power efficiency. Efficiency considerations lead to the various classes of power amplifiers based on
2228:
When assessing rated amplifier power output, it is useful to consider the applied load, the signal type (e.g., speech or music), required power output duration (i.e., short-time or continuous), and required dynamic range (e.g., recorded or live audio). In high-powered audio applications that require
2051:
As soon as any connection within the circuit gets longer than perhaps 1% of the wavelength of the highest specified frequency (e.g., at 100 MHz the wavelength is 3 m, so the critical connection length is approx. 3 cm) design properties radically change. For example, a specified length
1998:
By design these amplifiers cannot amplify DC signals as the capacitors block the DC component of the input signal. RC-coupled amplifiers were used very often in circuits with vacuum tubes or discrete transistors. In the days of the integrated circuit a few more transistors on a chip are much cheaper
1415:
to separate individual single stage amplifiers, the outputs of which are summed by the same transmission line. The transmission line is a balanced type with the input at one end and on one side only of the balanced transmission line and the output at the opposite end is also the opposite side of the
2196:
Any real amplifier is an imperfect realization of an ideal amplifier. An important limitation of a real amplifier is that the output it generates is ultimately limited by the power available from the power supply. An amplifier saturates and clips the output if the input signal becomes too large for
2167:
D1 and D2 provide a small amount of constant voltage bias for the output pair, just biasing them into the conducting state so that crossover distortion is minimized. That is, the diodes push the output stage firmly into class-AB mode (assuming that the base-emitter drop of the output transistors is
2162:
stage that provides further amplification of the signal and the DC bias for the output stages, Q4 and Q5. R6 provides the load for Q3 (a better design would probably use some form of active load here, such as a constant-current sink). So far, all of the amplifier is operating in class A. The output
2024:
modern electronics developers are encouraged to use directly coupled amplifiers whenever possible. In FET and CMOS technologies direct coupling is dominant since gates of MOSFETs theoretically pass no current through themselves. Therefore, DC component of the input signals is automatically filtered.
1067:
is a technique used in most modern amplifiers to increase bandwidth, reduce distortion, and control gain. In a negative feedback amplifier part of the output is fed back and added to the input in the opposite phase, subtracting from the input. The main effect is to reduce the overall gain of the
649:
The input port can be idealized as either being a voltage input, which takes no current, with the output proportional to the voltage across the port; or a current input, with no voltage across it, in which the output is proportional to the current through the port. The output port can be idealized
2253:
Amplifiers often have multiple stages in cascade to increase gain. Each stage of these designs may be a different type of amp to suit the needs of that stage. For instance, the first stage might be a class-A stage, feeding a class-AB push–pull second stage, which then drives a class-G final output
2102:
are based on the proportion of each input cycle (conduction angle) during which an amplifying device passes current. The image of the conduction angle derives from amplifying a sinusoidal signal. If the device is always on, the conducting angle is 360°. If it is on for only half of each cycle, the
1436:
Negative
Resistance Amplifier is a type of Regenerative Amplifier that can use the feedback between the transistor's source and gate to transform a capacitive impedance on the transistor's source to a negative resistance on its gate. Compared to other types of amplifiers, this "negative resistance
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are specialized linear-beam vacuum-devices, designed to provide high power, widely tunable amplification of millimetre and sub-millimetre waves. Klystrons are designed for large scale operations and despite having a narrower bandwidth than TWTAs, they have the advantage of coherently amplifying a
986:
Amplifiers are described according to the properties of their inputs, their outputs, and how they relate. All amplifiers have gain, a multiplication factor that relates the magnitude of some property of the output signal to a property of the input signal. The gain may be specified as the ratio of
2023:
This class of amplifier was very uncommon in the vacuum tube days when the anode (output) voltage was at greater than several hundred volts and the grid (input) voltage at a few volts minus. So they were used only if the gain was specified down to DC (e.g., in an oscilloscope). In the context of
1377:
An operational amplifier is an amplifier circuit which typically has very high open loop gain and differential inputs. Op amps have become very widely used as standardized "gain blocks" in circuits due to their versatility; their gain, bandwidth and other characteristics can be controlled by
1770:
circuits require an amplifier's gain be controlled by the time-averaged amplitude so that the output amplitude varies little when weak stations are being received. The non-linearities are assumed arranged so the relatively small signal amplitude suffers from little distortion (cross-channel
2171:
This design is simple, but a good basis for a practical design because it automatically stabilises its operating point, since feedback internally operates from DC up through the audio range and beyond. Further circuit elements would probably be found in a real design that would
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as the active device. While semiconductor amplifiers have largely displaced valve amplifiers for low-power applications, valve amplifiers can be much more cost effective in high power applications such as radar, countermeasures equipment, and communications equipment. Many
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Another way to classify amplifiers is by the phase relationship of the input signal to the output signal. An 'inverting' amplifier produces an output 180 degrees out of phase with the input signal (that is, a polarity inversion or mirror image of the input as seen on an
1416:
balanced transmission line. The gain of each stage adds linearly to the output rather than multiplies one on the other as in a cascade configuration. This allows a higher bandwidth to be achieved than could otherwise be realised even with the same gain stage elements.
2224:
techniques to hold the gain at the desired value and reduce distortion. Negative loop feedback has the intended effect of lowering the output impedance and thereby increasing electrical damping of loudspeaker motion at and near the resonance frequency of the speaker.
1450:
Video amplifiers are designed to process video signals and have varying bandwidths depending on whether the video signal is for SDTV, EDTV, HDTV 720p or 1080i/p etc.. The specification of the bandwidth itself depends on what kind of filter is used—and at which point
1155:
amplifiers (or solid state amplifiers) are the most common type of amplifier in use today. A transistor is used as the active element. The gain of the amplifier is determined by the properties of the transistor itself as well as the circuit it is contained within.
1602:
is a type of non-inverting amplifier, indicating that the signal at the emitter of a transistor is following (that is, matching with unity gain but perhaps an offset) the input signal. Voltage follower is also non-inverting type of amplifier having unity gain.
294:
may precede other signal processing stages, for example, while a power amplifier is usually used after other amplifier stages to provide enough output power for the final use of the signal. The first practical electrical device which could amplify was the
2187:
A common solution to help stabilise the output devices is to include some emitter resistors, typically one ohm or so. Calculating the values of the circuit's resistors and capacitors is done based on the components employed and the intended use of the amp.
613:
were used. The core circuit was a diode whose capacitance was changed by an RF signal created locally. Under certain conditions, this RF signal provided energy that was modulated by the extremely weak satellite signal received at the earth station.
890:
of voltage to current. Many real RF amplifiers come close to this ideal. Although, for a given appropriate source and load impedance, RF amplifiers can be characterized as amplifying voltage or current, they fundamentally are amplifying power.
381:
and electrodynamic receiver pairs. The
Shreeve repeater was first tested on a line between Boston and Amesbury, MA, and more refined devices remained in service for some time. After the turn of the century it was found that negative resistance
2163:
pair are arranged in class-AB push–pull, also called a complementary pair. They provide the majority of the current amplification (while consuming low quiescent current) and directly drive the load, connected via DC-blocking capacitor C2. The
365:, so that a local energy source at each intermediate station powered the next leg of transmission. For duplex transmission, i.e. sending and receiving in both directions, bi-directional relay repeaters were developed starting with the work of
849:
of real amplifiers by adding impedances (resistance, capacitance and inductance) to the input and output. For any particular circuit, a small-signal analysis is often used to find the actual impedance. A small-signal AC test current
1534:
are a range of audio power amplifiers used to increase the sound level of musical instruments, for example guitars, during performances. Amplifiers' tone mainly come from the order and amount in which it applies EQ and distortion
1572:
An amplifier whose output exhibits no feedback to its input side is described as 'unilateral'. The input impedance of a unilateral amplifier is independent of load, and output impedance is independent of signal source impedance.
