Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht

2851: 976: 2903: 402: 815:, who also revived the medieval plenarary indulgence for those who completed the pilgrimage. The medieval custom of showing the relics from the dwarf gallery was not revived; instead the relics were exhibited in the church and during a procession. The relics remained on view for two weeks on a pedestal in the choir of St Servatius'. The route of the procession was the same as the previous year: leaving the church from the south-east portal, via Vrijthof and Keizer Karelplein to the north portal and the treasury in the cloisters. This time judicial action was taken against dean Rutten. The case went on for years; the dean persisted despite losing every single case. This and similar cases led to heated discussions in Dutch Parliament. It did not stop the Catholics taking to the streets: in 1878 six processions were held in Maastricht and in 1881 the second 'modern' pilgrimage went ahead. 2951: 988: 1161: 2226: 1535: 1173: 1511: 1210: 2214: 2202: 2086: 1380: 752: 2863: 2586: 2598: 2516: 2504: 1499: 2975: 1523: 1185: 535: 1392: 1356: 1368: 2659: 1408: 2074: 275: 828: 1786: 2887: 2571:

after the bust of Saint Servatius. It instantly gained popularity, to such a degree that it was included in the Maastricht Devotions. Saint Lambert's church closed in 1985 due to constructional problems and the parish merged with that of Saint Anne. Since 2004 the bust is kept in the modern church of Saint Anne, where in 2018 it was given a separate chapel. The bust of Saint Lambert is carried in processions on either one of two processional litters, depending on the occasion, much like the previously-mentioned objects. The small litter is dressed in green; the larger litter in white damask and decorated with flowers. Members of the Carriers Guild of Saint Lambert (Dutch:

2875: 678: 2789: 764: 1683: 1707: 1810: 2098: 2334: 1555: 2987: 2062: 2765: 2963: 2025: 1695: 2540: 2358: 1671: 2238: 2420: 2001: 1923: 1887: 2753: 2456: 2444: 2346: 2370: 1911: 2622: 2610: 2013: 1149: 2432: 1989: 2528: 740: 1798: 2808:. They replace the silver or gilded busts that were lost in the French Period. There are a few remarkable 'doubles'. Both the Basilica of Our Lady and the Basilica of St Servatius own busts of Monulph and Gondulph, the 6th-century bishops of Maastricht often associated with one another. All four busts are shown during the relics display in the churches but only one set joins the outdoor processions (the set owned by St Servatius'). They are carried on relatively small litters by members of the Guild of Saint Monulph and Saint Gondulph, which also is a 3042: 2114: 1899: 37: 592: 3054: 3078: 3066: 1240:, after which the priest announces the relics with the medieval formula "Thou shall be shown..." The relics are shown in five groups. Each time a group has been announced the carriers step forward near the edge of the choir steps, then lifting up the reliquaries for a few seconds, so they can be seen by all. At no point are the relics taken out of their containers. A prayer is said and the carriers return to their position in the semicircle, after which the next group of relics is announced. In 2018 the order of showing was: 721:(1794-1814) the religious chapters in Maastricht were abolished. For some years both collegiate churches were used as military arsenals and horse stables. The church treasures suffered great losses in this period. Many objects of gold and silver were melted down in order to pay for war taxes. After the French period neglect continued. Some of the medieval reliquaries were sold to collectors or just given away. The church of Saint Servatius lost the four panels that belonged to the chest of Saint Servatius, as well as its 2472: 2497:

Conception of Mary, or Brothers of Maastricht) carried the bust in processions; since 1976 members of the Saint Servatius Guild have taken that task (literally) upon their shoulders. Members of the guild wear two-part dark blue tunics, white gloves and a green ribbon around their neck with a guild medal. As is the case with the Star of the Sea statue, two processional litters are used, one for short or indoor processions, the other one for longer trips. A plastic slip-over is used to protect the bust in bad weather.

1025: 263: 2777: 1774: 2729:). When the church is open to the public, the chest is permanently guarded by two or four members of the Confraternity of Saint Servatius. This association was founded in 1916 and currently has around 50 members. Inside the church they wear tunics, either yellow and red, or black and red. The fraternity members also escort the chest when it leaves the church in processions, which normally only happens once a year (Saint Servatius Day, 13 May). The brotherhood then wears 848:, indicating the high profile the pilgrimage by then had achieved within the Roman Catholic Church. In 1916 the Saint Servatius Play, a musical piece that intended to visualise the ancient legend, was performed in the open-air in Vrijthof. The play or variations on it were performed until recently. Another pre-19th-century element of the pilgrimage that was revived in the 20th century was the playful spectacle The Storming of the Castle, which took place on the river 859:(Society of the Grave of Saint Servatius). The society aims to promote the city of Maastricht as a catholic centre and a pilgrimage site. Also in 1937, an old tradition was reintroduced to allow the statues of Our Lady, Star of the Sea and the Black Christ of Wyck in the procession. Several other non-reliquary objects (mainly statues of saints) have been admitted since. The 1944 pilgrimage was cancelled because of 635:. After visiting Maastricht many carried on to Aachen and Kornelimünster, or to other pilgrimage sites. The pilgrims were vital for the town's medieval economy. During the septennial pilgrimage the usually strict rules for trading were relaxed. Every citizen could sell food and drink or change currency. Pilgrims were offered a range of religious souvenirs: pilgrim horns made of clay, pilgrim flasks made of 1664:. In order to move the larger litters usually two teams of 12 or 16 carriers are needed. Other members carry processional lanterns or poles decorated with confraternity medals. Smaller objects are carried by single participants, previously often by priests or nuns, nowadays mostly by seminarists or other laymen. They usually wear white gloves and/or hold the objects with the wide sleeves of their gowns. 519: 2045:, Saint Theresia's, the Sacred Heart Church (Church of the Dome) as well as the cloisters of St Servatius'. Films were shown in the open air in front of the church of St. Peter-Beneden. Theme exhibitions took place in the cloisters of the basilicas, the east crypt of Our Lady, the Dominican Church, the Centre Céramique cultural centre, the Vrijthof Theatre and the 2257:), are religious objects that have been venerated in Maastricht for a long time. They are: the statue of Our Lady, Star of the Sea, the Black Christ of Wyck, the bust of Saint Servatius and the bust of Saint Lambert. During the Maastricht pilgrimage they take part in processions and various other religious activities. 2920:

excluded. The core of the reliquary is medieval (first mentioned in 1286) but the outer case was replaced in the 19th century. Both inside the church and in the outdoor processions it is carried and escorted by a group of women in light-blue dresses. Two women carry the processional litter; the others hold red roses.

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at Our Lady's, the chancel is virtually empty at the end of the service. It is remarkable that the arm reliquary of Saint Thomas and most of the Servatiana (see below: 'List of devotional objects/Servatiana'), which were so pivotal in the medieval relics display, are no longer shown. The current order of showing is:

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someone who lived in the 4th century. These days only the key and the pectoral cross are shown during the relics display in the church; none of the Servatiana are included in the processions. A copy of the pilgrim's staff is on permanent display in the small crypt which gives access to the grave of Saint Servatius.

2170:' have played a pivotal role in the Maastricht pilgrimage. These are objects believed to be the personal belongings of Saint Servatius. In the septennial pilgrimage they were shown from the dwarf gallery. Some of the Servatiana were lost over time. Remaining in the treasury are: the key of Saint Servatius, the 800:, opened to the public. Part of the opening ceremony was a short procession with several reliquaries that went from the old treasury via Vrijthof to the new treasury. The procession with three bishops and over 50 priests was illegal as it clearly ignored the ban on processions that was included in the 1848 3400:'mitspielen' mußten: der Thomas-Arm, die Staurothek von 1490, die Servatiusbüste und der Servatiusschrein. Einmal verbietet konservatorische Vorsicht, die gefährdeten Goldschmiedewerke von Schauspielern traktieren zu lassen." Kroos (1985), p. 406. Kroos' criticism did not have much effect; in the play 484:, which meant that extra indulgences were granted. The majority of pilgrims aimed to earn indulgences by visiting the grave of Saint Servatius, drinking holy water from the cup of Saint Servatius and attending at least one of the daily relics displays. No indulgences could be obtained without going to 3448:

Before 1990 the Basilica of St Servatius had no ceremony for displaying the relics; they were just on show in the church after the processions. In 1990 the relics display took place in both churches simultaneously. From 1997 on they take place at different times, so people can attend both events. Cf.

