124:
33:
1730:
1739:
2190:
1691:
116:
1510:
100:
1850:
For relatively short pipe systems, with a relatively large number of bends and fittings, minor losses can easily exceed major losses. In design, minor losses are usually estimated from tables using coefficients or a simpler and less accurate reduction of minor losses to equivalent length of pipe, a
1693:
This vector describes the direction of the groundwater flow, where negative values indicate flow along the dimension, and zero indicates 'no flow'. As with any other example in physics, energy must flow from high to low, which is why the flow is in the negative gradient. This vector can be used in
165:), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth. Hydraulic head can similarly be measured in a column of water using a standpipe piezometer by measuring the height of the water surface in the tube relative to a common datum. The hydraulic head can be used to determine a
1755:
example (first figure), where the hydraulic head is constant, there is no flow. However, if there is a difference in hydraulic head from the top to bottom due to draining from the bottom (second figure), the water will flow downward, due to the difference in head, also called the
1686:{\displaystyle \nabla h=\left({\frac {\partial h}{\partial x}},{\frac {\partial h}{\partial y}},{\frac {\partial h}{\partial z}}\right)={\frac {\partial h}{\partial x}}\mathbf {i} +{\frac {\partial h}{\partial y}}\mathbf {j} +{\frac {\partial h}{\partial z}}\mathbf {k} }
1795:
upon water levels observed in wells has been known for many years. The effect is a direct one, an increase in atmospheric pressure is an increase in load on the water in the aquifer, which increases the depth to water (lowers the water level elevation).
1116:, in particular). This means that the hydraulic head calculation is dependent on the density of the water within the piezometer. If one or more hydraulic head measurements are to be compared, they need to be standardized, usually to their
1835:, is divided into two main categories, "major losses" associated with energy loss per length of pipe, and "minor losses" associated with bends, fittings, valves, etc. The most common equation used to calculate major head losses is the
349:
1187:
1401:
994:
574:
734:
1259:
454:
775:
662:
1225:
467:, the internal molecular motion of a fluid that exerts a force on its container. It is equal to the pressure divided by the force/volume of the fluid in a gravitational field:
509:
258:
382:
2154:
841:
1037:
1126:
1067:
890:
1474:
1449:
1311:
1424:
1093:
1014:
920:
864:
682:
615:
1788:
through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)
2040:
225:. On Earth, additional height of fresh water adds a static pressure of about 9.8 kPa per meter (0.098 bar/m) or 0.433 psi per foot of water column height.
232:
of a pump is the maximum height (pressure) it can deliver. The capability of the pump at a certain RPM can be read from its Q-H curve (flow vs. height).
948:
1808:
2123:
1952:
1921:
197:, the total energy at a given point in a fluid is the kinetic energy associated with the speed of flow of the fluid, plus energy from
2179:
2006:
76:
54:
524:) is due to the frictional forces acting against a fluid's motion by the container. For a continuous medium, this is described by
2159:
2033:
542:
691:
577:
2080:
409:
627:
1840:
1836:
781:, expressed as a length measurement. In a flowing fluid, it represents the energy of the fluid due to its bulk motion.
123:
153:
It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a
470:
2026:
1096:
222:
1860:
1870:
581:
2116:
1800:
first qualitatively observed these effects in the 17th century, and they were more rigorously described by the
814:
47:
41:
808:
194:
2278:
1981:
1232:
205:. Head is expressed in units of distance such as meters or feet. The force per unit volume on a fluid in a
2222:
2070:
1703:
533:
58:
741:
119:
Fluid flows from the tank at the top to the basin at the bottom under the pressure of the hydraulic head.
