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31:
349:
257:
Where the statute regulates evenhandedly to effectuate a legitimate local public interest, and its effects on interstate commerce are only incidental, it will be upheld unless the burden imposed on such commerce is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits. If a legitimate local
258:
purpose is found, then the question becomes one of degree. And the extent of the burden that will be tolerated will, of course, depend on the nature of the local interest involved, and on whether it could be promoted as well with a lesser impact on interstate activities.
233:
Arizona issued an order prohibiting Church from shipping uncrated cantaloupes from the
Arizona ranch, and requiring that the cantaloupes be packed in Arizona and identified as coming from an Arizona packer. This would have cost Church $ 200,000 to pack a $ 700,000 crop.
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2650:
1173:
1205:
2626:
635:
355:
97:
The burden placed on interstate commerce by
Arizona's law is unconstitutional because Arizona's interest in identifying the origin of cantaloupes is outweighed by the heavy cost of building and operating a packing plant in
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advertise their state of origin on each package. Bruce Church, Inc. was an
Arizona grower of high quality cantaloupes. Instead of packing them in Arizona, it transported them to nearby
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1809:
1416:
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1360:
1213:
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2538:
1181:
850:
3171:
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2312:
2296:
2288:
271:
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3203:
2957:
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2187:
1109:
4371:
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2490:
2115:
1245:
1165:
858:
2879:
1400:
3451:
3101:
2530:
1408:
989:
4332:
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4016:
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3139:
2919:
2887:
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1432:
1328:
957:
2235:
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The company then brought a suit in federal court to stop
Arizona from enforcing the order prohibiting Church from shipping the cantaloupes.
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2211:
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2389:
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1764:
1093:
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1125:
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1037:
627:
566:
513:
472:
199:
35:
4096:
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1472:
1424:
1312:
1189:
4264:
3459:
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1061:
1045:
1021:
133:
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866:
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Applying this test to the
Arizona statute, the court found it imposed too great of a burden to justify its benefits.
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141:
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1949:
1789:
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1005:
388:
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207:
64:
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1512:
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1897:
890:
680:
4376:
4232:
3965:
3909:
3885:
3155:
2163:
2147:
2131:
1982:
1881:
1488:
1352:
558:
449:
203:
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2450:
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2155:
2139:
2022:
2014:
1921:
1905:
1671:
1440:
882:
762:
717:
406:
245:
State statutes that have a negative effect on interstate commerce are unconstitutional under the
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415:
4158:
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3767:
3703:
3251:
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2965:
2714:
2083:
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1958:
1835:
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1197:
949:
521:
157:
4302:
3984:
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2783:
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1974:
1797:
1714:
1320:
1280:
1264:
834:
774:
611:
397:
113:
4224:
3938:
3515:
3315:
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2099:
2030:
2006:
1966:
1819:
1544:
1296:
1272:
1141:
927:
643:
574:
441:
4120:
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1998:
1990:
1937:
1744:
1584:
619:
343:
250:
145:
4345:
4040:
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2038:
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505:
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67:
1681:
223:
153:
2609:
1304:
227:
121:
83:
3388:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
2651:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
79:
2627:
San
Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1174:
Oregon Waste
Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
636:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1206:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
219:
433:
3228:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
2824:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1529:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
3180:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
1930:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
4185:
4143:
3936:
3818:
3738:
3664:
3396:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
1712:
1655:
925:
808:
760:
715:
662:
593:
540:
487:
445:
30:
2691:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2561:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
3188:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
282:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court
230:
facilities, where they were not labeled as grown in Arizona.