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in 1938-40. This happened after an ambitious parish priest obtained a relic of Saint Lambert, Maastricht's last bishop and the only one who was born there. The relic was picked up in Liège and brought back in triumph by 2,000 parishioners in two extra trains in 1937. The new bust was clearly modelled

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groups and 'brides' (young women dressed in white) have largely disappeared. The same has happened to Catholic women's associations and workers' associations. Their place has now been taken by non-religious, historical and folkloristic groups, or in some cases by religious groups from elsewhere (e.g.

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The two outdoor processions – not to be confounded with the liturgical processions inside the churches – are perhaps the most iconic aspect of the Maastricht pilgrimage. The colourful parades on both Sundays are watched by ten thousands of people, as well as being televised. Additionally, there are a

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The showing of the relics must have been a theatrical event during which many pilgrims were overcome with emotion. Throughout the ceremony loud cries could be heard. Some pilgrims were sitting on rooftops around Vrijthof to get a better view of the relics and to benefit from their exposure. Many took

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and his portable altar. Due to their size and frailty their role has diminished in recent years. An additional reason for this could be that art historians have argued that, with the exception of the cup of Saint Servatius, none of these objects are old enough to have been the personal belongings of

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sounds from the west choir of the church, adding to the dramatic effect. Also, after having been shown, the relics do not return to the chancel area, but are immediately taken down the choir steps into the side chapels. Here they remain, guarded by members of confraternities. This means that, unlike

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In the course of the 20th century Catholics were no longer regarded as a threat in the Netherlands, partly due to the fact that they had evolved from being a religious minority to a majority. Whereas processions and pilgrimages were previously regarded by non-Catholics as "catholic superstition" and

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and fraternity medals. The processional litter is custom-designed featuring a steel structure with flexible parts that can be adjusted on the shoulders of the carriers. There are normally two teams of sixteen fraternity brothers involved in carrying the chest. The lower part of the frame is covered

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Despite the fact that the emphasis in modern pilgrimages has somewhat shifted away from saints and relics worship, the historical and religious significance of the objects concerned makes their presence paramount. Showing the reliquaries remains a central feature of the Maastricht pilgrimage. Apart

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was the centre of veneration of Saint Servatius in Maastricht, receiving its nickname from the custom of taking it out in procession in times of distress (first mentioned in 1409). Not much is known about its role in the medieval pilgrimage practices. For obvious reasons it could not be shown from

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valley, a few miles south of Maastricht. The service includes drinking water from the spring that, according to legend, sprung where Saint Servatius tapped his crozier on the ground. The opening ceremony continues at the Basilica of St Servatius, where the bust of Saint Servatius is carried around

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Throughout the Middle Ages tens of thousands visited Maastricht during the septennial pilgrimage. Monasteries, hospitals, alms houses and individual citizens offered shelter, as only a limited number could be admitted to the town's official pilgrims' hospitiums. Pilgrims came from all over Europe,

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The septennial pilgrimage in medieval Maastricht was centred around the Church of Saint Servatius, although Our Lady's and other churches undoubtedly benefitted with their indoors activities. The traditional date was one week before and one week after 16 July, the feast of the holy bishops Monulph

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guild. Naturally, both churches own a bust of Saint Servatius. The one in Our Lady's is merely used for the relics display in the church. The same goes for Saint Batholomew's and Saint Hubert's busts, also in Our Lady's. St Servatius' Basilica has two busts of Saint Lambert (one silver bust is on

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replaced the wooden grave chapel with a stone basilica. Calendars of saints from the 8th and 9th century make mention of miracles happening at the saint's grave. As the number of pilgrims increased, the original church became too small. It was replaced by ever larger structures, until the current

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A few reliquaries do not fit into the categories above but are nevertheless important enough to be included in the pilgrimage. A distinguished piece – even though it is a 15th-century copy of a much older cross – is the Patriarchal Cross of the Basilica of St Servatius. It contains several large

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at the entrance procession during the ceremony of the relics display. It is however too fragile to participate in any other processions. That would perhaps also apply to the reliquary with the girdle of Saint Mary in Our Lady's Basilica, were it not that this relic is considered too vital to be

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style. At the same time, a renewed interest in medieval art became apparent. An important step in the reassessment of Maastricht's religious patrimony was the publication of Bock and Willemsen's illustrated catalogue of the church treasures in 1872. The French edition of 1873 moreover contained

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made of tin or lead. In the 16th and 17th century these were gradually replaced by printed images, pilgrim's forms, booklets, medals and flags. The objects were often decorated with images of relics from Maastricht, Aachen and Kornelimünster, which made it easy to sell them in all three places.

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of St Servatius, considering itself the oldest and more powerful institution, made sure that no relics were shown in the open air at Our Lady's. It has been suggested that the ambulatory gallery in the choir of Our Lady's was used for this purpose. Whichever way they showed their relics, it was

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of the Maastricht pilgrimage. Images of the bust appear on flags, banners and printed material. The bust takes central stage at the opening ceremony of the pilgrimage (see: 'Programme/Masses and other services'). Until the 1970s, the brothers of the Beyart Monastery (Brothers of the Immaculate

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The ceremonies of the displaying of the relics in the two main churches constitute the spiritual highlight of the pilgrimage and refer – more so than the processions or other activities – to its medieval origin. The modern way of showing the relics is not from the dwarf gallery but inside the

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processions the Basilica Choir (the main choir of Our Lady's) accompanies the statue of the Star of the Sea, while the Cappella Sancti Servatii (the choir of St Servatius') walks in front of the bust of Saint Servatius. A position of honour is given to the marching band that walks behind the

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bread, meat and personal objects with them in order to be blessed by the relics. The relics were shown in four groups. Each group was announced with a formula that started with: "Thou shall be shown...", followed by a brief description of the objects and a prayer. The fixed order was: 1. the

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As there have been less participants from local churches in recent years, there is more room for other groups, from other denominations, from other cultural backgrounds or from other towns. In 2018 there were local representatives of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (see above), the

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performed in 1983 led to criticism by the German art historian Renate Kroos, author of an important publication on the Shrine of Saint Servatius: "Höchst bedenklich dagegen scheint mir, daß bei diesem Aufzug (mit ca. 1200 Mitwirkenden und Kostümen von den Salzburger Festspielen) Reliquien

1642:), while the Saint Servatius Guild is concerned with the bust of Saint Servatius. Other groups take care of the bust of Saint Lambert, the busts of Saint Monulph and Saint Gondulph, the statue of Our Lady, Star of the Sea, or other statues. The larger objects are carried on a processional 1000: 2642:), these include a number of reliquary busts of apostles and bishops, as well as reliquaries and statues of other locally venerated saints. As mentioned before, many reliquaries are considered too fragile to leave their protected environment. This applies to most of the Servatiana, the 664:

that patrolled the streets, especially in areas where many pilgrims gathered. The large concentration of people in the relatively small city of around 15,000 also posed threats of fire and disease. Citizens were obliged to have a bucket of water on their doorstep to help prevent major

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Readings, concerts, theatre performances, film screenings and exhibitions take place at various locations around the city throughout the pilgrimage. Most of these activities are connected to the over-all theme. In 2018 there were plays and concerts in various churches: Saint John's,

959: 1060:. To a lesser degree involved are the other churches in central Maastricht, as well as a number of (Catholic) schools, senior citizens homes and cultural institutions. The administrational centre of the pilgrimage doubles as an information point for both pilgrims and tourists. 956: 1348:

After the blessing, given with the cross reliquary, a procession is formed once more, taking the relics to the north transept where they are exhibited for about an hour. Members of the congregation can then approach the relics, touch them, take photographs and venerate them.