1890:
1504:
1484:
930:
In an example with a 400 m deep piezometer, with an elevation of 1000 m, and a depth to water of 100 m:
1729:
1198:
2283:
1792:
1777:
1496:
796:
2109:
2018:
1781:
793:
399:
206:
190:
2012:
for other references which discuss hydraulic head in the context of hydrogeology, see that page's
1738:
2273:
2237:
1875:
354:
2288:
2263:
2002:
1948:
1917:
1880:
1773:
1295:
896:, in terms of the elevation difference of the water column relative to the piezometer bottom (
389:
104:
1022:
2198:
2140:
2075:
1885:
1865:
1804:
800:
385:
236:
128:
93:
1052:
875:
799:
of a column of water at the base of the piezometer, and the elevation head is the relative
2207:
2189:
1828:
1300:
464:
202:
198:
1851:
method often used for shortcut calculations of pneumatic conveying lines pressure drop.
1456:
1431:
2268:
2212:
1940:
1844:
1769:
1752:
1695:
1409:
1078:
999:
905:
849:
667:
600:
525:
344:{\displaystyle h_{v}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}/\rho g={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {v^{2}}{g}}}
252:
178:
147:
143:
1282:
between two or more hydraulic head measurements over the length of the flow path. For
2257:
2232:
2217:
2090:
1797:
1305:
1112:
of water, which can vary depending on both the temperature and chemical composition (
893:
459:
247:
239:
because their pumping characteristics tend to be independent of the fluid's density.
1780:), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of
161:, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized
2227:
2054:
2013:
1801:
1488:
1308:
hydraulic gradient can be calculated between two points with known head values as:
2242:
2169:
2164:
1476:
is the flow path length between the two piezometers (length, usually in m or ft)
1283:
1044:
1040:
201:
in the fluid, plus energy from the height of the fluid relative to an arbitrary
17:
1451:
is the difference between two hydraulic heads (length, usually in m or ft), and
1182:{\displaystyle h_{\mathrm {fw} }=\psi {\frac {\rho }{\rho _{\mathrm {fw} }}}+z}
2174:
2132:
1824:
1785:
1291:
162:
154:
1304:
and can be used to determine whether a reach is gaining or losing energy. A
594:
99:
1396:{\displaystyle i={\frac {dh}{dl}}={\frac {h_{2}-h_{1}}{\mathrm {length} }}}
115:
2085:
1820:
1279:
1113:
402:
acting on a column of fluid. The elevation head is simply the elevation (
1491:, which can be practically obtained only from numerical models, such as
2050:
1748:
1500:
1492:
1262:
1109:
1070:
193:
fluid to the height of an equivalent static column of that fluid. From
158:
1480:
The hydraulic gradient can be expressed in vector notation, using the
1699:
923:
897:
867:
618:
186:
622:
122:
114:
98:
1772:
in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use
2105:
2022:
2149:
1481:
1016:
is the gauge pressure (Force per unit area, often Pa or psi),
989:{\displaystyle \psi ={\frac {P}{\gamma }}={\frac {P}{\rho g}}}
89:
Specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum
26:
2101:
406:) of the fluid above an arbitrarily designated zero point:
1227:
is the fresh water head (Length, measured in m or ft), and
1073:
of the liquid (Mass per unit volume, frequently kg¡m), and
621:
from an initial velocity of 0, a mass will have reached a
576:
while in a piped system head losses are described by the
1265:
of fresh water (Mass per unit volume, typically in kg¡m)
1043:
of the liquid (Force per unit volume, typically N¡m or
1819:
In any real moving fluid, energy is dissipated due to
1713:
276:
1513:
1459:
1434:
1412:
1314:
1235:
1201:
1129:
1081:
1055:
1025:
1002:
951:
908:
878:
852:
817:
744:
694:
670:
630:
603:
545:
473:
412:
357:
261:
1706:
to determine the flux of water in three dimensions.
684:
is the acceleration due to gravity. Rearranged as a
532:) to the gradient of the hydraulic head through the
2197:
2139:
784:The total hydraulic head of a fluid is composed of
131:, where the water level is above the ground surface
1685:
1468:
1443:
1418:
1395:
1253:
1219:
1181:
1087:
1061:
1031:
1008:
988:
914:
884:
858:
835:
769:
728:
676:
656:
609:
568:
503:
448:
376:
343:
2155:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
1945:Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction
870:in m or ft), also known as the piezometric head.