3540:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3508:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
1345:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
3196:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
2792:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
356:
public domain material from this U.S government document
202:
held that power of states to pass laws interfering with
4306:
4233:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1625:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
974:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
907:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2659:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
1860:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
4362:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2912:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
2752:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
1828:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1078:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
277:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 397
3492:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3078:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2619:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
1914:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
1553:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1238:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
3976:
3953:
3614:
3404:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3268:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
3112:
2946:
2733:
2608:
2579:
2549:
2416:
2331:
2278:
2073:
1948:
1870:
1808:
1763:
1726:
1669:
1256:
939:
187:
The Arizona Fruit and Vegetable Standardization Act
181:
170:
165:
102:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
3124:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
2974:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1134:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
3784:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3428:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3364:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3164:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2667:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1449:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
3800:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3642:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3596:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2675:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2220:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1222:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1126:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
782:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
4352:United States Constitution Article One case law
4097:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3564:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3340:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
2896:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1369:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
255:
198:, 397 U.S. 137 (1970), was a case in which the
4367:United States Dormant Commerce Clause case law
4113:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3572:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3276:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3062:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
2982:International News Service v. Associated Press
2507:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2499:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2366:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2228:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
4326:
3626:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3468:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
2990:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
2832:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1497:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
457:
8:
2590:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2435:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2305:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
4057:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3094:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
2904:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
2776:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
2744:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2539:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1417:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1182:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
4333:
4319:
4182:
4140:
3950:
3933:
3815:
3735:
3661:
3412:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
1723:
1709:
1666:
1652:
1361:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1214:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
936:
922:
805:
757:
712:
659:
590:
537:
484:
464:
450:
442:
20:
3172:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3070:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2350:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2313:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2297:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2289:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2196:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
314:Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann., Tit. 3, c. 3, Art. 4.
272:List of United States Supreme Court cases
3484:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3204:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
2958:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
2880:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2188:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1401:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1110:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
851:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4089:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3500:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
2816:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2531:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2491:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2116:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1246:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1166:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
990:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
859:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
293:
3452:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3348:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3102:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
2768:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1409:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
4257:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4017:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
3588:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3556:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3356:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3140:United States v. General Electric Co.
2920:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
2888:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
2723:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2643:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
1433:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1329:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
958:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
543:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
18:1970 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4287:
4285:
4081:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3022:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
2936:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2635:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2569:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2358:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2212:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2204:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1577:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1289:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1118:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1070:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
222:statute required that Arizona-grown
3634:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3580:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
2856:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2683:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2390:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2333:International Copyright Act of 1891
1094:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
303:Loren J. Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
54:Loren J. Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
4305:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
4299:Supreme Court of the United States
3444:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
2808:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
2699:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1537:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1521:National League of Cities v. Usery
1086:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1038:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
628:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
567:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
514:Department of Commerce v. New York
200:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4387:United States Supreme Court stubs
4357:United States Supreme Court cases
3460:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3420:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3292:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3132:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2483:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2467:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2321:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1425:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1313:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1190:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
384:137 (1970) is available from:
206:is limited when the law poses an
4289:
4265:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3372:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3148:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
2998:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1062:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1046:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1022:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
982:Swift & Co. v. United States
347:
29:
3878:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3006:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
2864:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2236:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1465:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1014:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
4372:1970 in United States case law
2055:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
998:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
867:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1:
4065:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
3993:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2581:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2374:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2280:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
1852:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
1753:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1230:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1150:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
742:United States v. Munoz-Flores
4297:This article related to the
4167:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2840:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
1844:Schillinger v. United States
1481:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1030:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
301:LexisNexis® Courtroom Cast:
3667:Necessary and Proper Clause
3436:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
2760:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2244:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1385:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1158:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
790:Clinton v. City of New York
4403:
4284:
4073:City of El Paso v. Simmons
3720:United States v. Kebodeaux
3212:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1473:Henderson v. United States
1054:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
966:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
811:Taxing and Spending Clause
434:Oyez (oral argument audio)
374:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
354:This article incorporates
333:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
195:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
24:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
4209:Virginia v. West Virginia
4195:
4181:
4153:
4139:
3949:
3932:
3832:
3821:No Bills of Attainder or
3814:
3754:
3734:
3712:United States v. Comstock
3674:
3660:
3054:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
2459:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2406:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
1722:
1708:
1665:
1651:
1609:United States v. Morrison
1561:New York v. United States
1457:North American Co. v. SEC
1393:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
935:
921:
843:Springer v. United States
821:
804:
770:
756:
728:
711:
675:
658:
606:
589:
553:
536:
500:
483:
186:
107:
96:
28:
4001:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3894:Barr v. City of Columbia
3846:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3604:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3236:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3030:KVOS v. Associated Press
2800:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2598:Dowling v. United States
2382:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2342:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2260:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
734:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
689:United States v. Johnson
4105:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3308:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3086:Goldstein v. California
3014:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2427:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2398:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1633:Taylor v. United States
941:Dormant Commerce Clause
875:United States v. Butler
827:Hylton v. United States
697:Gravel v. United States
665:Speech or Debate Clause
253:used a balancing test.