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Starting in 1969 the traditional dates around mid-July were abandoned because too many people were away on holiday. Initially the dates were changed to late August, early September; later to late May, early June. In 1988 a partnership with other pilgrimage sites within the

656:. From that moment on no-one could be tried for past offences. There was always a number of pilgrims who had been sent on a pilgrimage as part of a penalty. Breaking the rules during this time was punished with forced pilgrimages (e.g. to Santiago de Compostella) or fines. 731:. Our Lady's lost its Byzantine Cross and various other objects (see above). Few regretted these losses at the time. With the disappearance of the pilgrimages and the religious institutions that had guarded these objects for centuries, they had become meaningless to most. 647:

The fourteen days of the Maastricht pilgrimage were known as the "Freedom of Saint Servatius". It was a period when normal rules did not apply, resulting in more freedom for citizens and visitors but also in more crime. The start of this period was announced by the town

2413:) was founded, which in 1963 had around 2,000 members. Members of the confraternity carry the Black Christ in processions on a large processional litter similar to the one used for the Star of the Sea. Their tunics are red and black, matching their processional banner. 1004: 1001: 1085:

is brought into the church and placed on a platform on the choir steps, where it remains for the entire period. During the next 11 days, high masses are celebrated every day, often aimed at certain groups. In 2018 masses and services were held for members of the

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with a six-pointed star on it. Some carry processional lanterns or processional poles with fraternity plaques. The statue of the Star of the Sea has no role in the relics display in the church, although this ceremony is traditionally concluded by the hymn

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is used that requires four carriers. For the longer processions, as in the septennial pilgrimage, a much larger steel structure is used. Twelve carriers are required to take this litter on their shoulders. The larger structure is covered in white

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was initiated. Unlike the medieval partnership with Aachen and Kornelimünster, the pilgrimages are scheduled in such a way that there is no competition between the towns. 1990 saw a dip in numbers of visitors, possibly a result of tensions in the

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The relics display in the Basilica of Our Lady starts with a liturgical entrance procession in which the main relics from the treasury are brought into the church. While groups of carriers walk up the central aisle toward the choir stairs, the

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Besides the four main devotional statues (see: 'Maastricht Devotions'), there are a few other statues of saints that are included in the Maastricht pilgrimage. Some Maastricht parishes are represented in the pilgrimage processions with their

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Since the 1960s or 70s a theme is chosen for each edition of the pilgrimage. In the processions, the theme provides a guideline for those groups that attempt to present the Gospel to an increasingly non-religious audience. In 2018 the theme

1638:, carriers guilds or other groups that are involved in carrying and escorting the holy objects assigned to them. The Confraternity of Saint Servatius for instance is responsible for the safety of the reliquary chest of Saint Servatius (or 701:

the three "heavenly cloths" went missing, whereas the reliquary bust of Saint Servatius was largely destroyed. Maastricht became a heavily defended Catholic bulwark. By 1608 attendance to the pilgrimage had dropped to 13,000. After the

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pilgrimage. There are hundreds of objects in the treasuries of the main churches, which requires selection. For conservational reasons some fragile objects that traditionally have been part of the pilgrimage are no longer shown.

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as we know it presumably is the second or third bust of Maastricht's patron saint. A previous bust dating back to around 1400 was shown from the dwarf gallery to pilgrims in Vrijthof square. It was largely destroyed during the

1172: 2597: 863:. It was postponed until 1948, thus breaking the seven-yearly cycle as well as no longer being synchronized with Aachen. It also meant that participants from Aachen were able to join the Maastricht procession. In 1955 the 2085: 2225: 2974: 2515: 2492:, whose coat of arms is on the pedestal. The silver-coated and partly gilded bust is a major artistic work in the Treasury of Saint Servatius. It contains a large fragment of the skull of the saint. The bust is also a 839:

During the 1909 pilgrimage displaying of relics took place in the two main churches, as well as in the parish church of Wyck, where the so-called Black Christ of Wyck could be venerated. Masses were celebrated by the

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for the Virgin Mary. The pilgrims were then invited to visit the grave inside the church and see the other relics on display there. The ceremony was concluded by bell ringing and pilgrims blowing their pilgrim horns.

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Since the Second World War, a number of important relics have 'visited' Maastricht (see: 'History/20th century'). In 2018 there were busts from Houthem and Susteren (mentioned above), a cross reliquary from

1522: 1379: 1138:, lectures and other spiritual activities are organised, some of which take place in the crypt, the Keizerzaal, or other unusual locations. Throughout the 11-day pilgrimage there are priests available for 2201: 1492:

After the conclusion of the ceremony the relics are exhibited in the side aisles and chapels, in order to be admired and venerated. Members of various confraternities and guilds keep watch over them.

1355: 787:. Four years later he introduced the feast in honour of the relics of all saints. Many relics that had lost their containers during the French period were given new reliquaries, predominantly in the 3425:

visited the Maastricht pilgrimage in 1997 and was most impressed by the relics display ("theatrically spoken, brilliant"). The procession, which had been his main goal, he considered disappointing.

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Maastricht had been an important destination for pilgrims centuries before the first recorded septennial pilgrimage. The first to mention pilgrims paying tribute at the grave of Saint Servatius was

2650:(cross reliquaries), all the reliquary horns in the treasuries (except for the Viking horn in Our Lady's), all the ivory and enamelled caskets, as well as the silver reliquary arm of Saint Thomas. 776: 2886: 2725:

After the revival of the pilgrimage in the 19th century, the chest has been part of most festivities. Nowadays, it is permanently exhibited on the choir stairs (which in fact are situated in the

464:("fair of the holy relics"). The popularity of the Maastricht-Aachen-Kornelimünster pilgrimage reached its zenith in the 15th century when up to 140,000 pilgrims visited these towns in mid-July. 2073: 1551:

number of smaller processions, such as the opening procession, the 'Star Procession' (departing from various parish churches), and the children's procession (with self-made reliquary shrines).

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Since the 1960s, the organizers of the processions have found it increasingly difficult to involve local participants, especially children and young adults. As a result, traditional groups of

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have been found in most of the afore-mentioned countries. Five badges from Maastricht as well as French and Italian sites, stuck together as a result of oxidation, were found in a grave at

2306:, some dark-blue and red, others light-blue and white, decorated with guild medals. They all wear white gloves. At regular intervals one team of carriers replaces the other. Members of the 714:. The pilgrimages of 1655 and 1662 took place inside the Church of Saint Servatius. After 1706 no septennial pilgrimages took place until the revival of the tradition in the 19th century. 2874: 1599: 374:

almost certainly less effective than the spectacular open-air displays at St Servatius'. Over the centuries several disputes arose from this, some were fought at the highest level at the

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Amongst the many reliquaries and devotional objects in Maastricht are a dozen reliquary busts. The busts discussed here predominantly date from the 19th century, made of wood and then

1002: 401: 2788: 2333: 389:. The Hospitium of Saint Servatius is first mentioned in the 11th century. Next to it stood the Hospitium of Saint James, which was specifically built for pilgrims on their way to 1209: 1201:

churches, first in the Basilica of Our Lady, followed by the Basilica of St Servatius. Compared to the medieval practice, more relics (also, different ones) are shown nowadays.

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There are no exact visitor numbers available. In Aachen 142.000 pilgrims visited in 1496. It is assumed that most of them visited Maastricht as well. De la Haye (1990), p. 113.

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In Maastricht the Collegiate Church of Saint Servatius had the sole right of showing relics in the open air. During the septennial pilgrimage this took place once a day at

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Kunst und Liturgie im Mittelalter: Akten des internationalen Kongresses der Bibliotheca Hertziana und des Nederlands Instituut te Rome, Rom, 28. - 30. September 1997

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Die mittelalterlichen Kunst- und Reliquienschätze zu Maestricht, aufbewahrt in den ehemaligen Stiftskirchen des h. Servatius und Unserer Lieben Frau daselbst, usw.