811:for incompressible fluids, can be expressed as:
103:Available difference in hydraulic head across a
1914:Flow of Industrial Fluids: Theory and Equations
1982:"Pipe equivalent length (Pneumatic conveying)"
1907:
1905:
1747:The distribution of hydraulic head through an
2117:
2034:
1751:determines where groundwater will flow. In a
111:due to turbines, wall friction and turbulence
8:
1935:
1933:
1971:, Section 3.7 (Fourth edition) McGraw-Hill
1839:. Older, more empirical approaches are the
922:is the elevation at the piezometer bottom (
2124:
2110:
2102:
2041:
2027:
2019:
1426:is the hydraulic gradient (dimensionless),
1294:or discharge. It also has applications in
1099:(velocity change per unit time, often m¡s)
1678:
1658:
1650:
1630:
1622:
1602:
1574:
1551:
1528:
1512:
1458:
1433:
1411:
1371:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1321:
1313:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1080:
1054:
1024:
1001:
971:
958:
950:
907:
877:
851:
816:
751:
745:
743:
707:
701:
693:
669:
647:
639:
637:
629:
602:
546:
544:
490:
478:
472:
435:
417:
411:
368:
356:
330:
324:
314:
300:
294:
275:
266:
260:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1290:, since it determines the quantity of a
242:There are generally four types of head:
40:This article includes a list of general
1901:
1811:(USDA)) using air flow models in 1907.
1809:United States Department of Agriculture
945:The pressure head can be expressed as:
569:{\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =-K\nabla h}
1108:The pressure head is dependent on the
792:. The pressure head is the equivalent
729:{\displaystyle h={\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}.}
1827:dissipates even more energy for high
1254:{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {fw} }}
7:
1768:Even though it is convention to use
449:{\displaystyle h_{e}=\rho gh/\rho g}
770:{\displaystyle {\frac {v^{2}}{2g}}}
657:{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {{2g}{h}}}}
1999:Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media
1669:
1661:
1641:
1633:
1613:
1605:
1585:
1577:
1562:
1554:
1539:
1531:
1514:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1245:
1242:
1211:
1208:
1165:
1162:
1139:
1136:
560:
398:is due to the fluid's weight, the
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2180:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1487:. This requires a hydraulic head
1220:{\displaystyle h_{\mathrm {fw} }}
217:is the density of the fluid, and
2188:
1831:flows. This dissipation, called
1737:
1728:
1679:
1651:
1623:
547:
528:which relates volume flow rate (
31:
2160:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
127:Measuring hydraulic head in an
1120:, which can be calculated as:
803:in terms of an elevation. The
521:
504:{\displaystyle h_{p}=p/\rho g}
185:is a concept that relates the
108:
1:
1715:Relation between heads for a
235:Head is useful in specifying
142:is a specific measurement of
1507:, this can be expressed as:
169:between two or more points.
1967:Streeter, Victor L. (1958)
1927:, 410 pages. See pp. 43â44.
807:, a simplified form of the
377:{\displaystyle \rho gh_{v}}
251:is due to the bulk motion (
2305:
1791:The effects of changes in
1784:are not available at each
1298:where it is also known as
1097:gravitational acceleration
223:gravitational acceleration
91:
2186:
2061:
1947:, ButterworthâHeinemann,
1871:Minor losses in pipe flow
836:{\displaystyle h=\psi +z}
578:HagenâPoiseuille equation
1912:Mulley, Raymond (2004),
1286:, it is also called the
92:Not to be confused with
2014:further reading section
1958:, 650 pages. See p. 22.
1841:HazenâWilliams equation
1837:DarcyâWeisbach equation
1032:{\displaystyle \gamma }
866:is the hydraulic head (
61:more precise citations.