2056:
trace can be used as a selective or impedance-matching entity. Above a few hundred MHz, it gets difficult to use discrete elements, especially inductors. In most cases, PCB traces of very closely defined shapes are used instead
285:
range between 20 kHz and 300 GHz, and servo amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers may work with very low frequencies down to direct current. Amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the
886:, do not fit into this classification approach. Rather than dealing with voltage or current individually, they ideally couple with an input or output impedance matched to the transmission line impedance, that is, match
2197:
the amplifier to reproduce or exceeds operational limits for the device. The power supply may influence the output, so must be considered in the design. The power output from an amplifier cannot exceed its input power.
658:, with infinite source resistance and the output current dependent on the input. Combinations of these choices lead to four types of ideal amplifiers. In idealized form they are represented by each of the four types of
268:
contained within another device. Amplification is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are widely used in almost all electronic equipment. Amplifiers can be categorized in different ways. One is by the
2036:
Frequency ranges down to DC are used only when this property is needed. Amplifiers for direct current signals are vulnerable to minor variations in the properties of components with time. Special methods, such as
2123:
The practical amplifier circuit shown above could be the basis for a moderate-power audio amplifier. It features a typical (though substantially simplified) design as found in modern amplifiers, with a class-AB
1512:/SiC are emerging in HEMT transistors and applications where improved efficiency, wide bandwidth, operation roughly from few to few tens of GHz with output power of few Watts to few hundred of Watts are needed.
1515:
Depending on the amplifier specifications and size requirements microwave amplifiers can be realised as monolithically integrated, integrated as modules or based on discrete parts or any combination of those.
1470:
amplifiers (TWTAs) are used for high power amplification at low microwave frequencies. They typically can amplify across a broad spectrum of frequencies; however, they are usually not as tunable as klystrons.
621:
since the late 20th century provided new alternatives to the conventional linear-gain amplifiers by using digital switching to vary the pulse-shape of fixed amplitude signals, resulting in devices such as the
999:), or some combination of current, voltage, and power. In many cases the property of the output that varies is dependent on the same property of the input, making the gain unitless (though often expressed in
1232:, and these microwave valves provide much greater single-device power output at microwave frequencies than solid-state devices. Vacuum tubes remain in use in some high end audio equipment, as well as in
1614:
Other amplifiers may be classified by their function or output characteristics. These functional descriptions usually apply to complete amplifier systems or sub-systems and rarely to individual stages.
1382:
through an external circuit. Though the term today commonly applies to integrated circuits, the original operational amplifier design used valves, and later designs used discrete transistor circuits.
2158:
The negative feedback into the difference amplifier allows the amplifier to compare the input to the actual output. The amplified signal from Q1 is directly fed to the second stage, Q3, which is a
1882:, sometimes with multiple amps grouped together as separate or bridgeable channels to accommodate different audio reproduction requirements. Frequently used terms within audio amplifiers include:
575:
The replacement of bulky electron tubes with transistors during the 1960s and 1970s created a revolution in electronics, making possible a large class of portable electronic devices, such as the
2048:
Depending on the frequency range specified different design principles must be used. Up to the MHz range only "discrete" properties need be considered; e.g., a terminal has an input impedance.
1112:, such as inherent capacitance between input and output of devices such as transistors, and capacitive coupling of external wiring. Excessive frequency-dependent positive feedback can produce
1006:
Most amplifiers are designed to be linear. That is, they provide constant gain for any normal input level and output signal. If an amplifier's gain is not linear, the output signal can become
557:
1633:
indicates use at frequencies down to DC levels, where the rapid fluctuations of an audio or RF signal do not occur. These are often used in mechanical actuators, or devices such as
361:, this problem had been solved with intermediate devices at stations that replenished the dissipated energy by operating a signal recorder and transmitter back-to-back, forming a
208:
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1901:
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or forced air cooling. Heat can damage or reduce electronic component service life. Designers and installers must also consider heating effects on adjacent equipment.
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Beginning in the 1970s, more and more transistors were connected on a single chip thereby creating higher scales of integration (such as small-scale, medium-scale and
135:
94:
357:, first patented in 1876, created the need to increase the amplitude of electrical signals to extend the transmission of signals over increasingly long distances. In
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for telegraphic transmission. Duplex transmission was essential for telephony and the problem was not satisfactorily solved until 1904, when H. E. Shreeve of the
1500:, and others, are used especially at lower microwave frequencies and power levels on the order of watts specifically in applications like portable RF terminals/
1964:
input for a device (perhaps another amplifier, or perhaps an energy-hungry load such as lights) that would otherwise draw too much current from the source.
471:), which could increase gain but also make the amplifier unstable and prone to oscillation. Much of the mathematical theory of amplifiers was developed at
5065:
3134:
Peatman, W.C.B.; Daniel, E. S. (2009). "Introduction to the
Special Section on the IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium (CSICS 2008)".
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To prevent instability or overheating requires care to ensure solid state amplifiers are adequately loaded. Most have a rated minimum load impedance.
1991:
Amplifiers are sometimes classified by the coupling method of the signal at the input, output, or between stages. Different types of these include:
1840:
amplifier has a precise amplification factor over a wide frequency range, and is often used to boost signals for relay in communications systems. A
370:
483:; this allowed the distortion levels to be greatly reduced, at the cost of lower gain. Other advances in the theory of amplification were made by
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1109:
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Each type of amplifier in its ideal form has an ideal input and output resistance that is the same as that of the corresponding dependent source:
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One set of classifications for amplifiers is based on which device terminal is common to both the input and the output circuit. In the case of
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These nonlinear amplifiers have much higher efficiencies than linear amps, and are used where the power saving justifies the extra complexity.
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stage, and uses some overall negative feedback. Bipolar transistors are shown, but this design would also be realizable with FETs or valves.
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which began around 1902, provided an entirely electronic method of amplifying signals. The first practical version of such devices was the
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long cables to the load (e.g., cinemas and shopping centres) it may be more efficient to connect to the load at line output voltage, with
1936:
amplifiers imply two channels of output (left and right), though the term simply means "solid" sound (referring to three-dimensional)—so
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for example) the bandwidth is measured. Certain requirements for step response and overshoot are necessary for an acceptable TV image.
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2524:
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2427:
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404:, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Since the only previous device which was widely used to strengthen a signal was the
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amplifier generates significant distortion and so changes the harmonic content; there are situations where this is useful. Amplifier
1133:
All amplifiers include some form of active device: this is the device that does the actual amplification. The active device can be a
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Transistor-based amplification can be realized using various configurations: for example a bipolar junction transistor can realize
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2155:. This arrangement is used to conveniently allow the use of negative feedback, which is fed from the output to Q2 via R7 and R8.
1437:
amplifier" will require only a tiny amount of power to achieve very high gain, maintaining a good noise figure at the same time.
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that produces a signal at the output port that is a replica of the signal applied to the input port, but increased in magnitude.
2743:
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1814:
349:(triode) vacuum tube had a voltage gain of about 5, providing a total gain of approximately 125 for this three-stage amplifier.
933:, the extent to which the proportion between input and output amplitude is the same for high amplitude and low amplitude input
5171:
4438:
3381:
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334:, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Vacuum tubes were used in almost all amplifiers until the 1960s–1970s when
2014:
Quite often LC-coupled and transformer-coupled amplifiers cannot be distinguished as a transformer is some kind of inductor.
1250:
where one winding is used to control the saturation of a magnetic core and hence alter the impedance of the other winding.