247:Dormant Commerce Clause
43:Argued January 13, 1970
4382:Agriculture in Arizona
4241:New Jersey v. New York
3696:Sabri v. United States
3524:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3324:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3244:United States v. Adams
2523:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2443:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2268:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2108:Schreiber v. Sharpless
1890:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1601:Jones v. United States
1593:United States v. Locke
1569:United States v. Lopez
899:Sabri v. United States
260:
142:William J. Brennan Jr.
4217:Virginia v. Tennessee
3680:McCulloch v. Maryland
2735:Copyright Act of 1976
2475:Douglas v. Cunningham
2418:Copyright Act of 1909
2124:Thornton v. Schreiber
2075:Copyright Act of 1870
1950:Copyright Act of 1831
1728:Copyright Act of 1790
1690:Juilliard v. Greenman
1505:Katzenbach v. McClung
1337:Hoke v. United States
1102:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1006:Edwards v. California
45:Decided March 2, 1970
4249:Virginia v. Maryland
4146:Import-Export Clause
4033:Stone v. Mississippi
3688:Lambert v. Yellowley
3548:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3284:Gottschalk v. Benson
3260:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3220:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2180:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2047:Bolles v. Outing Co.
891:South Dakota v. Dole
681:Kilbourn v. Thompson
241:Opinion of the Court
3966:Hepburn v. Griswold
3910:Kansas v. Hendricks
3886:De Veau v. Braisted
3156:Altvater v. Freeman
2164:Belford v. Scribner
2148:Thompson v. Hubbard
2132:Banks v. Manchester
1983:Stevens v. Gladding
1882:Pennock v. Dialogue
1810:Patent infringement
1489:Boynton v. Virginia
1353:Hammer v. Dagenhart
559:Powell v. McCormack
425:Library of Congress
204:interstate commerce
174:Stewart, joined by
4201:Florida v. Georgia
3956:Legal Tender Cases
3870:Samuels v. McCurdy
3862:Hawker v. New York
3792:Boumediene v. Bush
3380:Dickinson v. Zurko
2848:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2451:Manners v. Morosco
2252:Scribner v. Straus
2156:Higgins v. Keuffel
2140:Callaghan v. Myers
2023:Higgins v. Keuffel
2015:Callaghan v. Myers
1922:Egbert v. Lippmann
1906:Cochrane v. Deener
1765:Patent Act of 1793
1672:Legal Tender Cases
1441:Wickard v. Filburn
883:Helvering v. Davis
763:Presentment Clause
718:Origination Clause
490:Enumeration Clause
473:U.S. Supreme Court
130:William O. Douglas
118:Associate Justices
78:90 S. Ct. 844; 25
4314:
4313:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4177:
4176:
4159:Brown v. Maryland
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4025:Bronson v. Kinzie
4009:Ogden v. Saunders
3928:
3927:
3810:
3809:
3768:Ex parte Merryman
3744:Suspension Clause
3730:
3729:
3704:Gonzales v. Raich
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3252:Brenner v. Manson
3046:Buck v. Gallagher
2966:Ferris v. Frohman
2715:Iancu v. Brunetti
2084:Perris v. Hexamer
2063:Mifflin v. Dutton
1959:Wheaton v. Peters
1898:O'Reilly v. Morse
1836:Rowell v. Lindsay
1737:Wheaton v. Peters
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1617:Gonzales v. Raich
1513:Maryland v. Wirtz
1377:Gold Clause Cases
1198:Granholm v. Heald
950:Brown v. Maryland
917:
916:
800:
799:
752:
751:
707:
706:
654:
653:
585:
584:
532:
531:
522:Trump v. New York
191:
190:
158:Thurgood Marshall
134:John M. Harlan II
4394:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4293:
4286:
4183:
4141:
3985:Fletcher v. Peck
3951:
3934:
3854:Ex parte Garland
3816:
3760:Ex parte Bollman
3736:
3662:
3476:Bilski v. Kappos
3332:Diamond v. Diehr
3300:Dann v. Johnston
2784:Stewart v. Abend
2092:Trade-Mark Cases
1975:Stephens v. Cady
1798:Evans v. Hettich
1724:
1715:Copyright Clause
1710:
1667:
1653:
1321:Champion v. Ames
1281:Paul v. Virginia
1265:Gibbons v. Ogden
937:
923:
835:Collector v. Day
806:
775:Pocket Veto Case
758:
713:
660:
612:Ex parte Siebold
596:Elections Clause
591:
538:
485:
466:
459:
452:
443:
438:
432:
429:
423:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
396:
393:
387:
360:
351:
350:
330:
315:
312:
306:
298:
114:Warren E. Burger
103:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4225:Wharton v. Wise
4191:
4173:
4149:
4127:
3972:
3945:
3939:Contract Clause
3924:
3828:
3806:
3750:
3726:
3670:
3669:of Section VIII
3648:
3617:trademark cases
3610:
3516:Kappos v. Hyatt
3316:Parker v. Flook
3108:
2949:copyright cases
2942:
2928:Allen v. Cooper
2872:Golan v. Holder
2729:
2604:
2575:
2545:
2412:
2327:
2274:
2100:Merrell v. Tice
2069:
2031:Holmes v. Hurst
2007:Baker v. Selden
1967:Backus v. Gould
1944:
1866:
1820:Evans v. Jordan
1804:
1759:
1718:
1717:of Section VIII
1696:
1661:
1660:of Section VIII
1639:
1545:EEOC v. Wyoming
1297:Kidd v. Pearson
1273:Passenger Cases
1252:
1142:Maine v. Taylor
931:
930:of Section VIII
928:Commerce Clause
913:
817:
796:
766:
748:
724:
703:
671:
650:
644:Moore v. Harper
602:
581:
575:Cook v. Gralike
549:
528:
496:
479:
470:
436:
430:
427:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
385:
369:
364:
363:
348:
331:
318:
313:
309:
299:
295:
290:
268:
243:
216:
210:on businesses.