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connected to these relics brought in more pilgrims. A French pilgrim calculated in 1453 that in one year in Maastricht one could earn about 800 years reduction of

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offered an indulgence to pilgrims visiting the grave of Saint Servatius around this time of the year. The year in which a septennial pilgrimage took place was a

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is the main treasure of the Basilica of St Servatius and arguably the most important medieval object in the Netherlands. Its significance as a major product of

2443: 2369: 2345: 1148: 1910: 1044:. The entrance to the church and treasury is free of charge at this time (normally there is a fee). During the pilgrimage the church can be accessed via three 697:. This affected Maastricht as much as many other places in north-western Europe. The 1489 and 1552 pilgrimages were cancelled due to threat of war. During the 2621: 2609: 311:

punishment. At the same time, it was assumed that a completed Maastricht pilgrimage was rewarded with a plenarary indulgence (full remittance of punishment).

2405:, where it attracted pilgrims mainly from Central Europe. After the dissolution of the monasteries the statue was given to the parish church of St Martin in 2012: 775:

From the mid-19th century Catholicism began to flourish once again in Maastricht and elsewhere in the Netherlands. Catholics' self-esteem was boosted by the

3094: 2658: 2431: 2167: 2118: 1988: 1407: 793: 756: 2776: 2527: 1809: 827: 2269:(usually referred to as: the Star of the Sea) is probably the best known and most popular of the Maastricht devotions. It is a 15th-century statue of 4031:'Reliekentoning Heiligdomsvaart 2018 Basiliek van Sterre der Zee', booklet handed out at the relics display in the Basilica of Our Lady, 2 June 2018. 3814:

Teedere quaesties: religieuze rituelen in conflict. Confrontaties tussen katholieken en protestanten rond de processiecultuur in 19e-eeuws Nederland

534: 393:. Due to dwindling numbers of pilgrims, both institutions took on other tasks in the 17th century. They were demolished in the early 19th century. 245:

into the present-day religious, historical, cultural and commercial enterprise. Highlights in the programme are the displaying or unveiling of the

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Square. In the 15th-century so many pilgrims gathered there, that the walls around the square had to be taken down. After celebrating an open-air

1975: 1797: 1052:, providing access to the grave of Saint Servatius, is also open at certain hours. The reliquary chest of Saint Servatius, locally known as the 824:"folklore", there was now a certain curiosity in this sensual approach to faith. Some Catholics regarded this new 'acceptance' with scepticism. 4075: 4003: 3041: 1488:

relics of Saint Servatius: the key of Saint Servatius, his pectoral cross, the reliquary bust and the reliquary chest (which remains immobile).

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additional texts about the medieval pilgrimages, which may have contributed to the revival of the tradition one year later. Also in 1873, the

4044: 3430: 3298: 3123: 841: 3053: 4083: 3334:. It remains unclear whether this was a coincidence or planned. It was certainly hugely beneficial to both. Later Kornelimünster joined in. 3321:

only arrived in this church in 1837, and thus prior to that date had no role in attracting pilgrims to Our Lady's. Koldeweij (1990), p. 98.

3283:, pp. 77-84. Restoration-information bulletin #10 (special edition about the pilgrimage). Stichting Restauratie De Sint Servaas, Maastricht 3077: 3065: 2844:

Note: the gilded and silver-coated busts of Saint Servatius and Saint Lambert are discussed in detail above (see: 'Maastricht Devotions').

1764: 4136: 677: 763: 4410: 925: 780: 378:. The differences culminated in 1495, when the Chapter of Saint Servatius commissioned a copy of the Patriarchal Cross of Our Lady's. 4231: 4120: 4116: 2666:, firmly positioned on the choir steps for the duration of the pilgrimage, guarded by members of the Confraternity of Saint Servatius 369:

There was great rivalry between the two principal churches when it came to attracting pilgrims. More pilgrims meant more income. The

4079: 3821: 3203: 3157: 1744: 2817:

and never leaves the treasury), which in fact makes three, together with the bust in St Anne's. St Servatius' also owns a bust of

456:

of 1249 is the oldest document referring to the Maastricht pilgrimage around the traditional dates in mid-July, although the name

3677: 2489: 2286: 1214: 1057: 319: 279: 1773: 944:. Around 175.000 attended some of the events. The 55th (modern) edition took place from 24 May until 3 June 2018. Its theme was 2567: 2042: 1869: 801: 3343:

Many did visit the tomb of Saint Servatius, some lying on top of it and confessing their sins, as described by a pilgrim from

4425: 3271: 3254: 3237: 3182: 3099: 249:

in the main churches and secondly, the processions with the town's main relics. The next pilgrimage will take place in 2025.

4302: 3373:

in Norway. It may be assumed that all five were collected during a single pilgrimage. Koldeweij (1990), pp. 90-91, 100-101.

1554: 4430: 4279: 2575:) wear green and yellow tunics; around their neck a chain with an embroidered medallion with an image of the bust and the 1056:('Chest of Distress'), is permanently exhibited on the choir stairs. A secondary focal point during the pilgrimage is the 710:

in 1632, a ban on processions and other religious manifestations in public was issued, meaning the end of the traditional

2711: 1603: 4162: 3606:, 'Geschiedenis van de Maastrichtse Heiligdomsvaart'. In: Van Rensch/Koldeweij/De la Haye/De Kreek (1990), pp. 116-117. 2055:

in the Bonnefantenmuseum showed historical copes, as well as contemporary designs by local designers of Fashionclash.

1853: 1748: 1099: 1041: 296: 267: 3161: 1091: 920: 515:'s roof. The dwarf gallery was decorated for the occasion with cloths printed with angels and Saint Servatius' keys. 3386:

had been the last pilgrimage with open-air displaying of the relics. Ubachs/Evers (2005), pp. 423-424: 'processie'.

2576: 2485: 2394: 718: 698: 649: 552: 3934: 3466:, 'Geschiedenis van de Maastrichtse Heiligdomsvaart'. In: Van Rensch/Koldeweij/De la Haye/De Kreek (1990), p. 119. 2113: 591: 36: 3318: 2289:. Even now it participates in around ten processions each year. For the shorter processions a small processional 2266: 1831: 1415:

More or less the same procedure is followed in the Basilica of St Servatius, with some differences. The formula "

690: 1598:. The first rows at the Vrijthof stand are usually reserved for guests such as bishops, cabinet ministers, the 1134:

communities in Maastricht, as well as children of primary schools in Maastricht. Furthermore, prayer services,

1103: 739: 3211:(2000): 'Das Servatiusbustenreliquiar in der Maastrichter Servatiuskirche und seine liturgische Nutzung'. In: 3019:

in Scharn is represented both with a bust (mentioned above) and a 17th-century(?) statue of the saint. Nearby

2471: 1982:; on the second Sunday it was the Harmonie Sint Petrus en Paulus from the Maastricht neighbourhood of Wolder. 2821:, another bishop of Maastricht. Regular 'visiting' busts from other churches and other towns are the bust of 3646: 2726: 1827: 1253: 1024: 449: 410: 390: 355: 262: 1652:

in Spanish processions but usually smaller), decorated with flowers. The carriers are dressed formally (in

3016: 2822: 2718:, a painted wooden box. During the pilgrimage the capsa was removed and pilgrims were given access to the 2298:

and decorated with flowers. The carriers are members of the Carriers Guild of the Star of the Sea (Dutch:

2253:

The four major devotional statues in Maastricht, locally known at the City or Municipal Devotions (Dutch:

1857: 1728: 1579: 1288: 481: 2906:

Reliquary with the girdle of Saint Mary, waiting in the cloisters of Our Lady's before the relics display

1068:

The opening ceremony begins with a short service in the open air at the Spring of Saint Servatius in the