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is applied to the input or output node, all external sources are set to AC zero, and the corresponding alternating voltage
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amplifier may be chosen because it can be very efficient—but is non-linear. Following such an amplifier with a so-called
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In real amplifiers the ideal impedances are not possible to achieve, but these ideal elements can be used to construct
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1174:, RF high power generation for semiconductor equipment, to RF and microwave applications such as radio transmitters.
572:, the ability to scale down to increasingly small sizes, the MOSFET has since become the most widely used amplifier.
3169:
Lie, D.Y.C.; Mayeda, J. C.; Lopez, J. (2017). "Highly efficient 5G linear power amplifiers (PA) design challenges".
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frequencies. This category subdivides into small signal amplification, and power amps that are optimised to driving
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replaced them. Today, most amplifiers use transistors, but vacuum tubes continue to be used in some applications.
45:
stereo audio amplifier with output power of 50 watts per channel used in home component audio systems in the 1970s.
31:
2041:
stabilized amplifiers are used to prevent objectionable drift in the amplifier's properties for DC. "DC-blocking"
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The amplifying vacuum tube revolutionized electrical technology. It made possible long-distance telephone lines,
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Depending on the frequency range and other properties amplifiers are designed according to different principles.
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to precisely define gain, bandwidth, and other parameters entirely based on the components in the feedback loop.
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during the 1920s to 1940s. Distortion levels in early amplifiers were high, usually around 5%, until 1934, when
3895:
3062:
2151:(an amplifier that multiplies the difference between two inputs by some constant), in an arrangement known as a
1389:
is similar to the operational amplifier, but also has differential outputs. These are usually constructed using
463:. For 50 years virtually all consumer electronic devices used vacuum tubes. Early tube amplifiers often had
253:
greater amplitude signal at its output. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its
5151:
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2017:
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of an ideal linear amplifier with an arbitrary signal applied as input. In this example the amplifier has a
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257:: the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is defined as a circuit that has a
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They have largely fallen out of use due to development in semiconductor amplifiers but are still useful in
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The vacuum tube was virtually the only amplifying device, other than specialized power devices such as the
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60:(voltage or current) of a time-varying signal by a given factor, as shown here. The graph shows the input
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1072:") is defined entirely by the components in the feedback loop. This technique is used particularly with
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Some feedback, positive or negative, is unavoidable and often undesirable—introduced, for example, by
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The amplifier circuit has an "open loop" performance. This is described by various parameters (gain,
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1348:: amplifies a control voltage to adjust the speed of a motor, or the position of a motorized system.
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Dawn of the
Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945
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All amplifiers generate heat through electrical losses. The amplifier must dissipate this heat via
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between a lower and an upper frequency (e.g. "20 Hz to 20 kHz plus or minus 1 dB").
1941:
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developed in 1954. Today, use of vacuum tubes is limited to some high power applications, such as
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3257:"A power efficient bandwidth regulation technique for a low-noise high-gain RF wideband amplifier"
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such as silicon short channel MOSFETs like double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor (DMOS) FETs,
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For special purposes, other active elements have been used. For example, in the early days of the
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Bode, H. W. (July 1940). "Relations
Between Attenuation and Phase in Feedback Amplifier Design".
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This description can apply to a single stage of an amplifier, or to a complete amplifier system.
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and access points where size and efficiency are the drivers. New materials like gallium nitride (
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linearity (even the most linear amplifier has some nonlinearities, since the amplifying devices—
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coupled amplifier, using a transformer to match impedances or to decouple parts of the circuits
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Non-feedback amplifiers can achieve only about 1% distortion for audio-frequency signals. With
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are a type of buffer that feeds long or interference-prone interconnect cables, possibly with
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reference signal so its output may be precisely controlled in amplitude, frequency and phase.
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249:(magnitude of the voltage or current) of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing a
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amp amplifies a specific narrow range of frequencies, to the exclusion of other frequencies.
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control, and in nuclear power control circuitry due to not being affected by radioactivity.
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576:
549:
238:
234:
1105:
of active devices against minor changes in power-supply voltage or device characteristics.
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2329:
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2254:
stage, taking advantage of the strengths of each type, while minimizing their weaknesses.
1915:
1852:
1772:
1728:
1714:
1657:
1652:
amplifier responds to different frequency components independently, and does not generate
1509:
1306:
1298:
1297:
A power amplifier is an amplifier designed primarily to increase the power available to a
1204:
1102:
713:
541:
448:
282:
274:
1556:, the corresponding configurations are common source, common gate, and common drain; for
1170:
Applications are numerous, some common examples are audio amplifiers in a home stereo or
1017:
Amplifiers are usually designed to function well in a specific application, for example:
3363:
3272:
3147:
2115:
2002:
Inductive-capacitive (LC) coupled amplifier, using a network of inductors and capacitors
1995:
Resistive-capacitive (RC) coupled amplifier, using a network of resistors and capacitors
1721:
for example can provide a special transfer function, such as logarithmic or square-law.
5045:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4954:
4772:
4767:
4503:
4348:
4129:
4119:
3885:
3688:
2833:
2269:
2159:
2140:
2095:
1927:
1818:
1780:
1630:
1186:
1171:
976:
741:
569:
432:), were first used for this new capability around 1915 when triodes became widespread.
2376:
5165:
5132:
5101:
4802:
4736:
4680:
4650:
4587:
4564:
4498:
4410:
4233:
4149:
3968:
3795:
3763:
3290:
3196:
2898:
1810:
1737:
1626:
1598:). A 'non-inverting' amplifier maintains the phase of the input signal waveforms. An
1576:
An amplifier that uses feedback to connect part of the output back to the input is a
1194:
1084:
1045:
1033:
971:
959:
943:
638:
The four types of dependent source—control variable on left, output variable on right
484:
401:
331:
303:
2573:, Nos. 1665 and 1666, November 30, 1907 and December 7, 1907, p.348-350 and 354-356.
4875:
4835:
4777:
4670:
4640:
4597:
4519:
4291:
4279:
4167:
4134:
3963:
3948:
3531:
3515:
2877:
1973:
1937:
1909:
1885:
1741:
1669:
1595:
1497:
1264:
1198:
1014:
is useful. Certain signal processing applications use exponential gain amplifiers.
992:
537:
383:
366:
291:
287:
242:
3178:
654:, with zero source resistance and its output voltage dependent on the input; or a
602:. Many amplifiers commercially available today are based on integrated circuits.
281:(sound) range of less than 20 kHz, RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the
5116:
5111:
5070:
5055:
4979:
4964:
4923:
4880:
4696:
4333:
4075:
4024:
3930:
3915:
3698:
3660:
2557:
2181:
2147:
R1 and R2 so that any preceding circuit is not affected by it. Q1 and Q2 form a
2008:
2005:
This kind of amplifier is most often used in selective radio-frequency circuits.
1965:
1940:
stereo was used for amplifiers with four channels. 5.1 and 7.1 systems refer to
1919:
1879:
1864:
1621:
1582:
1557:
1501:
1345:
1341:
1329:
1247:
1208:
1190:
1178:
1134:
1101:
Negative feedback can be applied at each stage of an amplifier to stabilize the
1049:
1025:
634:
565:
390:
335:
327:
299:
3005:
2351:
1552:, the three classes are common emitter, common base, and common collector. For
5106:
5096:
4913:
4701:
4665:
4534:
4529:
4405:
4395:
4328:
4202:
4172:
4139:
4114:
4109:
4086:
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3938:
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3678:
3655:
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3443:
3438:
3433:
3331:
3281:
3256:
3210:
3155:
2347:
2240:
2209:
2094:
Power amplifier circuits (output stages) are classified as A, B, AB and C for
1889:
1733:
1699:
1676:
such as square-laws and rely on circuitry techniques to reduce those effects).