2223:Gorlov helical turbine
2071:hydraulic conductivity
1704:hydraulic conductivity
1687:
1503:for open channels. In
1470:
1445:
1420:
1397:
1255:
1221:
1183:
1089:
1063:
1033:
1010:
990:
916:
886:
860:
837:
771:
730:
678:
658:
611:
570:
534:hydraulic conductivity
505:
450:
378:
345:
132:
120:
112:
1891:Hydraulic accumulator
1861:BordaâCarnot equation
1688:
1505:Cartesian coordinates
1471:
1446:
1421:
1398:
1256:
1222:
1184:
1090:
1064:
1062:{\displaystyle \rho }
1034:
1011:
991:
917:
887:
885:{\displaystyle \psi }
861:
838:
772:
731:
679:
659:
612:
571:
506:
451:
379:
346:
195:Bernoulli's principle
126:
118:
102:
1793:atmospheric pressure
1778:atmospheric pressure
1764:Atmospheric pressure
1511:
1457:
1432:
1410:
1312:
1233:
1199:
1127:
1079:
1053:
1023:
1000:
949:
906:
876:
850:
815:
742:
692:
668:
628:
601:
582:Bernoulliâs equation
543:
471:
410:
355:
259:
2053:properties used in
1782:barometric pressure
1724:
1495:for groundwater or
809:Bernoulli principle
400:gravitational force
207:gravitational field
2238:Cross-flow turbine
1876:Total dynamic head
1776:(gauge pressure +
1758:hydraulic gradient
1714:
1683:
1469:{\displaystyle dl}
1466:
1444:{\displaystyle dh}
1441:
1416:
1393:
1276:hydraulic gradient
1270:Hydraulic gradient
1251:
1217:
1179:
1085:
1059:
1029:
1006:
986:
912:
882:
856:
833:
767:
726:
674:
654:
607:
566:
501:
446:
374:
341:
285:
167:hydraulic gradient
133:
121:
113:
2251:
2250:
2099:
2098:
1881:Stage (hydrology)
1807:(working for the
1774:absolute pressure
1745:
1744:
1694:conjunction with
1676:
1648:
1620:
1592:
1569:
1546:
1419:{\displaystyle i}
1391:
1339:
1296:open-channel flow
1171:
1088:{\displaystyle g}
1009:{\displaystyle P}
984:
966:
915:{\displaystyle z}
859:{\displaystyle h}
765:
721:
677:{\displaystyle g}
652:
610:{\displaystyle h}
597:through a height
390:irrotational flow
339:
322:
284:
237:centrifugal pumps
105:hydroelectric dam
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2296:
2199:Hydroelectricity
2192:
2141:Hydroelectricity
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1909:
1886:Head (hydrology)
1866:Dynamic pressure
1805:Edgar Buckingham
1741:
1732:
1725:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1118:fresh water head
1104:Fresh water head
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
995:
993:
992:
987:
985:
983:
972:
967:
959:
921:
919:
918:
913:
900:in m or ft), and
891:
889:
888:
883:
865:
863:
862:
857:
842:
840:
839:
834:
801:potential energy
776:
774:
773:
768:
766:
764:
756:
755:
746:
735:
733:
732:
727:
722:
720:
712:
711:
702:
683:
681:
680:
675:
663:
661:
660:
655:
653:
651:
646:
638:
616:
614:
613:
608:
575:
573:
572:
567:
550:
510:
508:
507:
502:
494:
483:
482:
455:
453:
452:
447:
439:
422:
421:
386:dynamic pressure
384:is equal to the
383:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
350:
348:
347:
342:
340:
335:
334:
325:
323:
315:
304:
299:
298:
286:
277:
271:
270:
140:piezometric head
129:artesian aquifer
94:Head (hydrology)
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
18:Piezometric head
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2208:Francis turbine
2193:
2184:
2135:
2130:
2100:
2095:
2057:
2047:
1997:Bear, J. 1972.