156:
144:
132:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4294:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:Compact Clause
4186:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:Sveen v. Melin
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4049:Block v. Hirsh
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3902:Teague v. Lane
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3838:Calder v. Bull
3833:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3532:Gunn v. Minton
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2515:Mazer v. Stein
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1999:Paige v. Banks
1995:
1991:Little v. Hall
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:Voss v. Fisher
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1790:Evans v. Eaton
1786:
1782:Evans v. Eaton
1778:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1745:Paige v. Banks
1741:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1658:Coinage Clause
1656:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1585:Reno v. Condon
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
945:
943:
933:
932:
926:
919:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
822:
819:
818:
809:
802:
801:
798:
797:
795:
794:
786:
778:
771:
768:
767:
765:of Section VII
761:
754:
753:
750:
749:
747:
746:
738:
729:
726:
725:
716:
709:
708:
705:
704:
702:
701:
693:
685:
676:
673:
672:
663:
656:
655:
652:
651:
649:
648:
640:
632:
624:
620:Smiley v. Holm
616:
607:
604:
603:
594:
587:
586:
583:
582:
580:
579:
571:
563:
554:
551:
550:
541:
534:
533:
530:
529:
527:
526:
518:
510:
501:
498:
497:
488:
481:
480:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
440:
439:
407:Google Scholar
368:
367:External links
365:
362:
361:
316:
307:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
267:
264:
242:
239:
215:
212:
189:
188:
184:
183:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
146:Potter Stewart
119:
116:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:Smyth v. Ames
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:of Section IX
3826:
3824:
3823:Ex post facto
3817:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:Ex parte Endo
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:Habeas corpus
3737:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:Gibbs v. Buck
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
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2979:
2976:
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2717:
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2712:
2709:
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2700:
2696:
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2688:
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2680:
2677:
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2648:
2645:
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2640:
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2616:
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2607:
2600:
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2584:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:Patent misuse
2548:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
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2323:
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2318:
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2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:Brady v. Daly
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:Brady v. Daly
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:Patentability
1869:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:Tyler v. Tuel
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
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1725:
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1598:
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1387:
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1379:
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1371:
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1366:
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1199:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
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1107:
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1103:
1099:
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1087:
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1080:
1079:
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1048:
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1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
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1007:
1003:
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995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
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979:
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947:
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920:
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896:
893:
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877:
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872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
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852:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
823:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
792:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
764:
759:
755:
744:
743:
739:
736:
735:
731:
730:
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723:
719:
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710:
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694:
691:
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686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
670:
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629:
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621:
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614:
613:
609:
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605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
524:
523:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
506:Utah v. Evans
503:
502:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
477:
474:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
389:CourtListener
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
359:
357:
346: (1970).
345:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
317:
311:
308:
305:
304:
297:
294:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
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269:
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263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
240:
238:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:Chief Justice
109:
108:
106:
101:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4307:expanding it
4296:
4281:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4190:of Section X
4165:
4157:
4148:of Section X
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3964:
3954:
3918:Smith v. Doe
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3822:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3741:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3115:patent cases
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2721:
2713:
2707:Matal v. Tam
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2596:
2588:
2567:
2559:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1688:
1680:
1670:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
815:Section VIII
788:
780:
740:
732:
695:
687:
679:
642:
634:
626:
618:
610:
573:
565:
557:
520:
512:
504:
373:
353:
332:
310:
302:
296:
261:
256:
244:
236:
232:
217:
208:undue burden
194:
193:
192:
182:Laws applied
175:
166:Case opinion
149:
137:
125:
71:
53:
15:
3825:Laws Clause
1682:Knox v. Lee
722:Section VII
224:cantaloupes
154:Byron White
4377:Cantaloupe
4346:Categories
3748:Section IX
2610:Lanham Act
1305:In re Debs
669:Section VI
600:Section IV
494:Section II
288:References
249:. Justice
228:California
214:Background
122:Hugo Black
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:174; 1970
3943:Section X
476:Article I
176:unanimous
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2553:case law
1874:case law
1812:case law
478:case law
372:Text of
266:See also
171:Majority
398:Findlaw
251:Stewart
220:Arizona
98:Arizona
92:Holding
4268:(2018)
4260:(2009)
4252:(2003)
4244:(1998)
4236:(1985)
4228:(1894)
4220:(1893)
4212:(1871)
4204:(1855)
4170:(1951)
4162:(1827)
4124:(2018)
4116:(1987)
4108:(1983)
4100:(1983)
4092:(1978)
4084:(1977)
4076:(1965)
4068:(1935)
4060:(1934)
4052:(1921)
4044:(1898)
4036:(1880)
4028:(1843)
4020:(1837)
4012:(1827)
4004:(1819)
3996:(1819)
3988:(1810)
3977:Others
3969:(1870)
3921:(2003)
3913:(1997)
3905:(1989)
3897:(1964)
3889:(1960)
3881:(1951)
3873:(1925)
3865:(1898)
3857:(1866)
3849:(1819)
3841:(1798)
3803:(2020)
3795:(2008)
3787:(2001)
3779:(1944)
3771:(1861)
3763:(1807)
3723:(2013)
3715:(2010)
3707:(2005)
3699:(2004)
3691:(1926)
3683:(1819)