1673:
1665:
1290:
1237:
1152:
1138:
1117:
1053:
1022:
1007:
996:
588:
529:
456:
358:
307:
258:
37:
3110:
2072:
down when the frequency reaches the specified bandwidth), or by specifying a
1740:
can reduce unwanted harmonics (distortion) sufficiently to make it useful in
864:
across the test current source determines the impedance seen at that node as
4726:
4368:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4124:
4004:
3838:
3833:
3758:
3683:
2201:
2132:
2058:
2042:
1945:
1897:
1776:
1753:
1710:
a load such as a lamp based on a threshold in a continuously variable input.
1036:("hi-fi") stereo equipment, microcomputers and other digital equipment, and
955:
949:
545:
499:
354:
270:
246:
57:
49:
3171:
2017 International
Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT)
2064:
The frequency range handled by an amplifier might be specified in terms of
2045:
can be added to remove DC and sub-sonic frequencies from audio amplifiers.
306:, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Today most amplifiers use
3087:"What is a video amplifier, video booster amplifiers - Future Electronics"
4918:
4895:
4885:
4825:
4612:
4390:
4338:
4318:
4296:
4182:
4177:
4065:
4054:
3983:
3753:
2173:
2144:
1745:
1634:
1474:
1379:
1221:
1217:
460:
374:
3373:
3352: – contains an explanation of different amplifier classes
5014:
4759:
4250:
4187:
4009:
3994:
3848:
3805:
3453:
3215:
3006:"Magnetic Amplifier Control for Simple, Low-Cost, Secondary Regulation"
2077:
2069:
1315:
1000:
988:
927:, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption
230:
386:
could amplify, and were also tried in repeaters, with little success.
4323:
4014:
3978:
3943:
3503:
3475:
3448:
3423:
2990:
2977:
Robert S. Symons (1998). "Tubes: Still vital after all these years".
2103:
angle is 180°. The angle of flow is closely related to the amplifier
1933:
1638:
1276:
1037:
515:
397:
394:
346:
324:
296:
2541:
2233:
at source and loads. This avoids long runs of heavy speaker cables.
4423:
2860:"Timeline | the Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
1356:
1301:. In practice, amplifier power gain depends on the source and load
27:
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
5080:
5050:
4400:
4311:
4070:
3843:
3636:
3498:
3493:
2873:
2164:
1520:
1355:
1280:
1018:
452:
405:
362:
340:
278:
48:
36:
2246:
Different power supply types result in many different methods of
1201:
amplification. Each configuration has different characteristics.
353:
The development of audio communication technology in form of the
30:
This article is about electronic amplifiers. For other uses, see
4850:
4343:
3726:
3672:
3573:
3526:
3464:
1493:
1254:
946:, the ratio of the largest and the smallest useful output levels
323:
The first practical prominent device that could amplify was the
4427:
3377:
2848:
Telephone Sets for
Subscribers with Impaired Hearing — 334 Type
264:
An amplifier can be either a separate piece of equipment or an
4617:
3211:"Tested: Where Does the Tone Come from in a Guitar Amplifier?"
2180:
above the needed range to prevent the possibility of unwanted
1505:
1310:
1090:
Another advantage of negative feedback is that it extends the
719:
912:, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals
225:
is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a
905:
Amplifier properties are given by parameters that include:
4959:
2475:
Patronis, Gene (1987). "Amplifiers". In Glen Ballou (ed.).
1629:
to actively control the output at some desired level. A DC
2135:
C1 to the base of transistor Q1. The capacitor allows the
1207:(also known as tube amplifiers or valve amplifiers) use a
556:(BJT) in 1948. They were followed by the invention of the
662:
used in linear analysis, as shown in the figure, namely:
1094:
of the amplifier. The concept of feedback is used in
412:
systems, the amplifying vacuum tube was first called an
2876:; in particular, it encompasses all possibilities. See
1159:
Common active devices in transistor amplifiers include
273:
of the electronic signal being amplified. For example,
2477:
Handbook for Sound
Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia
1829:
Operational amplifier comparator and detector circuits
1305:, as well as the inherent voltage and current gain. A
2891:"Small signal analysis of Complex amplifier circuits"
2503:, Transactions of the AIEE 38(11), 1 Oct 1919, p.1298
2419:
Foundations of Analog and
Digital Electronic Circuits
2098:
designs—and class D and E for switching designs. The
1859:, and is often used to increase the sensitivity of a
1216:
are specially designed valve amplifiers, such as the
154:
107:
66:
2542:"The Audion; A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy"
1428:
are the main example of this type of amplification.
939:, a measure of undesired noise mixed into the output
5089:
5023:
4947:
4894:
4816:
4758:
4735:
4689:
4631:
4573:
4489:
4461:
4359:
4259:
4226:
4158:
4095:
4023:
3929:
3861:
3707:
3635:
3540:
3422:
3411:
2748:. The Encyclopedia Americana Co. 1920. p. 349.
1137:, discrete solid state component, such as a single
345:De Forest's prototype audio amplifier of 1914. The
241:electronic circuit that uses electric power from a
3232:"Microwaves101 | Active Directivity of Amplifiers"
2953:Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 7th Edition
1165:metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors
202:
129:
88:
2846:AT&T, Bell System Practices Section C65.114,
2020:, using no impedance and bias matching components
1789:detector circuits that use amplification such as
1560:, common cathode, common grid, and common plate.
558:metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
2764:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion
2516:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion
1813:, rely on changes in amplification based on the
3255:Roy, Apratim; Rashid, S. M. S. (5 June 2012).
1539:Classification of amplifier stages and systems
4439:
3389:
3305:"Understanding Amplifier Operating "Classes""
2569:The link is to a reprint of the paper in the
2068:(normally implying a response that is 3
373:improved existing attempts at constructing a
8:
1944:with 5 or 7 normal spatial channels, plus a
1319:
642:In principle, an amplifier is an electrical
5066:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
2446:Introduction to Circuit Analysis and Design
4656:Comparison of analog and digital recording
4446:
4432:
4424:
3419:
3396:
3382:
3374:
2664:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 9–10, 15.
2653:
2651:
2591:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28.
2470:
2468:
2466:
952:, the maximum rate of change of the output
3280:
2788:
2786:
1523:is a non-electronic microwave amplifier.
1213:
199:
184:
159:
153:
112:
106:
71:
65:
2691:. Murray Hill Books. pp. 165, 180.
2625:Newnes Dictionary of Electronics, 4th Ed
2479:. Howard W. Sams & Co. p. 493.
2114:
1318:of the output transistors or tubes: see
1044:. Every amplifier includes at least one
770:
754:Voltage controlled voltage source, VCVS
732:Voltage controlled current source, VCCS
710:Current controlled voltage source, CCVS
691:Current controlled current source, CCCS
664:
633:
371:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
3261:Central European Journal of Engineering
2589:Historical Dictionary of American Radio
2449:. Springer Science and Business Media.
2389:Crecraft, David; Gorham, David (2003).
2369:
1904:equalisation filters. They may include
1817:'s instantaneous amplitude to derive a
1637:that must maintain a constant speed or
1263:can be used as amplifiers, such as the
2416:Agarwal, Anant; Lang, Jeffrey (2005).
5127:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
1779:by the relatively large gain-control
1702:may be employed to turn either fully
1687:intentionally providing a non-linear
1660:distortion. No amplifier can provide
7:
3828:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
3136:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
2922:Vsats: Very Small Aperture Terminals
2712:McNicol, Donald (November 1, 1917).
2220:, etc.). Many modern amplifiers use
2131:The input signal is coupled through
1645:amp. can do this for some AC motors.
