462:
554:
387:
33:
46:
1151:
537:. It claims further that in certain (unspecified) cultures, it was planted deliberately around homes and gardens to keep them safe from harm. Kew’s definitive Plants of the World Online website states that the plant is not native to Ireland or the U.K. an aspect of its distribution which rules out its featuring in ancient insular Celtic belief but not its playing a role in the mythology of
1139:
308:
light, increasing their conspicuousness to pollinators. The flowers are visited by various insects, including many species of bees, butterflies, pollinating flies. The flowers themselves come in a range of colors from a deep rust-orange to a pure yellow and often show striking gradients of color. In
509:
in which the flower heads are covered. The proverb linking colliers to the Devil and his fiery abode runs thus: ‘like will to like, quoth the devil to the collier’ i.e. the Devil and the collier are natural companions thanks to their shared black and sooty appearance. This hellish association
510:
between, on the one hand the flower with its black hairs and, on the other, the sooty Devil and his equally sooty friend the coal miner is reinforced by the fiery orange colouration of the flowers, reminiscent of both the flames of a coal fire and the unquenchable flames of
477:, which is that of a folkloric figure of uncertain origin who features in a once-familiar proverb and subsequently in no fewer than three early modern English plays. In one of these he is actually named in the title: "
609:, hawkweed species are declared as "State Prohibited Weeds" and are controlled under The Bio Security Act 2015. Orange hawkweed is also considered an invasive species in some states in the
1042:
1014:
401:
in gardens for its very decorative flowers. It is often used in wildflower gardens because its bright orange flowers are highly attractive to a wide array of pollinators.
597:
Regional
Districts. Invasive hawkweed can replace native vegetation in open, undisturbed natural areas such as meadows, reducing forage and threatening biodiversity. In
362:
is native to parts of Europe (central, eastern, northern, southeastern and southwestern). It is widely naturalized elsewhere, including other parts of Europe such as
1026:
Seymour, Laura "The Name of Grim: Tracing the
Character of Grim the Collier in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century English Theatre" Early Theatre 24.2 (2021), 55–72
1725:
1354:
1650:
1289:
1751:
1676:
1302:
270:
5–20 centimetres (2.0–7.9 in) long and 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) broad. All parts of the plant exude a milky juice. The flowering
1823:
1951:
1946:
1155:
1043:
http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/191/fox-and-cubs#:~:text=It%20is%20also%20believed%20to,have%20not%20been%20scientifically%20established
1015:
http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/191/fox-and-cubs#:~:text=It%20is%20also%20believed%20to,have%20not%20been%20scientifically%20established
766:
625:. Currently there are several eradication programs operating (often employing volunteers) to locate, prevent the spread of and eradicate any
578:
1966:
1792:
590:
1372:
1601:
1263:
974:
582:
574:
309:
the UK, it flowers in June and July. After flowering, it produces seed heads of the "dandelion clock" type, each individual cypsela (
1961:
1941:
798:
586:
1936:
1898:
1663:
1501:
489:/Woden, which came later to be associated, in mediaeval mystery plays with sooty devils blackened by the fires of hell. The term
461:
1931:
1712:
1328:
501:
was formerly noted for the number of its charcoal-burners. The reason for the application of the name of this folk villain to
1862:
1475:
1143:
1405:
553:
465:
The fiery orange inflorescence of P. aurantiaca, showing to advantage its black hairs reminiscent of coal (or charcoal) dust
1756:
1341:
1115:
557:
Uprooted rosette, inverted to show purplish, creeping stolons by which the plant can spread rapidly to form large clumps
1738:
1542:
1439:
1224:
478:
414:
493:
can designate not only a coal miner or coal merchant but also a charcoal-burner or charcoal merchant and the town of
1867:
1836:
1480:
1426:
1359:
842:
734:
729:
45:
274:
is usually leafless or with just one or two small leaves. The stem and leaves are covered with short stiff hairs (
594:
183:
1205:
865:
1841:
1431:
1070:
1629:
1624:
1567:
1167:
413:
of Europe, in which it has been used in preparations believed to benefit a variety of diseases, including
1956:
1681:
1307:
473:
was introduced there at least as early as sixteenth century, as is evidenced by the
English common name
341:
278:), usually blackish in color. The stems may reach a height of 60 centimetres (24 in) and have 2–25
162:
1642:
1903:
1506:
1281:
1057:
1802:
1382:
1250:
598:
410:
1616:
940:
782:
1779:
304:. The flowers are orange, almost red, which is virtually invisible to bees, yet they also reflect
1926:
1885:
1637:
1488:
1276:
192:
40:
1877:
1828:
1730:
1091:
386:
32:
1810:
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762:
446:
434:
1815:
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990:
877:
688:
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566:
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398:
301:
1704:
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602:
375:
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is due to the appearance of the open flowers (the fox) beside the flower buds (the cubs).