3645:(2020)
3637:(1938)
3629:(1915)
3615:Other
3607:(2019)
3599:(2017)
3591:(2016)
3583:(2015)
3575:(2015)
3567:(2014)
3559:(2014)
3551:(2013)
3543:(2013)
3535:(2013)
3527:(2013)
3519:(2012)
3511:(2012)
3503:(2011)
3495:(2011)
3487:(2011)
3479:(2010)
3471:(2008)
3463:(2007)
3455:(2007)
3447:(2007)
3439:(2006)
3431:(2006)
3423:(2006)
3415:(2005)
3407:(2002)
3399:(2001)
3391:(1999)
3383:(1999)
3375:(1998)
3367:(1997)
3359:(1996)
3351:(1990)
3343:(1989)
3335:(1981)
3327:(1980)
3319:(1978)
3311:(1976)
3303:(1976)
3295:(1973)
3287:(1972)
3279:(1971)
3271:(1969)
3263:(1969)
3255:(1966)
3247:(1966)
3239:(1966)
3231:(1965)
3223:(1964)
3215:(1964)
3207:(1964)
3199:(1961)
3191:(1950)
3183:(1950)
3175:(1948)
3167:(1945)
3159:(1943)
3151:(1942)
3143:(1926)
3135:(1916)
3127:(1908)
3113:Other
3105:(1975)
3097:(1974)
3089:(1973)
3081:(1968)
3073:(1962)
3065:(1960)
3057:(1949)
3049:(1939)
3041:(1939)
3033:(1936)
3025:(1934)
3017:(1932)
3009:(1931)
3001:(1923)
2993:(1919)
2985:(1918)
2977:(1914)
2969:(1912)
2961:(1911)
2947:Other
2939:(2020)
2931:(2020)
2923:(2019)
2915:(2019)
2907:(2017)
2899:(2014)
2891:(2014)
2883:(2013)
2875:(2012)
2867:(2010)
2859:(2005)
2851:(2003)
2843:(2001)
2835:(1998)
2827:(1998)
2819:(1996)
2811:(1994)
2803:(1994)
2795:(1991)
2787:(1990)
2779:(1989)
2771:(1985)
2763:(1985)
2755:(1984)
2747:(1977)
2726:(2020)
2718:(2019)
2710:(2017)
2702:(2014)
2694:(2014)
2686:(2003)
2678:(2003)
2670:(2001)
2662:(2001)
2654:(1999)
2646:(1995)
2638:(1992)
2630:(1987)
2622:(1982)
2601:(1985)
2593:(1941)
2572:(1942)
2564:(1917)
2542:(1973)
2534:(1964)
2526:(1956)
2518:(1954)
2510:(1952)
2502:(1943)
2494:(1940)
2486:(1939)
2478:(1935)
2470:(1931)
2462:(1923)
2454:(1920)
2446:(1917)
2438:(1914)
2430:(1911)
2409:(1911)
2401:(1911)
2393:(1909)
2385:(1909)
2377:(1908)
2369:(1908)
2361:(1907)
2353:(1903)
2345:(1896)
2324:(1979)
2316:(1948)
2308:(1941)
2300:(1939)
2292:(1913)
2271:(1912)
2263:(1909)
2255:(1908)
2247:(1908)
2239:(1908)
2231:(1908)
2223:(1907)
2215:(1907)
2207:(1907)
2199:(1903)
2191:(1903)
2183:(1899)
2175:(1899)
2167:(1892)
2159:(1891)
2151:(1889)
2143:(1888)
2135:(1888)
2127:(1888)
2119:(1884)
2111:(1884)
2103:(1881)
2095:(1879)
2087:(1879)
2066:(1903)
2058:(1903)
2050:(1899)
2042:(1899)
2034:(1899)
2026:(1891)
2018:(1888)
2010:(1879)
2002:(1872)
1994:(1856)
1986:(1854)
1978:(1853)
1970:(1849)
1962:(1834)
1941:(1885)
1933:(1885)
1925:(1881)
1917:(1878)
1909:(1876)
1901:(1853)
1893:(1851)
1885:(1829)
1863:(1938)
1855:(1913)
1847:(1894)
1839:(1885)
1831:(1885)
1823:(1815)
1801:(1822)
1793:(1822)
1785:(1818)
1777:(1810)
1756:(1908)
1748:(1872)
1740:(1834)
1693:(1884)
1685:(1871)
1636:(2016)
1628:(2012)
1620:(2005)
1612:(2000)
1604:(2000)
1596:(2000)
1588:(2000)
1580:(1996)
1572:(1995)
1564:(1992)
1556:(1985)
1548:(1983)
1540:(1981)
1532:(1981)
1524:(1976)
1516:(1968)
1508:(1964)
1500:(1964)
1492:(1960)
1484:(1951)
1476:(1950)
1468:(1949)
1460:(1946)
1452:(1944)
1444:(1942)
1436:(1942)
1428:(1941)
1420:(1940)
1412:(1938)
1404:(1937)
1396:(1936)
1388:(1935)
1380:(1935)
1372:(1935)
1364:(1923)
1356:(1918)
1348:(1914)
1340:(1913)
1332:(1911)
1324:(1903)
1316:(1895)
1308:(1895)
1300:(1888)
1292:(1885)
1284:(1869)
1276:(1849)
1268:(1824)
1257:Others
1249:(2023)
1241:(2019)
1233:(2018)
1225:(2015)
1217:(2008)
1209:(2007)
1201:(2005)
1193:(1994)
1185:(1994)
1177:(1994)
1169:(1992)
1161:(1992)
1153:(1989)
1145:(1986)
1137:(1984)
1129:(1983)
1121:(1982)
1113:(1981)
1105:(1980)
1097:(1978)
1089:(1978)
1081:(1977)
1073:(1977)
1065:(1976)
1057:(1970)
1049:(1967)
1041:(1959)
1033:(1954)
1025:(1951)
1017:(1945)
1009:(1941)
1001:(1935)
993:(1925)
985:(1905)
977:(1886)
969:(1852)
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953:(1827)
910:(2012)
902:(2004)
894:(1987)
886:(1937)
878:(1936)
870:(1922)
862:(1916)
854:(1895)
846:(1881)
838:(1871)
830:(1796)
793:(1998)
785:(1983)
777:(1929)
745:(1990)
737:(1911)
700:(1972)
692:(1966)
684:(1881)
647:(2023)
639:(2015)
631:(1995)
623:(1932)
615:(1879)
578:(2001)
570:(1995)
562:(1969)
525:(2020)
517:(2019)
509:(2002)
437:
431:
428:
422:
419:
416:Justia
413:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
386:
352:
335:,
152:
150:·
148:
140:
138:·
136:
128:
126:·
124:
4301:is a
380:
339:
4303:stub
545:and
382:U.S.
341:U.S.
73:more
65:U.S.
63:397
3941:of
3746:of
813:of
720:of
667:of
598:of
547:III
492:of
378:397
344:137
337:397
218:An
68:137
4348::
376:,
319:^
86:63
4334:e
4327:t
4320:v
4309:.
465:e
458:t
451:v
358:.
76:)
70:(
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