1336:and deliver equal power to each. An
1189:amplification; a MOSFET can realize
919:
203:{\displaystyle v_{o}(t)=3v_{i}(t)\,}
3609:Programmable unijunction transistor
3048:"Tunnel-Diode Microwave Amplifiers"
2076:that is within a certain number of
1851:amplifier amplifies signals in the
878:Amplifiers designed to attach to a
3510:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
2956:. Prentice Hall College Division.
2834:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1940.tb00839.x
1490:heterojunction bipolar transistors
1246:are devices somewhat similar to a
1010:. There are, however, cases where
25:
5182:Audiovisual introductions in 1906
4676:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3488:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
3357:"Reinventing the power amplifier"
3111:"Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers"
1752:of the tuned circuit to a higher
5145:
3732:Heterostructure barrier varactor
3459:Chemical field-effect transistor
2422:. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 331.
2377:HiFi-Wiki webpage with facsimile
2350:
1352:Operational amplifiers (op-amps)
995:), output power to input power (
882:at input and output, especially
4661:Experimental musical instrument
3780:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
2745:Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 26
2540:De Forest, Lee (January 1906).
2139:signal to pass, but blocks the
1888:(preamp.), which may include a
1748:may be selected by setting the
3332:AES guide to amplifier classes
3046:Munsterman, G.T. (June 1965).
2571:Scientific American Supplement
2168:reduced by heat dissipation).
1581:simplifying analysis (see the
1116:and turn an amplifier into an
196:
190:
171:
165:
124:
118:
83:
77:
1:
4846:Electronic musical instrument
3179:10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2017.7939653
3023:"Negative Resistance Revived"
2119:A practical amplifier circuit
1999:and smaller than a capacitor.
1713:a non-linear amplifier in an
1527:Musical instrument amplifiers
1432:Negative resistance amplifier
1234:musical instrument amplifiers
568:at Bell Labs in 1959. Due to
148:of 3; that is at any instant
18:Piezoelectric audio amplifier
5152:Record production portal
5041:Institute of Broadcast Sound
3811:Silicon controlled rectifier
3673:Organic light-emitting diode
3563:Diffused junction transistor
3338:"Amplifier Anatomy - Part 1"
2300:Intermediate power amplifier
2143:bias voltage established by
1799:infinite impedance detectors
1696:silicon controlled rectifier
1550:bipolar junction transistors
1387:fully differential amplifier
1328:are typically used to drive
1161:bipolar junction transistors
5061:Musical Electronics Library
3615:Static induction transistor
3552:Bipolar junction transistor
3504:MOS field-effect transistor
3476:Fin field-effect transistor
2822:Bell Labs Technical Journal
2799:Online Etymology Dictionary
2718:Telegraph and Telephone Age
2583:Godfrey, Donald G. (1998).
2558:10.1109/t-aiee.1906.4764762
2443:Glisson, Tildon H. (2011).
2320:Programmable-gain amplifier
2310:Negative feedback amplifier
1700:transistor used as a switch
1236:, due to a preference for "
554:bipolar junction transistor
473:Bell Telephone Laboratories
377:consisting of back-to-back
5198:
4808:Sound reinforcement system
4717:Sound reinforcement system
3822:Static induction thyristor
2658:Nebeker, Frederik (2009).
2519:. MIT Press. p. 165.
2499:Gherardi B., Jewett F.B.,
2395:. CRC Press. p. 168.
2087:
1984:
1981:Interstage coupling method
1589:Inverting or non-inverting
1508:) or GaN on silicon or on
1404:
1366:
1277:Switch § Power switch
1274:
918:, the width of the useful
901:Amplifier figures of merit
898:
509:
379:carbon-granule transmitter
32:Amplifier (disambiguation)
29:
5141:
5031:Audio Engineering Society
4929:Software effect processor
4909:Digital audio workstation
4750:Digital signal processing
4514:Digital audio workstation
3991:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
3743:Hybrid integrated circuit
3586:Light-emitting transistor
3282:10.2478/s13531-012-0009-1
3156:10.1109/JSSC.2009.2029709
3091:www.futureelectronics.com
2688:Radio's Conquest of Space
2265:Charge transfer amplifier
2111:Example amplifier circuit
1928:public address amplifiers
1863:or the output power of a
1585:article for an example).
1373:Instrumentation amplifier
1360:An LM741 general purpose
512:History of the transistor
424:, derived from the Latin
5122:Professional audio store
5024:People and organizations
5010:Sound recording engineer
4038:Backward-wave oscillator
3748:Light emitting capacitor
3604:Point-contact transistor
3574:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
2793:Harper, Douglas (2001).
2685:McNicol, Donald (1946).
2018:Direct coupled amplifier
1857:electromagnetic spectrum
1625:indicates an integrated
1554:field-effect transistors
1420:Switched mode amplifiers
656:dependent current source
652:dependent voltage source
534:point-contact transistor
130:{\displaystyle v_{o}(t)}
89:{\displaystyle v_{i}(t)}
4540:Microphone preamplifier
4049:Crossed-field amplifier
3568:Field-effect transistor
2627:. Newnes. p. 331.
2275:Current sense amplifier
2192:Notes on implementation
2100:power amplifier classes
2090:Power amplifier classes
2084:Power amplifier classes
1807:cat's-whisker detectors
1568:Unilateral or bilateral
1332:. They will often have
1320:power amplifier classes
1230:crossed-field amplifier
979:, the ability to avoid
607:satellite communication
596:large-scale integration
445:talking motion pictures
277:amplify signals in the
4481:Electronic and digital
4218:Voltage-regulator tube
3785:MOS integrated circuit
3650:Constant-current diode
3626:Unijunction transistor
3061:: 2–10. Archived from
2759:Hong, Sungook (2001).
2513:Sungook, Hong (2001).
2343:Power added efficiency
2290:Double-tuned amplifier
2149:differential amplifier
2120:
1811:peak detector circuits
1768:Automatic gain control
1401:Distributed amplifiers
1364:
1346:Servo motor controller
1326:Audio power amplifiers
1294:
1205:Vacuum-tube amplifiers
1096:operational amplifiers
1085:active filter circuits
1074:operational amplifiers
970:that characterize the
639:
437:public address systems
400:, invented in 1906 by
350:
330:, invented in 1906 by
302:, invented in 1906 by
210:
204:
131:
90:
56:means increasing the
46:
5172:Electronic amplifiers
4287:Electrolytic detector
4060:Inductive output tube
3876:Low-dropout regulator
3791:Organic semiconductor
3722:Printed circuit board
3558:Darlington transistor
3405:Electronic components
3236:www.microwaves101.com
3004:Mammano, Bob (2001).
2946:Robert Boylestad and
2919:John Everett (1992).
2280:Distributed amplifier
2231:matching transformers
2218:signal-to-noise ratio
2118:
1758:fundamental frequency
1532:Instrument amplifiers
1407:Distributed amplifier
1369:Operational amplifier
1359:
1284:
1172:public address system
1114:parasitic oscillation
1042:instrument amplifiers
637:
611:parametric amplifiers
520:Audio power amplifier
510:Further information:
344:
205:
132:
91:
52:
40:
4939:Software synthesizer
4904:Digital audio editor
4690:Playback transducers
4550:Multitrack recording
4105:Beam deflection tube
3774:Metal-oxide varistor
3667:Light-emitting diode
3521:Thin-film transistor
3482:Floating-gate MOSFET
3309:electronicdesign.com
3055:APL Technical Digest
3011:. Texas Instruments.
2619:Amos, S. W. (2002).