3481: 2826: 2679: 2556: 2270: 1559: 1482: 1471: 1436: 1420: 1299: 1280: 1139: 1095: 1045: 940:. It was the first time an extensive cultural programme was added to the pilgrimage. The 2011 theme was 888: 703: 539: 485: 363: 335: 1081:, celebrated by the bishop of Roermond, the dean of Maastricht and other priests. During this mass the 1448: 804:. Catholics in the Netherlands were impressed; others made fun of the "Maastricht cortège of relics". 2838: 1845: 1311: 1224: 1135: 1131: 1111: 1078: 811:

of St Servatius', to reinstate the septennial pilgrimage in 1874. Papal permission was obtained from

723: 3007:, each with their own carriers guild. A 15th-century statue of Saint Peter hails from the parish of 3540: 1011: 966: 864: 808: 584: 3118:. Clavis Kunsthistorische Monografieën, Part XXIV. Clavis Stichting Middeleeuwse Kunst, Utrecht. 2916: 2734: 2134: 2126: 1594:. In Vrijthof, and sometimes in Markt or Sint Pieterstraat, the procession can be watched from a 1590:. Here, in the Basilica of St Servatius, a short service is held, ending with the singing of the 1307: 1261: 1257: 580: 472:. It is not known when this date became the focal point of the Maastricht pilgrimage but in 1289 370: 2179: 1106:. Other groups that received a special welcome in the church included pilgrims to the shrine of 1087: 564: 492:. After fulfilling the requirements pilgrims received a pre-printed confessional certificate. A 3230:

Der Schrein des heiligen Servatius in Maastricht und die vier zugehörigen Reliquiare in Brüssel

3817: 3476: 3294: 3267: 3250: 3233: 3199: 3178: 3153: 3119: 3020: 2406: 2046: 1946: 1756: 1567: 1245: 624: 343: 315: 3825: 4194: 3562: 3519:

was one of the few objects from Dutch collections that was included in the grand exhibition

3422: 3331: 3012: 2856:

Processional litters with busts of Bartholomew, Hubert & others, cloisters of Our Lady's

2290: 1643: 1571: 1265: 694: 473: 347: 287: 4306: 4283: 4235: 4228: 4049: 3682: 3651: 3435: 2678:('Chest of Distress'), is a 12th-century chest that contains the bodily remains of bishop 2480: 2150: 1861: 636: 421: 242: 226: 3986: 3462:

In 1955 this group of relics was subdivided into: apostles, martyrs and confessors. See:

1965:) have been part of religious processions in this part of Europe for a long time. In the 779:

in 1853. Catholics now wanted to express their faith in public. In 1867 Joannes Paredis,

428:) means "journey to the holy relics". It is probably derived from the older German terms 3116:

Order and Confusion. The Twelfth-Century Choir of the St. Servatius Church in Maastricht

3966: 3344: 3028: 3024: 2830: 2171: 1950: 1760: 1318: 1303: 1115: 929: 797: 788: 707: 504: 351: 331: 218: 166: 3498:

The use of the word 'shrine' is an incorrect translation of the German and Dutch term

2281:. It has a long tradition of being included in processions, first with the Maastricht 4404: 3366: 2937: 2834: 2730: 2493: 2307: 2175: 1954: 1942: 1873: 1736: 1732: 1653: 1635: 1575: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1269: 1107: 1073:

the church in procession, after which it makes its grand entry via the South Portal (

884: 666: 640: 604: 595: 523: 508: 362:. Another reason for pilgrims to visit Our Lady's was the relic of the girdle of the 323: 3506:', meaning simply 'box' or 'chest'. In German it has come to mean 'reliquary chest'. 3950: 3004: 2559:

is relative young in comparison to the afore-mentioned objects. It was made by the

1938: 1767:

carried drawings by school children with the same theme in a contemporary context.

1740: 1648: 1610: 1481:

relics of holy bishops of Maastricht: the reliquary busts of Monulph, Gondulph and

1440: 896: 868: 860: 812: 728: 359: 2691: 2670:

The reliquary chest of Saint Servatius, often – incorrectly – referred to as the

1411:

Adoration of relics in the Chapel of Saint Joseph (after the displaying ceremony)

685:

The decline of the Maastricht pilgrimage in the 16th century was a result of the

4299: 3370: 3008: 2814: 2809: 2563: 1835: 1326: 1249: 1127: 867:

came over from Aachen, accompanied by many German pilgrims (among them cardinal

686: 632: 568: 518: 375: 230: 86: 4276: 3198:. Vierkant Maastricht #16. Stichting Historische Reeks Maastricht, Maastricht. 3152:. Vierkant Maastricht #16. Stichting Historische Reeks Maastricht, Maastricht. 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 3129: 2912: 2805: 1341: 1322: 1233: 912: 657: 453: 327: 304: 238: 234: 182: 174: 76: 58: 4178: 1606:

and other dignitaries. Television recordings usually take place at Vrijthof.

1432:

relics of Jesus: the patriarchal cross of 1490 with relics of the True Cross;

1344:(a papal present in gratitude of the donation of the Byzantine double cross). 3382:

Processions inside the church or on church grounds were permitted. The 1629

2925: 2702: 2699: 2315: 2282: 2142: 1877: 1840: 1657: 1614: 1475: 904: 382: 308: 300: 4045:'Relieken en de Heiligdomsvaart in Maastricht; Een hot line met gene zijde' 3431:'Relieken en de Heiligdomsvaart in Maastricht; Een hot line met gene zijde' 2133:

of Saint Servatius. Some objects are very old and are part of the local or

4371: 1268:, and the reliquary arm of Saint Tranquillus (a saint associated with the 855:

Since 1937 the task of organising the septennial pilgrimage lies with the

522:

The pilgrim's staff and one of the 'heavenly cloths' being shown from the

201: 3524: 3449:

the programmes of 'Heiligdomsvaart 1983' and 'Heiligdomsvaart 1990'. In:

3266:. Exhibition catalogue Amsterdam and Utrecht. Uitgeverij De Prom, Baarn. 3032: 2933: 2695: 2683: 2402: 2390: 1727:

was presented by several local amateur theatre groups. Some participants

1623: 1618: 1595: 1587: 1292: 892: 880: 876: 872: 616: 612: 548: 500: 496:

would fill in the name of the pilgrim and attach the seal of the church.

493: 469: 386: 339: 4340: 1974:, thus closing the procession. On the first Sunday in 2018 this was the 551:

of Saint Servatius (one of the three "heavenly cloths", lost during the

452:. Together they offered some of the best relics to be seen in Europe. A 4352: 3543:& Belgian Ministries of Dutch and French Culture, Cologne/Brussels. 3528: 3503: 3499: 2929: 2818: 2739: 2719: 2687: 2560: 2187: 2183: 1979: 1958: 1444: 1424: 1284: 1229: 1123: 1119: 908: 900: 661: 653: 628: 620: 572: 556: 489: 291: 178: 2868:

Busts of Lambert, Monulph, Gondulph & Amandus, Sacred Heart Chapel

2671: 2386: 2295: 2146: 1849: 1752: 1237: 608: 560: 441: 406: 3787:(1983): 'Het omstreden herstel van de heiligdomsvaart in 1874'. In: 3330:

In Aachen the pilgrimage centred around 17 July, the dedication of

295:

church was built in the 11th century. Throughout the centuries the

2936:, and a reliquary of Saint Cassius and Florentius (martyrs of the 2901: 2657: 2470: 2385:

The 'Black Christ of Wyck' is a large 13th-century corpus of dark

2319: 2303: 2274: 2191: 2138: 2130: 2112: 1661: 1583: 1406: 1333: 1208: 1069: 1049: 1023: 849: 826: 762: 750: 738: 681:

Pilgrim's booklet and confessional certificates, 16th-17th century

676: 590: 576: 533: 517: 400: 273: 261: 246: 170: 2992:

Reliquary of Lidwina of Schiedam during the procession in Het Bat

2710:

the dwarf gallery. Normally it stood on a stone altar behind the

1634:

About half of the participants in the processions are members of

1228:

is sung. The carriers position themselves in a semicircle in the

579:; 4. the reliquary bust of Saint Servatius, the reliquary arm of 3477:'Kerknieuws. De zevenjaarlijksche Heiligdomsvaart te Maastricht' 3192:

Th.J. van Rensch, A.M. Koldeweij, R.M. de la Haye, M.L. de Kreek

3146:

Th.J. van Rensch, A.M. Koldeweij, R.M. de la Haye, M.L. de Kreek

3144:(1990): 'Geschiedenis van de Maastrichtse Heiligdomsvaart'. In: 2941: 2892:

Silver bust of Gerlachus of Houthem in the procession in Het Bat

2051: 512: 437: 3293:(photo book). Stichting het Graf van Sint Servaas, Maastricht. 1566:

The route of the main procession on the first Sunday starts in

1077:), normally reserved for royal visitors. This is followed by a 745:

Die mittelalterlichen Kunst- und Reliquienschätze zu Maestricht

2643: 3861:(1983): 'Maastricht gaat weer burcht op Maas bestormen'. In: 777:

reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands

4219:

Ubachs/Evers (2005), p. 98: 'Broederschap van het H. Kruis'.

3196:

Hemelse trektochten. Broederschappen in Maastricht 1400-1850

3177:. Maaslandse Monografieën #5. Van Gorcum, Assen/Maastricht. 3150:

Hemelse trektochten. Broederschappen in Maastricht 1400-1850

2956:

Patriarchal cross during the relics display in St Servatius'

1256:, a Scandinavian reliquary horn with relics of the apostles 1040:

usually lasts 11 days. The centre of most activities is the

807:

The success of the 1873 procession stimulated F.X. Rutten,

2591:

Before the relics display in the cloisters of St Servatius'

1739:, others focussed on Catholic themes like Saint Servatius, 1317:

relics of holy men: a reliquary with oil from the grave of

796:, after extensive restoration works led by Dutch architect 4004:'Impressies HDV 2018: Processie en Openingsmis 24.05.2018' 2603:

After the relics display in the Chapel of the Sacred Heart

619:

in particular, where Saint Servatius was venerated much),

4163:

Photos of the relics display in St Servatius', 02.07.2011

3725:

Ubachs/Evers (2005), p. 566: 'Vrijheid van Sint Servaas'.

3475:

First mentioned in 1923 as being part of the pilgrimage.

507:, a selection of the church's relics were shown from the 290:

in the late 6th century. It was at that time that bishop

2770:

The processional litter with perspex cover for the chest

2674:

of Saint Servatius, in Dutch usually referred to as the

2646:

of Saint Servatius, the cloak of Saint Lambert, several

1864:, the Bund der St. Sebastianus Schützenjugend (with the 350:. Both reliquaries were donated to the pope by a former 3913:(1989): 'Kom, wij gaan naar het huis van de Heer'. In: 3264:

De weg naar de Hemel. Reliekverering in de Middeleeuwen

2980:

Dordrecht cross reliquary during the procession in Wyck

2880:

Bust of Amelberga of Susteren in the procession in Wyck

2705:

has been recognised internationally. For centuries the

2521:

The small processional litter going up the choir stairs

673:

16th-17th century: Decline of the Maastricht pilgrimage

460:

is not mentioned until 1440. The term used in 1391 was

2409:. In 1813 the Confraternity of the Holy Cross (Dutch: 2067:

Carillon concert in the cloister yard of St Servatius'

1178:

Armenian-Apostolic clergy gathered around the Noodkist

1166:

Welcome service for pilgrims from Houthem-Sint Gerlach

948:. The next Maastricht pilgrimage takes place in 2025. 237:. Originating in the Middle Ages, it developed from a 3874:

Ubachs/Evers (2005), pp. 103-104: 'burcht bestormen'.

1755:

and Liège carried reproductions of a painting by the

1298:

relics of holy women: the reliquary of the girdle of

1094:, the Community of the Crucified and Risen Love, the 3015:, the other one halfway up the hill). The parish of 2825:(from the Maastricht parish of Scharn), the bust of 2393:. For centuries it was kept in the monastery of the 2339:'Empty' Star of the Sea Chapel during the procession 1397:

The cross reliquary on display in the north transept

981:'Noodkist' (under the canopy) in the 1962 procession 936:

with around 100,000 visitors. In 2004 the theme was

299:

acquired many relics, which were housed in precious

41:

Images of the 1930, 1955, 1976, and 2018 pilgrimages

3408:(1990): 'Heiligdomsvaart 1990: een terugblik'. In: 3317:The nowadays much venerated 15th-century statue of 1048:, two of which are generally not in use. The small 405:Relics form of the 1468 pilgrimages of Maastricht, 197: 189: 162: 154: 146: 123: 100: 92: 82: 72: 64: 54: 46: 23: 3404:from 1990 relics were again being carried around. 2968:Girdle of Saint Mary during the procession in Wyck 2794:Returning to the church after the procession, 2018 2782:During the procession at Grote Looiersgracht, 2011 993:The bust of Saint Servatius in the 1962 procession 2488:. The new bust was commissioned by the besieger, 2030:Flag throwers Alfaritax Krawabelli, Lille, France 2638:from the main reliquary of Saint Servatius (the 1423:. Each time a group of relics is shown, a short 397:Middle Ages: Apogee of the Maastricht pilgrimage 4210:Ubachs/Evers (2005), p. 600: 'Zwarte Christus'. 3816:, pp. 311-317. Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum. 3752:Ubachs/Evers (2005), p. 219: 'Heiligdosmvaart'. 3232:. Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte, Munich. 2758:The Noodkist on the choir stairs, with 2 guards 2545:The Guild of Saint Servatius escorting the bust 2363:Confraternity of the Star of the Sea at Het Bat 4123:and photos of previous processions on website 2243:Copy of the pilgrim's staff in the small crypt 2079:Exhibition of icons in the crypt of Our Lady's 1676:Confraternity of Saint Servatius with Noodkist 1403:Relics display in the Basilica of St Servatius 342:. The other was the Byzantine double cross or 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3929:: 'De betekenis van de Katholieke Kerk', in: 3599: 3597: 3569:("The Glory of the Confessors"), chapter 71 ( 2722:. They were even allowed to touch the chest. 2091:Art exhibition in the cloisters of Our Lady's 1504:The patriarchal cross at the entry procession 1236:. The service starts with a reading from the 755:Procession with relics at the opening of the 448:was long held simultaneously with Aachen and 8: 4251:Ubachs/Evers (2005), p. 300: 'Lambertus, h'. 4027: 4025: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3533:H. Schnitzler, J. Lejeune, and others (eds.) 3027:. A special guest in 2018 was the statue of 3011:(in fact two parishes: one at the bottom of 2109:List of devotional objects in the pilgrimage 1688:Carriers Guild of Saint Monulph and Gondulph 1361:Reliquary busts approaching the choir stairs 1190:Armenian choir at the organ of St Servatius' 767:Caricature mocking the "cortège of relics" ( 322:, possessed important relics too. After the 3694: 3692: 3095:Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius 2475:Banners showing the bust of Saint Servatius 2425:Confraternity of the Holy Cross with banner 2231:Showing of the bust, key and pectoral cross 2006:Koninklijke Harmonie Sainte Cécile, Eijsden 1154:Free access to the grave of Saint Servatius 4267:, p. 94. Vroom & Dreesmann, Maastricht 3678:'Maastricht in de ban van de Sint Servaas' 2509:Before the relics display in St Servatius' 2461:Confraternity and Black Christ in Vrijthof 2314:) escort the processional litter, wearing 2166:Since the earliest records the so-called ' 1928:German youth group with Aachen Peace Cross 1892:Deputies of Orthodox and Armenian churches 1373:Busts of bishops of Maastricht being shown 1205:Relics display in the Basilica of Our Lady 735:1874: Revival of the septennial pilgrimage 436:, the medieval journeys or pilgrimages to 334:. One was the so-called Pectoral Cross of 282:. In the centre the Byzantine double cross 270:. The Frankish sarcophagus was added later 4416:History of Catholicism in the Netherlands 3521:Rhine and Meuse. Art and Culture 800-1400 2449:Confraternity and Black Christ in Het Bat 2375:Star of the Sea in procession in Vrijthof 2351:Replacement of carriers in Stationsstraat 2125:In the septennial pilgrimages a range of 1586:. Both routes continue via Markt towards 1528:Nuns with reliquaries on the choir stairs 819:20th century: Towards a modern pilgrimage 354:in 1837. They are now in the Treasury of 4341:Website Confraternity of Saint Servatius 2119:Treasury of the Basilica of St Servatius 1916:Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 1700:Seminarists carrying 'minor' reliquaries 1574:. A week later the starting point is in 1562:during the first procession, 27 May 2018 1553: 794:Treasury of the Basilica of St Servatius 3780: 3778: 3776: 3555: 3537:Rijn en Maas. Kunst en Cultuur 800-1400 3310: 3037: 2946: 2846: 2748: 2627:Carrying the large litter along Het Bat 2615:Carriers Guild of Saint Lambert in Wyck 2581: 2499: 2415: 2329: 2197: 2057: 1984: 1882: 1769: 1763:. As an answer to this, members of the 1666: 1494: 1351: 1144: 950: 385:were built on the south-west corner of 202:http://www.heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 2746:covers it, regardless of the weather. 2103:Exhibition of copes, Bonnefantenmuseum 2018:Harmonie Sint Petrus en Paulus, Wolder 1217:, waiting for the relics display, 2018 583:and the silver pectoral cross made by 567:; 3. the white cloth that covered the 20: 4152:Koldeweij (1985), pp. 55-56, 283-286. 4076:'Processie en Openingsmis 24.05.2018' 3539:(exhibition catalogue), pp. 245-246. 1540:Relics on display in the side chapels 1458:relics of holy women: reliquaries of 1340:(cross reliquary) with relics of the 1028:Office and information center of the 511:, the arcaded gallery just below the 366:, which remains in the church today. 7: 3967:'Maastricht, H. Servaas (Servatius)' 2437:Close-up of the Black Christ in Wyck 1994:Cappella Sancti Servatii with banner 1765:Protestant Church in the Netherlands 1385:The girdle of Saint Mary being shown 1252:, the reliquary bust of the apostle 1213:Reliquary busts in the cloisters of 857:Vereniging Het Graf van Sint Servaas 381:For the benefit of the pilgrims two 266:The crypt of Saint Servatius in the 193:Vereniging Het Graf van Sint Servaas 24:Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht 3287:Various authors & photographers 3247:Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht 3031:, from the Basilica of Our Lady in 2533:The big processional litter in Wyck 1516:Three small reliquaries being shown 1485:, and the reliquary horn of Hubert; 1435:relics of holy men: reliquaries of 571:of Saint Servatius, along with his 3931:Vijftig jaar jaarboeken Maastricht 3243:Ubachs, P.J.H., & I.M.H. Evers 2686:. The wooden chest with elaborate 2654:Reliquary chest of Saint Servatius 1862:OSMTH Order of the Knights Templar 1712:A priest carrying an arm reliquary 1558:Spectator stand and TV filming at 871:). In 1969 the reliquary chest of 743:Woodcut in Bock & Willemsen's 563:of Saint Servatius along with his 338:, which was set in a small golden 14: 4084:'Mini Heiligdomsvaart 28.05.2018' 3347:in 1433. Koldeweij (1990), p. 94. 2915:. It is carried by a priest as a 2411:Broederschap van het Heilig Kruis 2219:Pectoral cross of Saint Servatius 1872:(with a banner commemorating the 1302:, Mary's wedding ring, relics of 16:Catholic event in the Netherlands 4002:Fotoboek (2011), pp. 24-39, and 3987:'Programme Heiligdomsvaart 2018' 3707:De la Haye (1990), pp. 116, 121. 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2285:, after 1837 with the parish of 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2129:take centre stage, foremost the 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1533: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1390: 1378: 1366: 1354: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 998: 986: 974: 953: 627:(Germany, Austria and Bohemia), 215:Maastricht Septennial Pilgrimage 35: 3892:Kroos (1985), p. 397, note 160. 3849:Kroos (1985), p. 404, note 227. 3633:De la Haye (1990), pp. 113-115. 3624:De la Haye (1990), pp. 107-113. 3291:Heiligdomsvaart Maastricht 2011 2577:five-pointed star of Maastricht 2310:of the Star of the Sea (Dutch: 1870:Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus 1868:or Aachen Peace Cross) and the 1747:. A group of students from the 1248:: the reliquary of the apostle 258:Maastricht as a pilgrimage town 4421:Observances in the Netherlands 4121:'flyer procession 3 June 2018' 4117:'Flyer procession 27 May 2018' 3734:Koldeweij (1990), pp. 102-104. 3100:Limousin septennial ostensions 3023:participates with a statue of 783:, reinstated the feast of the 223:Heiligdomsvaart van Maastricht 1: 4195:'Broederschap Sterre der Zee' 4179:'Dragersgilde Sterre der Zee' 346:, presented to the church by 4167:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 4141:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 4125:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 4088:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 4062:'Heiligdomsvaart 1990'. In: 4008:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 3991:heiligdomsvaartmaastricht.nl 3615:Koldeweij (1990), pp. 98-99. 3591:Koldeweij (1990), pp. 91-92. 3582:Koldeweij (1990), pp. 97-98. 