314:
251:
239:
236:
83:
1216:
1418:
1413:
490:
417:, digestive problems, and skin conditions. The leaves have also been used to prepare a
318:
247:
70:
429:
properties. Herbal teas prepared from the leaves and flowers are credited with having
1920:
787:
610:
363:
324:
The plant propagates through its wind-dispersed seeds, and also vegetatively via the
279:
179:
864:
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015).
1890:
1668:
1580:
1493:
1242:
754:
511:
450:
371:
263:
1547:
1229:
866:"Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers"
1444:
1190:
1774:
1766:
1689:
1467:
1346:
1315:
1199:
441:
properties. The plant itself is believed to have some value in the treatment of
438:
347:
means 'orange', referring to the usual colour of the blooms. The common name of
305:
1150:
721:
418:
271:
243:
129:
1606:
1533:
1268:
823:
1588:
789:
A Field Guide to
Wildflowers of Northeastern and North-Central North America
622:
618:
606:
565:) is currently the only hawkweed considered regionally invasive in areas of
139:
119:
1743:
889:
1854:
1457:
1138:
761:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.
1849:
1787:
1557:
1527:
1452:
1367:
1184:
538:
506:
430:
426:
422:
329:
275:
109:
96:
1027:
941:"Pilosella aurantiaca | fox and cubs Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening"
672:
651:
1655:
1294:
533:
employed in magical practices intended to bring good luck and ward off
494:
482:
367:
317:("parachute") of white or pale brown hairs evolved as a mechanism for
1320:
881:
1694:
614:
570:
498:
442:
325:
310:
283:
1161:
1058:
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238000-1
1717:
1593:
1333:
552:
534:
460:
445:
any has also been employed as a natural remedy for the control of
385:
57:
485:". The name Grim was originally a by-name of the Germanic deity
486:
267:
1255:
1165:
545:
is native to much of continental Europe - including France ).
816:
505:
is that it has a sooty appearance due the distinctive black
1092:"Online Virtual Flora of Wisconsin - Hieracium aurantiacum"
313:-like fruit resembling a seed) being equipped with its own
16:
Species of flowering plant in the daisy family
Asteraceae
300: cm diameter, bundled together at the end of short
374:, Canada, many states in the United States, Japan and
514:- as further recognised in the plant’s common names
1517:
1174:
786:
481:; or, The Devil and his Dame: with the Devil and
1038:
1036:
266:and a basal rosette of elliptical to lanceolate
716:
714:
525:One website claims that the plant features in
409:Fox and cubs has a long history of use in the
991:"Meadow Mat Wildflower Species: Fox and Cubs"
848:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
8:
687:Schultz, FW; Schultz-Bipontinus, CH (1862).
254:, where it is protected in several regions.
1053:
1051:
1162:
469:Although not native to the British Isles,
31:
20:
1120:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
1116:"Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)"
671:
1017:. Retrieved at 9.33 on Wednesday 26/6/24
903:
901:
899:
642:
262:It is a low-growing plant with shallow
935:
933:
859:
857:
1045:. Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
1028:https://doi.org/10.12745/et.24.2.4534
7:
1868:ffff4831-6059-429c-8b2b-6269c094a65c
1803:f103e231-0d50-46b4-8ff8-dbf8b1d335cc
1481:dddbfcc2-2376-488f-a96c-8bbb2bf23c0b
1383:a2f2bb59-f1b3-4008-ae9b-7c85a6e6643e
969:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
699:is set up as a separate genus].
246:that is native to alpine regions of
1060:Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
1030:Retrieved at 9.12 on Friday 28/6/24
793:. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston.
573:. It is considered invasive in the
390:Showing dense habit and flowering.
14:
656:for the Euro-Mediterranean flora"
650:Bräutigam, S; Greuter, W (2007).
1842:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:215171-1
1432:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:238000-1
1149:
1137:
1071:"Invasive Species Council of BC"
44:
726:L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip."
759:New Flora of the British Isles
693:als eigene Gattum aufgestellt"
1:
995:Meadow Mat Wildflower Matting
1952:Flora of Southwestern Europe
1947:Flora of Southeastern Europe
917:BBC Gardeners World Magazine
785:; McKenny, Margaret (1968).
529:, being believed to possess
1967:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1096:wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu
965:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
479:Grim the Collier of Croydon
1983:
843:Wild Flowers Worth Knowing
818:. New York: Golden Press.
814:Venning, Frank D. (1984).
735:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
730:Plants of the World Online
198:
191:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1962:Plants described in 1753
1942:Flora of Northern Europe
611:United States of America
1937:Flora of Eastern Europe
967:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1932:Flora of Middle Europe
701:Flora (Separatabdruck)
558:
466:
415:respiratory infections
397:is widely grown as an
391:
1793:Hieracium~aurantiacum
1643:Hieracium aurantiacum
1519:Hieracium aurantiacum
556:
464:
449:and the treatment of
389:
332:in autumn or spring.