1987:Multistage amplifier
1956:, which may include
1942:Home theatre systems
1924:headphone amplifiers
1795:precision rectifiers
1791:anode-bend detectors
1762:frequency multiplier
1463:Microwave amplifiers
1261:Negative resistances
1214:microwave amplifiers
430:to enlarge or expand
219:electronic amplifier
152:
105:
64:
5177:Electronic circuits
4081:Traveling-wave tube
3881:Switching regulator
3717:Printed electronics
3694:Step recovery diode
3471:Depletion-load NMOS
3273:2012CEJE....2..383R
3148:2009IJSSC..44.2627P
2501:Telephone Repeaters
2392:Electronics, 2nd Ed
2305:Low-noise amplifier
1823:alternating current
1654:harmonic distortion
1482:Solid-state devices
1468:Traveling wave tube
1411:These use balanced
1334:two output channels
1285:Power amplifier by
1244:Magnetic amplifiers
1226:traveling wave tube
847:equivalent circuits
619:digital electronics
600:integrated circuits
552:later invented the
389:The development of
101:and output voltage
4990:Re-recording mixer
4793:Keyboard amplifier
4509:Binaural recording
4386:Crystal oscillator
4246:Variable capacitor
3921:Switched capacitor
3863:Voltage regulators
3737:Integrated circuit
3621:Tetrode transistor
3599:Pentode transistor
3592:Organic LET (OLET)
3579:Organic FET (OFET)
2714:"The Audion Tribe"
2358:Electronics portal
2295:Faithful amplifier
2178:frequency response
2121:
2074:frequency response
1805:detectors such as
1750:resonant frequency
1744:, or some desired
1719:true RMS converter
1672:—follow nonlinear
1426:Class-D amplifiers
1413:transmission lines
1365:
1340:is found in radio
1338:RF power amplifier
1295:
1287:Skyworks Solutions
1143:integrated circuit
1110:parasitic elements
991:to input voltage (
757:Voltage amplifier
694:Current amplifier
650:as being either a
640:
585:musical instrument
583:, as well as some
581:radio transmitters
528:The first working
524:RF power amplifier
496:magnetic amplifier
441:radio broadcasting
375:telephone repeater
351:
266:electrical circuit
261:greater than one.
211:
200:
127:
86:
47:
5159:
5158:
4965:Guitar technician
4861:Music workstation
4745:Digital recording
4722:Speaker enclosure
4641:8-track cartridge
4583:Phonograph record
4421:
4420:
4381:Ceramic resonator
4193:Mercury-arc valve
4145:Video camera tube
4097:Cathode-ray tubes
3857:
3856:
3465:Complementary MOS
3188:978-1-5090-3969-2
3142:(10): 2627–2628.
2963:978-0-13-375734-7
2932:978-0-86341-200-4
2486:978-0-672-21983-2
2315:Optical amplifier
2285:Doherty amplifier
2222:negative feedback
1960:, provide a high
1958:emitter followers
1954:Buffer amplifiers
1918:(normally drives
1894:RIAA equalization
1689:transfer function
1081:negative feedback
1065:Negative feedback
1060:Negative feedback
880:transmission line
843:
842:
816:Transconductance
783:Output impedance
777:Dependent source
766:
765:
674:Dependent source
624:Class-D amplifier
562:Mohamed M. Atalla
489:Hendrik Wade Bode
481:negative feedback
465:positive feedback
391:thermionic valves
16:(Redirected from
5189:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5036:Goji Electronics
4975:Monitor engineer
4934:Software sampler
4841:Electronic drums
4818:Electronic music
4788:Guitar amplifier
4633:Analog recording
4593:Compact cassette
4555:Music production
4463:Music technology
4455:Music technology
4448:
4441:
4434:
4425:
4275:electrical power
4160:Gas-filled tubes
4044:Cavity magnetron
3871:Linear regulator
3420:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3362:. Archived from
3361:
3351:
3349:
3343:. Archived from
3342:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3173:. pp. 1–3.
3166:
3160:
3159:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:users.tpg.com.au
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:10.1109/6.666962
2974:
2968:
2967:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2897:. Archived from
2895:www.eeherald.com
2887:
2881:
2872:This table is a
2870:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2801:. Etymonline.com
2790:
2781:
2780:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2153:long-tailed pair
2126:push–pull output
2105:power efficiency
1972:outputs through
1771:interference or
1694:a device like a
1600:emitter follower
1488:, SiGe and GaAs
1458:
1454:
1446:Video amplifiers
1344:final stages. A
1271:Power amplifiers
1183:common collector
1141:, or part of an
1070:loop performance
981:self-oscillation
802:Transresistance
780:Input impedance
771:
736:Transconductance
665:
660:dependent source
644:two-port network
577:transistor radio
550:William Shockley
459:, and the first
275:audio amplifiers
245:to increase the
229:(a time-varying
221:or (informally)
209:
207:
206:
201:
189:
188:
164:
163:
140:
136:
134:
133:
128:
117:
116:
99:
95:
93:
92:
87:
76:
75:
21:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5085:
5019:
4985:Record producer
4970:Mixing engineer
4943:
4890:
4856:MIDI controller
4831:Circuit bending
4812:
4754:
4731:
4707:Monitor speaker
4685:
4627:
4575:Recording media
4569:
4560:Music sequencer
4545:Monitor speaker
4491:Sound recording
4485:
4457:
4452:
4422:
4417:
4355:
4270:audio and video
4255:
4222:
4154:
4091:
4019:
4000:Photomultiplier
3925:
3853:
3801:Quantum circuit
3709:
3703:
3645:Avalanche diode
3631:
3543:
3536:
3425:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3230:Administrator.
3229:
3228:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3189:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2948:Louis Nashelsky
2945:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2562:
2560:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2330:Valve amplifier
2325:Tuned amplifier
2270:CMOS amplifiers
2260:
2194:
2113:
2092:
2086:
2052:and width of a
2031:
2029:Frequency range
1989:
1983:
1916:Power amplifier
1872:audio amplifier
1853:radio frequency
1775:) yet is still
1773:intermodulation
1715:analog computer
1658:intermodulation
1622:servo amplifier
1612:
1591:
1570:
1546:
1544:Common terminal
1541:
1529:
1510:silicon carbide
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1422:
1409:
1403:
1375:
1367:Main articles:
1354:
1307:radio frequency
1279:
1273:
1131:
1126:
1103:operating point
1062:
920:frequency range
903:
897:
873:
869:
862:
855:
774:Amplifier type
714:Transresistance
677:Amplifier type
632:
542:Walter Brattain
526:
508:
449:audio recording
321:
316:
283:radio frequency
180:
155:
150:
149:
138:
108:
103:
102:
97:
67:
62:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5090:Related topics
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Lejaren Hiller
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Sound operator
5002:
5000:Sound follower
4997:
4995:Sound designer
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Audio engineer
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Bass amplifier
4770:
4768:Mixing console
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4504:Mixing console
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:Wollaston wire
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Selectron tube
4127:
4122:
4120:Magic eye tube
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Schottky diode
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:on 2013-04-03.
3353:
3350:on 2004-06-10.
3334:
3327:
3326:External links
3324:
3322:
3321:
3296:
3267:(3): 383–391.
3247:
3222:
3202:
3187:
3161:
3126:
3115:www.r-type.org
3102:
3078:
3038:
3014:
2996:
2969:
2962:
2938:
2931:
2911:
2882:
2865:
2851:
2839:
2828:(3): 421–454.