1994:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1969:Fluid Mechanics
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:Chanson, Hubert
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1857:
1829:Reynolds number
1817:
1766:
1712:
1668:
1660:
1640:
1632:
1612:
1604:
1584:
1576:
1561:
1553:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1455:
1454:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1407:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1301:stream gradient
1280:vector gradient
1272:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1156:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1077:
1076:
1051:
1050:
1021:
1020:
998:
997:
976:
947:
946:
904:
903:
874:
873:
848:
847:
813:
812:
757:
747:
740:
739:
713:
703:
690:
689:
666:
665:
626:
625:
599:
598:
591:
541:
540:
514:Resistance head
474:
469:
468:
465:static pressure
413:
408:
407:
364:
353:
352:
326:
290:
262:
257:
256:
199:static pressure
175:
144:liquid pressure
97:
90:
83:
72:
66:
63:
53:Please help to
52:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Fluid dynamics
2276:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Kaplan turbine
2210:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:hydraulic head
2062:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1973:
1960:
1954:978-0750659789
1953:
1929:
1923:978-0849327674
1922:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1845:Prony equation
1816:
1813:
1802:soil physicist
1770:gauge pressure
1765:
1762:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1711:
1710:In groundwater
1708:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1462:
1452:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1415:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1074:
1058:
1048:
1028:
1005:
982:
979:
975:
970:
965:
962:
957:
954:
928:
927:
911:
901:
881:
871:
855:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
790:elevation head
777:is called the
763:
760:
754:
750:
725:
719:
716:
710:
706:
700:
697:
673:
650:
645:
642:
636:
633:
606:
590:
587:
586:
585:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
511:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
477:
463:is due to the
456:
445:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
420:
416:
396:Elevation head
393:
371:
367:
363:
360:
338:
333:
329:
321:
318:
313:
310:
307:
303:
297:
293:
289:
283:
280:
274:
269:
265:
253:kinetic energy
191:incompressible
179:fluid dynamics
174:
171:
148:vertical datum
136:Hydraulic head
88:
85:
84:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Turgo turbine
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Tyson turbine
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2091:water content
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:0-486-65675-6
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:, CRC Press,
1915:
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1902:
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1775:
1771:
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1761:
1759:
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1740:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:downward flow
1718:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1627:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:standard step
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1306:dimensionless
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1237:
1229:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1173:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1003:
980:
977:
973:
968:
963:
960:
955:
952:
943:
941:
938:= 300 m, and
937:
933:
925:
909:
902:
899:
895:
894:pressure head
879:
872:
869:
853:
846:
845:
844:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
810:
806:
805:head equation
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
786:pressure head
782:
780:
779:velocity head
761:
758:
752:
748:
736:
723:
717:
714:
708:
704:
698:
695:
687:
671:
648:
643:
640:
634:
631:
624:
620:
604:
596:
588:
583:
579:
563:
557:
554:
551:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:friction head
515:
512:
498:
495:
491:
487:
484:
479:
475:
466:
462:
461:
460:Pressure head
457:
443:
440:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
418:
414:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
369:
365:
361:
358:
336:
331:
327:
319:
316:
311:
308:
305:
301:
295:
291:
287:
281:
278:
272:
267:
263:
255:) of a fluid.
254:
250:
249:
248:Velocity head
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
130:
125:
117:
110:
106:
101:
95:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2228:Pelton wheel
2081:permeability
2065:
2055:hydrogeology
1998:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1944:
1913:
1849:
1832:
1818:
1790:
1767:
1757:
1746:
1720:
1716:
1479:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1273:
1191:
1117:
1107:
944:
939:
935:
931:
929:
804:
789:
785:
783:
778:
737:
685:
595:free falling
592:
536:
529:
517:
513:
458:
403:
395:
246:
241:
234:
229:
227:
218:
214:
210:
209:is equal to
182:
176:
166:
152:
139:
135:
134:
73:
64:
45:
2284:Water wells
2243:Water wheel
2170:Micro hydro
2165:Small hydro
2076:storativity
1753:hydrostatic
1719:case and a
1717:hydrostatic
1696:Darcy's law
1288:Darcy slope
1284:groundwater
1041:unit weight
926:in m or ft)
526:Darcy's law
230:static head
109:head losses
59:introducing
2258:Categories
2175:Pico hydro
2143:generation
2133:Hydropower
1992:References
1825:turbulence
1292:Darcy flux
589:Components
351:Note that
173:Definition
163:water well
155:piezometer
67:April 2020
42:references
2274:Hydrology
2201:equipment
2049:Physical
2001:, Dover.