202:Hieracium aurantiacum
1373:Pilosella~aurantiaca
1282:Pilosella aurantiaca
1206:Pilosella aurantiaca
1176:Pilosella aurantiaca
1156:Pilosella aurantiaca
1146:at Wikimedia Commons
1144:Pilosella aurantiaca
911:Pilosella aurantiaca
783:Peterson, Roger Tory
724:Pilosella aurantiaca
652:"A new treatment of
563:Pilosella aurantiaca
503:Pilosella aurantiaca
457:In myth and folklore
405:Use in folk medicine
360:Pilosella aurantiaca
216:Pilosella aurantiaca
172:Pilosella aurantiaca
25:Pilosella aurantiaca
673:10.3372/wi.37.37106
451:high blood pressure
382:Use in horticulture
559:
520:devil’s paintbrush
467:
447:blood sugar levels
392:
229:devil's paintbrush
154:P. aurantiaca
1914:
1913:
1811:Open Tree of Life
1391:Open Tree of Life
1168:Taxon identifiers
1142:Media related to
882:10.1111/plb.12328
768:978-1-5272-2630-2
561:Orange hawkweed (
531:apotropaic powers
435:anti-inflammatory
421:believed to have
212:
211:
206:
1974:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
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1471:
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1409:
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1350:
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1347:NHMSYS0000461270
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1233:
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1193:
1163:
1154:Data related to
1153:
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1129:
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1126:
1112:
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1105:
1103:
1102:
1088:
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953:
951:
937:
928:
927:
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923:
905:
894:
893:
861:
852:
851:
838:Blanchan, Neltje
834:
828:
827:
811:
805:
804:
792:
779:
773:
772:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
718:
709:
708:
684:
678:
677:
675:
647:
583:Columbia-Shuswap
579:Central Kootenay
567:British Columbia
527:Celtic mythology
475:grim-the-collier
399:ornamental plant
342:specific epithet
299:
298:
294:
291:
233:grim-the-collier
204:
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1982:
1981:
1977:
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1971:
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1827:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1764:MichiganFlora:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1693:
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1513:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
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1474:
1466:
1464:
1456:
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1438:
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1417:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1394:
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1371:
1366:
1358:
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1293:
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1262:
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1203:
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1049:
1041:
1034:
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989:
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984:
977:
964:
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959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
931:
921:
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863:
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836:
835:
831:
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781:
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769:
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748:
739:
737:
720:
719:
712:
686:
685:
681:
649:
648:
644:
639:
591:Bulkley Nechako
587:Thompson-Nicola
551:
459:
407:
384:
376:New South Wales
357:
338:
296:
292:
289:
287:
260:
252:southern Europe
240:flowering plant
225:orange hawkweed
187:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1978:
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1964:
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1954:
1949:
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1939:
1934:
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1918:
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1911:
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1895:
1891:wfo-0000059787
1882:
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1807:
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1494:wfo-0000030068
1485:
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1387:
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1364:
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1247:
1234:
1221:
1211:
1196:
1180:
1178:
1172:
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1160:
1159:
1158:at Wikispecies
1147:
1132:
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1107:
1083:
1062:
1047:
1032:
1019:
1007:
982:
976:978-1845337315
975:
957:
945:www.rhs.org.uk
929:
895:
853:
829:
806:
799:
774:
767:
746:
710:
679:
666:(1): 123–137.
641:
640:
638:
635:
550:
547:
458:
455:
427:sleep-inducing
406:
403:
383:
380:
356:
353:
337:
334:
319:wind-dispersal
259:
256:
242:in the family
210:
209:
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188:
186:& Sch.Bip.
177:
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37:
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28:
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15:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1690:iNaturalist
1316:iNaturalist
1200:Wikispecies
660:Willdenowia
439:antioxidant
306:ultraviolet
284:flowerheads
258:Description
184:F.W.Schultz
84:Angiosperms
1921:Categories
1875:WisFlora:
1565:Calflora:
1419:gcc-129064
1414:Plant List
1125:2020-10-08
1101:2020-10-08
1076:27 January
1000:27 January
740:2023-06-13
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637:References
613:, such as
345:aurantiaca
340:The Latin
286:), each 1–
244:Asteraceae
130:Asteraceae
1927:Pilosella
1630:250006657
1191:Q20757547
824:301214740
697:Pilosella
691:Pilosella
654:Pilosella
631:Hieracium
627:Pilosella
623:Minnesota
619:Wisconsin
607:Australia
516:red devil
276:trichomes
237:perennial
148:Species:
141:Pilosella
120:Asterales
54:Kingdom:
1863:VicFlora
1850:Tropicos
1788:NSWFlora
1780:2.131566
1731:11278906
1718:215171-1
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1528:Wikidata
1476:VicFlora
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840:(2005).
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633:plants.
599:Victoria
539:Brittany
512:hellfire
431:diuretic
336:Taxonomy
330:rhizomes
302:pedicels
280:capitula
193:Synonyms
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1904:1171212
1855:2723126
1656:3136120
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491:collier
368:Ireland
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295:⁄
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1800:NZOR:
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311:achene
268:leaves
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