2812:
2782:
2775:
2751:
2735:
2704:
2697:
2677:
2671:978-0470409749
2670:
2647:
2633:
2611:
2597:
2575:
2532:
2526:978-0262082983
2525:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2462:
2456:978-9048194438
2455:
2435:
2429:978-0080506814
2428:
2408:
2402:978-0748770366
2401:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2193:
2190:
2160:common emitter
2112:
2109:
2088:Main article:
2085:
2082:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1913:
1868:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1819:direct current
1809:), as well as
1801:(so excluding
1784:
1765:
1722:
1711:
1677:
1646:
1611:
1608:
1590:
1587:
1569:
1566:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1464:
1461:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
1353:
1350:
1272:
1269:
1187:common emitter
1130:
1129:Active devices
1127:
1125:
1122:
1061:
1058:
984:
983:
974:
953:
947:
940:
934:
928:
922:
913:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
871:
867:
860:
853:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
764:
763:
758:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
739:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
717:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
695:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
631:
628:
570:MOSFET scaling
507:
504:
414:electron relay
320:
317:
315:
312:
251:proportionally
198:
195:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
162:
158:
126:
123:
120:
115:
111:
85:
82:
79:
74:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5194:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5140:
5134:
5133:Vehicle audio
5131:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:High fidelity
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:Digital audio
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4681:Tape recorder
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Cassette deck
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Magnetic tape
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4565:Outboard gear
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Audio channel
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4412:
4411:mercury relay
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:Potentiometer
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4150:Williams tube
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
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4079:
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4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
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4058:
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4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Fleming valve
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Photodetector
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Memtransistor
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:Semiconductor
3410:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3068:on 2016-10-09
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:IEEE Spectrum
2973:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2901:on 2016-10-09
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:9780262082983
2772:
2769:. MIT Press.
2768:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2698:9780405060526
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2634:9780080524054
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2598:9780313296369
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2379:of data sheet
2378:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:Special types
2257:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:techniques).
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:preamps with
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:range of the
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:tuned circuit
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:feedback loop
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:IMPATT diodes
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:common source
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:active device
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:high-fidelity
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:variable gain
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
982:
978:
975:
973:
972:step response
969:
965:
961:
960:settling time
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:dynamic range
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
907:
906:
902:
894:
892:
889:
885:
884:RF amplifiers
881:
876:
874:
863:
856:
848:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
657:
653:
647:
645:
636:
629:
627:
625:
620:
615:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
587:and high-end
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:Harry Nyquist
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:amplification
419:
416:. The terms
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Lee De Forest
399:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:mercury lamps
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
343:
339:
337:
333:
332:Lee De Forest
329:
326:
318:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:Lee De Forest
301:
298:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
193:
185:
181:
177:
174:
168:
160:
156:
147:
146:
141:
121:
113:
109:
100:
80:
72:
68:
59:
55:
54:Amplification
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5143:
4876:Sound module
4836:Drum machine
4778:Effects unit
4671:Player piano
4645:
4598:Compact disc
4520:Effects unit
4168:Cold cathode
4135:Storage tube
4025:Vacuum tubes
3974:Neutron tube
3949:Beam tetrode
3931:Vacuum tubes
3516:Power MOSFET
3364:the original
3345:the original
3313:. Retrieved
3311:. 2012-03-21
3308:
3299:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3235:
3225:
3214:
3205:
3170:
3164:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:
3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3063:the original
3058:
3054:
3041:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:
3017:
2999:
2985:(4): 52–63.
2982:
2978:
2972:
2952:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2899:the original
2894:
2885:
2878:Fritz Zwicky
2874:"Zwicky box"
2868:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2798:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2721:
2717:
2707:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2638:. Retrieved
2624:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2570:
2561:. Retrieved
2549:
2545:
2535:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2476:
2445:
2438:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2384:
2372:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2227:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2170:
2157:
2130:
2122:
2093:
2073:
2063:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2032:
1990:
1974:twisted pair
1970:differential
1966:Line drivers
1938:quadraphonic
1920:loudspeakers
1910:tone control
1892:preamp with
1886:Preamplifier
1871:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1802:
1756:rather than
1742:transmitters
1732:
1707:
1703:
1680:
1670:vacuum tubes
1661:
1649:
1642:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1596:oscilloscope
1592:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:vacuum tubes
1547:
1530:
1518:
1514:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1449:
1441:Applications
1435:
1423:
1410:
1384:
1376:
1330:loudspeakers
1324:
1296:
1265:tunnel diode
1259:
1252:
1242:
1203:
1199:common drain
1176:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1132:
1107:
1100:
1089:
1078:
1063:
1048:, such as a
1026:transmitters
1016:
1005:
993:voltage gain
985:
904:
887:
877:
865:
858:
851:
844:
767:
648:
641:
617:Advances in
616:
604:
593:
591:amplifiers.
574:
560:(MOSFET) by
538:John Bardeen
536:invented by
527:
493:
477:Harold Black
469:regeneration
447:, practical
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
388:
367:C. F. Varley
352:
322:
319:Vacuum tubes
292:preamplifier
288:signal chain
263:
243:power supply
237:). It is a
222:
218:
214:
212:
145:voltage gain
143:
137:
96:
53:
5117:Music store
5112:Home cinema
5071:Robert Moog
5056:Max Mathews
4980:Piano tuner
4948:Professions
4924:Scorewriter
4881:Synthesizer
4697:Loudspeaker
4334:Transformer
4076:Sutton tube
3916:Charge pump
3769:Memory cell
3699:Zener diode
3661:Laser diode
3544:transistors
3426:transistors
2762:Hong 2001,
2552:: 735–763.
2546:Trans. AIEE
2182:oscillation
2009:Transformer
1865:transmitter
1803:unamplified
1666:transistors
1583:common base
1502:cell phones
1342:transmitter
1267:amplifier.
1248:transformer
1209:vacuum tube
1191:common gate
1179:common base
1167:(MOSFETs).
1163:(BJTs) and
1145:, as in an
1135:vacuum tube
1076:(op-amps).
1050:vacuum tube
680:Gain units
566:Dawon Kahng
544:in 1947 at
506:Transistors
426:amplificare
336:transistors
328:vacuum tube
308:transistors
300:vacuum tube
5166:Categories
5107:Home audio
5097:Audiophile
4914:GarageBand
4760:Live music
4702:Headphones
4666:Phonograph
4535:Microphone
4530:Headphones
4476:Electrical
4471:Mechanical
4406:reed relay
4396:Parametron
4329:Thermistor
4307:resettable
4266:Connector
4227:Adjustable
4203:Nixie tube
4173:Crossatron
4140:Trochotron
4115:Iconoscope
4110:Charactron
4087:X-ray tube
3959:Compactron
3939:Acorn tube
3896:Buck–boost
3817:Solaristor
3679:Photodiode
3656:Gunn diode
3652:(CLD, CRD)
3434:Transistor
3315:2016-06-20
3241:2016-06-20
3120:2016-06-20
3096:2016-06-20
3072:2016-06-20
3032:2016-06-20
2905:2016-06-20
2640:January 7,
2604:January 7,
2365:References
2241:convection
2210:distortion
2043:capacitors
1985:See also:
1912:circuitry.
1874:amplifies
1842:narrowband
1674:power laws
1303:impedances
1291:Smartphone
1275:See also:
1238:tube sound
1153:Transistor
1139:transistor
1124:Categories
1118:oscillator
1054:transistor
1040:and other
1023:television
997:power gain
925:Efficiency
895:Properties
738:amplifier
716:amplifier
589:audiophile
530:transistor
479:developed
457:television
359:telegraphy
259:power gain
4871:Sequencer
4798:PA system
4727:Subwoofer
4712:PA system
4646:Amplifier
4608:Hard disk
4525:Equalizer
4369:Capacitor
4213:Trigatron
4208:Thyratron
4198:Neon lamp
4125:Monoscope
4005:Phototube
3989:Pentagrid
3954:Barretter
3839:Trancitor
3834:Thyristor
3759:Memristor
3684:PIN diode
3461:(ChemFET)
3291:109947130
3197:206843384
2795:"Amplify"
2563:March 30,
2214:bandwidth
2206:impedance
2204:, output
2202:slew rate
2145:resistors
2133:capacitor
2066:bandwidth
2059:stripline
1962:impedance
1946:subwoofer
1898:tape head
1777:modulated
1764:circuits.