1833:head loss
1815:Head loss
1670:∂
1662:∂
1642:∂
1634:∂
1614:∂
1606:∂
1586:∂
1578:∂
1563:∂
1555:∂
1540:∂
1532:∂
1515:∇
1358:−
1238:ρ
1158:ρ
1154:ρ
1149:ψ
1057:ρ
1027:γ
978:ρ
964:γ
953:ψ
942:= 900 m.
934:= 600 m,
880:ψ
825:ψ
738:The term
561:∇
555:−
522:Head Loss
496:ρ
441:ρ
427:ρ
359:ρ
306:ρ
288:ρ
107:, before
2289:Pressure
2264:Aquifers
2086:porosity
1943:(2004),
1855:See also
1843:and the
1821:friction
1485:operator
1114:salinity
797:pressure
157:. In an
146:above a
2051:aquifer
1749:aquifer
1501:HEC-RAS
1493:MODFLOW
1263:density
1261:is the
1110:density
1095:is the
1071:density
1069:is the
1039:is the
892:is the
221:is the
211:ρg
159:aquifer
55:improve
2005:
1951:
1920:
1798:Pascal
1723:case.
1700:tensor
1698:and a
1403:where
1192:where
996:where
924:Length
898:Length
868:Length
843:where
664:where
619:vacuum
593:After
215:ρ
213:where
189:in an
187:energy
44:, but
2269:Water
1897:Notes
1489:field
1278:is a
1047:/ft),
794:gauge
623:speed
617:in a
203:datum
2003:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1786:well
1274:The
788:and
686:head
580:and
516:(or
388:for
228:The
183:head
2150:Dam
1702:of
1499:or
1482:del
1045:lbf
520:or
177:In
138:or
2260::
1932:^
1904:^
1847:.
1823:;
1760:.
688::
539::
181:,
150:.
2125:e
2118:t
2111:v
2042:e
2035:t
2028:v
2009:.
1984:.
1680:k
1673:z
1665:h
1656:+
1652:j
1645:y
1637:h
1628:+
1624:i
1617:x
1609:h
1600:=
1596:)
1589:z
1581:h
1572:,
1566:y
1558:h
1549:,
1543:x
1535:h
1525:(
1521:=
1518:h
1464:l
1461:d
1439:h
1436:d
1414:i
1388:h
1385:t
1382:g
1379:n
1376:e
1373:l
1366:1
1362:h
1353:2
1349:h
1342:=
1336:l
1333:d
1328:h
1325:d
1319:=
1316:i
1246:w
1243:f
1212:w
1209:f
1204:h
1177:z
1174:+
1166:w
1163:f
1146:=
1140:w
1137:f
1132:h
1083:g
1004:P
981:g
974:P
969:=
961:P
956:=
940:h
936:Ď
932:z
910:z
854:h
831:z
828:+
822:=
819:h
762:g
759:2
753:2
749:v
724:.
718:g
715:2
709:2
705:v
699:=
696:h
672:g
649:h
644:g
641:2
635:=
632:v
605:h
584:.
564:h
558:K
552:=
548:q
537:K
530:q
499:g
492:/
488:p
485:=
480:p
476:h
444:g
437:/
433:h
430:g
424:=
419:e
415:h
404:h
392:.
370:v
366:h
362:g
337:g
332:2
328:v
320:2
317:1
312:=
309:g
302:/
296:2
292:v
282:2
279:1
273:=
268:v
264:h
219:g
96:.
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
20:)
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