1754:frequency
1691:include:
1681:nonlinear
1635:DC motors
1578:bilateral
1486:GaAs FETs
1475:Klystrons
1092:bandwidth
1030:receivers
1008:distorted
977:Stability
968:overshoot
956:Rise time
950:Slew rate
931:Linearity
916:Bandwidth
546:Bell Labs
500:amplidyne
461:computers
418:amplifier
410:telegraph
355:telephone
271:frequency
247:amplitude
215:amplifier
58:amplitude
4919:ProTools
4896:Software
4886:Theremin
4826:Chiptune
4783:Foldback
4613:MiniDisc
4391:Inductor
4361:Reactive
4339:Varistor
4319:Resistor
4297:Antifuse
4183:Ignitron
4178:Dekatron
4066:Klystron
4055:Gyrotron
3984:Nuvistor
3901:Split-pi
3787:(MOS IC)
3754:Memistor
3512:(MuGFET)
3506:(MOSFET)
3478:(FinFET)
2950:(1996).
2805:July 10,
2766:, p. 177
2621:"Triode"
2585:"Audion"
2337:See also
2174:roll-off
2078:decibels
1948:channel.
1880:speakers
1861:receiver
1838:wideband
1821:from an
1783:voltage.
1746:harmonic
1685:circuits
1643:AC servo
1610:Function
1380:feedback
1222:gyrotron
1218:klystron
1001:decibels
830:Voltage
788:Current
761:Unitless
698:Unitless
548:, where
408:used in
239:two-port
43:McIntosh
5015:Tape op
4866:Sampler
4292:Ferrite
4260:Passive
4251:Varicap
4239:digital
4188:Krytron
4010:Tetrode
3995:Pentode
3849:Varicap
3830:(3D IC)
3806:RF CMOS
3710:devices
3484:(FGMOS)
3415:devices
3269:Bibcode
3216:YouTube
3144:Bibcode
2925:. IET.
2728:May 12,
2039:chopper
1976:cables.
1906:filters
1726:Class C
1662:perfect
1492:/HBTs,
1322:below.
1316:biasing
1003:(dB)).
989:voltage
987:output
964:ringing
942:Output
742:Siemens
671:Output
314:History
235:current
231:voltage
5129:(NIME)
4803:Reverb
4324:Switch
4015:Triode
3979:Nonode
3944:Audion
3824:(SITh)
3708:Other
3675:(OLED)
3637:Diodes
3588:(LET)
3570:(FET)
3542:Other
3490:(IGBT)
3467:(CMOS)
3454:BioFET
3449:BiCMOS
3289:
3195:
3185:
2960:
2929:
2773:
2695:
2668:
2631:
2595:
2523:
2483:
2453:
2426:
2399:
2165:diodes
2096:analog
1934:Stereo
1926:, and
1825:input.
1815:signal
1650:linear
1639:torque
1362:op-amp
1228:, and
1147:op-amp
1038:guitar
888:ratios
668:Input
532:was a
522:, and
516:MOSFET
398:triode
395:Audion
347:Audion
325:triode
297:triode
227:signal
98:(blue)
5081:STEIM
5076:SMPTE
5051:IRCAM
4516:(DAW)
4401:Relay
4374:types
4312:eFUSE
4083:(TWT)
4071:Maser
4062:(IOT)
4051:(CFA)
4040:(BWO)
3964:Diode
3911:SEPIC
3891:Boost
3844:TRIAC
3813:(SCR)
3776:(MOV)
3750:(LEC)
3669:(LED)
3628:(UJT)
3617:(SIT)
3611:(PUT)
3554:(BJT)
3523:(TFT)
3499:LDMOS
3494:ISFET
3367:(PDF)
3360:(PDF)
3348:(PDF)
3341:(PDF)
3287:S2CID
3193:S2CID
3066:(PDF)
3051:(PDF)
3009:(PDF)
2724:: 493
1896:, or
1890:phono
1876:audio
1698:or a
1641:. An
1631:servo
1521:maser
1494:HEMTs
1457:−3 dB
1453:−1 dB
1289:in a
1019:radio
937:Noise
866:R = V
833:VCVS
819:VCCS
805:CCVS
791:CCCS
630:Ideal
598:) in
453:radar
406:relay
363:relay
279:audio
139:(red)
4851:MIDI
4623:Opus
4344:Wire
4302:Fuse
3886:Buck
3739:(IC)
3727:DIAC
3663:(LD)
3532:UMOS
3527:VMOS
3444:PMOS
3439:NMOS
3424:MOS
3183:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2807:2015
2771:ISBN
2730:2017
2693:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2642:2013
2629:ISBN
2606:2013
2593:ISBN
2565:2021
2521:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2248:bias
2176:the
1902:CCIR
1797:and
1734:tank
1519:The
1395:FETs
1391:BJTs
1371:and
1314:the
1299:load
1255:HVDC
1028:and
1021:and
966:and
910:Gain
564:and
540:and
498:and
487:and
420:and
290:; a
255:gain
4618:MP3
4603:DAT
3906:Ćuk
3277:doi
3175:doi
3152:doi
2987:doi
2830:doi
2554:doi
2054:PCB
1922:),
1908:or
1870:An
1847:An
1760:in
1717:or
1708:off
1706:or
1668:or
1656:or
1506:GaN
1455:or
1393:or
1240:".
1197:or
1185:or
1149:).
1052:or
870:/ I
720:Ohm
428:, (
233:or
223:amp
213:An
5168::
4960:DJ
4280:RF
4029:RF
3307:.
3285:.
3275:.
3263:.
3259:.
3234:.
3213:.
3191:.
3181:.
3150:.
3140:44
3138:.
3113:.
3089:.
3057:.
3053:.
3025:.
2983:35
2981:.
2893:.
2826:19
2824:.
2797:.
2785:^
2722:21
2720:.
2716:.
2650:^
2623:.
2587:.
2550:25
2548:.
2544:.
2465:^
2216:,
2212:,
2208:,
2141:DC
2137:AC
2107:.
2070:dB
1849:RF
1836:A
1793:,
1787:AM
1781:DC
1729:RF
1724:a
1704:on
1679:A
1648:A
1619:A
1496:,
1397:.
1385:A
1311:kΩ
1224:,
1220:,
1193:,
1181:,
1120:.
1087:.
1056:.
1032:,
962:,
958:,
875:.
839:0
836:∞
825:∞
822:∞
811:0
808:0
797:∞
794:0
751:V
748:V
729:I
726:V
707:V
704:I
688:I
685:I
626:.
609:,
518:,
514:,
491:.
455:,
451:,
443:,
439:,
310:.
217:,
41:A
4447:e
4440:t
4433:v
4031:)
4027:(
3397:e
3390:t
3383:v
3318:.
3293:.
3279::
3271::
3265:2
3244:.
3219:.
3199:.
3177::
3158:.
3154::
3146::
3123:.
3099:.
3075:.
3059:4
3035:.
2993:.
2989::
2966:.
2935:.
2908:.
2880:.
2862:.
2836:.
2832::
2809:.
2779:.
2732:.
2701:.
2674:.
2644:.
2608:.
2567:.
2556::
2529:.
2489:.
2459:.
2432:.
2405:.
2057:(
1930:.
1867:.
1831:.
1451:(
1293:.
872:x
868:x
861:x
859:V
854:x
852:I
467:(
197:)
194:t
191:(
186:i
182:v
178:3
175:=
172:)
169:t
166:(
161:o
157:v
125:)
122:t
119:(
114:o
110:v
84:)
81:t
78:(
73:i
69:v
34:.
20:)
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