2117:Half-empty showcases in the 1976:Royal Harmonie Sainte Cécile 1725:Do good and do not look back 1660:) or wear pseudo-liturgical 1032:2018 at Sint Servaasklooster 946:Do good and do not look back 4137:'Brochure Cultuurprogramma' 3567:Liber in gloria confessorum 3485:, 23 July 1923 (on website 3190:(1990): 'Pelgrimages'. In: 2568:parish church of St Lambert 2312:Broederschap Sterre der Zee 2300:Dragersgilde Sterre der Zee 2277:in the style of the German 1854:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1100:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1020:Programme modern pilgrimage 903:and other reliquaries from 553:Siege of Maastricht of 1579 538:Saint Servatius Hospice on 96:633 (with a 150-year break) 4447: 4395:Children's pilgrimage 2018 4261:J. van Term en J. Nelissen 4080:'Sterprocessie 25.05.2018' 4019:De la Haye (1990), p. 119. 3883:Kroos (1985), pp. 405-406. 3800:Kroos (1985), pp. 396-397. 3770:De la Haye (1990), p. 113. 3698:Kroos (1985), pp. 353-355. 3453:, p. 84 & pp. 408-409. 3029:Our Lady, Cause of Our Joy 2573:Dragersgilde St. Lambertus 2302:). The guild members wear 2121:during the 2018 pilgrimage 1803:Old Testament presentation 1277:holy bishops of Maastricht 785:holy bishops of Maastricht 699:Siege of Maastricht (1579) 28:Heiligdomsvaart Maastricht 4411:Catholic pilgrimage sites 3319:Our Lady, Star of the Sea 3249:. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. 3138:L. Schwann, Cologne/Neuss 2267:Our Lady, Star of the Sea 1934:Music and folklore groups 1832:Armenian Apostolic Church 1749:Roman Catholic seminaries 1279:: the reliquary busts of 1064:Masses and other services 759:(detail of a print, 1873) 689:, as well as the ensuing 528:Blokboek van Sint-Servaas 297:Church of Saint Servatius 34: 3716:Koldeweij (1990), p. 99. 3215:. Nicolas Bock, Munich ( 3047:Saint Peter, Sint Pieter 2742:box in the shape of the 2566:Edelsmidse Brom for the 2389:that was once part of a 2174:of Saint Servatius, his 1791:Theme presentation, 2011 1196:Displaying of the relics 1104:St. Benedictusberg Abbey 1092:Community of Sant'Egidio 1042:Basilica of St Servatius 932:. In 1997 the theme was 852:in 1930, 1937 and 1983. 542:(Valentijn Klotz?, 1671) 328:relics of the True Cross 268:Basilica of St Servatius 211:Pilgrimage of the Relics 135:– 10 July 2011 4372:Website Heiligdomsvaart 4322:Ahsmann (2017), p. 163. 3785:B. van Hellenberg Hubar 3743:Koldweij (1990), p. 89. 2633:Reliquaries and statues 2467:Bust of Saint Servatius 1904:Filippine Marital group 1828:Russian Orthodox Church 1821:Representational groups 1779:Reenactment group, 2004 1622:the Singing Virgins of 1592:Hymn of Saint Servatius 391:Santiago de Compostella 112:– 2 June 2018 3647:'Het graf blijft warm' 3017:Saint Anthony of Padua 2907: 2833:), the silver bust of 2823:Saint Anthony of Padua 2667: 2555:The reliquary bust of 2479:The reliquary bust of 2476: 2207:Key of Saint Servatius 2122: 1866:Aachener Friedenskreuz 1858:Order of Saint Lazarus 1580:Onze Lieve Vrouweplein 1578:from where it goes to 1572:Saint Servatius Bridge 1563: 1417:Thou shall be shown... 1412: 1218: 1136:Liturgies of the Hours 1033: 836: 772: 760: 748: 687:Protestant Reformation 682: 599: 543: 531: 413: 283: 278:Relics form issued by 271: 222: 127:30 June 2011 4426:History of Maastricht 4383:Opening ceremony 2018 4353:'Klokkenluidersgilde' 4331:Kroos (1985), p. 355. 4265:Kerken van Maastricht 3901:Kroos (1985), p. 406. 3840:Kroos (1985), p. 405. 3761:Kroos (1985), p. 357. 3664:Van Os (2000), p. 84. 3175:Der gude Sente Servas 3059:Saint Anthony, Scharn 2905: 2661: 2551:Bust of Saint Lambert 2474: 2116: 1815:Modern Works of Mercy 1557: 1437:Marcellinus and Peter 1410: 1232:area in front of the 1212: 1142:or personal counsel. 1096:Society of St Gregory 1027: 1010:The 1976 procession ( 965:The 1955 procession ( 891:'s bust visited from 842:archbishop of Utrecht 830: 766: 754: 742: 704:Capture of Maastricht 693:and outbreaks of the 680: 594: 537: 521: 404: 326:(1096-99), two major 277: 265: 104:24 May 2018 4431:Events in Maastricht 4377:Heiligdomsvaart 1962 3939:zichtopmaastricht.nl 3655:, 12 September 2003. 3571:online text in Latin 3132:, & M. Willemsen 3083:Our Lady of Tongeren 3071:Saint Walpurga, Amby 2839:Houthem-Sint Gerlach 2837:(from the parish of 2738:with grey fabric. A 2399:Wittevrouwenklooster 2381:Black Christ of Wyck 2273:with the baby child 2249:Maastricht Devotions 2153:is shown during the 1761:Seven Works of Mercy 1570:and passes over the 1419:" is sung here by a 1312:Bernadette Soubirous 1225:Litany of the Saints 1079:Pontifical High Mass 1058:Basilica of Our Lady 921:Euregion Meuse-Rhine 875:was brought in from 831:Announcement in the 450:Kornelimünster Abbey 411:Kornelimünster Abbey 356:St. Peter's Basilica 225:) is a seven-yearly 4305:5 July 2018 at the 4282:5 July 2018 at the 4234:8 July 2018 at the 4229:'Sint Servaasgilde' 3421:The Dutch novelist 2733:with red and white 1838:community (with an 1759:, illustrating the 1604:mayor of Maastricht 1600:governor of Limburg 926:Diocese of Roermond 865:Bust of Charlemagne 330:were acquired from 318:in Maastricht, the 2917:processional cross 2908: 2668: 2477: 2135:national patrimony 2127:devotional objects 2123: 2036:Cultural programme 1947:fanfare orchestras 1876:of their founder, 1848:community (with a 1564: 1413: 1308:Catherine of Siena 1219: 1034: 837: 802:Dutch Constitution 781:bishop of Roermond 773: 761: 749: 706:by the Protestant 683: 660:and guilds formed 639:and, most of all, 600: 598:of Saint Servatius 544: 532: 414: 320:Church of Our Lady 284: 272: 4199:sterre-der-zee.nl 4183:sterre-der-zee.nl 3951:'Heiligdomsvaart' 3686:, 24 August 1990. 3402:Echo of a Pilgrim 3299:978-90-78213-10-9 3124:978-90-75616-13-2 2928:, a reliquary of 2898:Other reliquaries 2325:O Star of the Sea 2049:. The exhibition 2047:Bonnefantenmuseum 1957:and folkloristic 1757:Master of Alkmaar 1646:(comparable to a 1246:Christian martyrs 1122:, members of the 1102:and the monks of 1012:Polygoon newsreel 1005: 967:Polygoon newsreel 960: 942:Towards the Light 833:Limburger Koerier 771:, 16 August 1873) 719:French Annexation 625:Holy Roman Empire 603:notably from the 555:) along with his 444:. The Maastricht 344:Patriarchal cross 316:collegiate church 207: 206: 4438: 4360: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311:annalambertus.nl 4297: 4291: 4288:annalambertus.nl 4274: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4176: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4134: 4128: 4114: 4091: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4042: 4041:Nicolaas Matsier 4038: 4032: 4029: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4000: 3994: 3984: 3973: 3971:meertens.knaw.nl 3964: 3958: 3948: 3942: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3826:online tekst op 3811: 3810:Peter Jan Margry 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3687: 3675: 3674:Jacques Herraets 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3563:Gregory of Tours 3560: 3544: 3541:Schnütgen Museum 3534: 3513: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3428: 3427:Nicolaas Matsier 3423:Nicolaas Matsier 3419: 3413: 3407: 3397:The Golden House 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3332:Aachen Cathedral 3328: 3322: 3315: 3288: 3278: 3261: 3244: 3227: 3210: 3193: 3189: 3172: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3113: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3013:Sint-Pietersberg 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2690:copper reliefs, 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1731:themes from the 1709: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1474:and the blessed 1394: 1382: 1370: 1358: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1114:, pilgrims from 1007: 1006: 990: 978: 962: 961: 691:wars of religion 474:auxiliary bishop 462:heiligdomskermis 348:Philip of Swabia 288:Gregory of Tours 241:to the grave of 142: 140: 134: 132: 119: 117: 111: 109: 39: 21: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4401: 4400: 4389:Procession 2018 4368: 4363: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4307:Wayback Machine 4298: 4294: 4284:Wayback Machine 4275: 4271: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4236:Wayback Machine 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4177: 4173: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4135: 4131: 4115: 4094: 4074: 4070: 4064:De Sint Servaas 4061: 4057: 4053:, 20 juni 1997. 4050:NRC Handelsblad 4040: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3976: 3965: 3961: 3949: 3945: 3927:Bart A. Wiekart 3926: 3925: 3921: 3915:De Sint Servaas 3910: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3863:De Sint Servaas 3858: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3789:De Sint Servaas 3784: 3783: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3683:NRC Handelsblad 3673: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3652:NRC Handelsblad 3642: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3532: 3514: 3510: 3497: 3493: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451:De Sint Servaas 3447: 3443: 3439:, 20 June 1997. 3436:NRC Handelsblad 3426: 3420: 3416: 3410:De Sint Servaas 3405: 3394: 3390: 3384:Heiligdomsvaart 3381: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3286: 3281:De Sint Servaas 3277:Various authors 3276: 3259: 3242: 3225: 3217:online text on 3209:Koldeweij, A.M. 3208: 3191: 3188:Koldeweij, A.M. 3187: 3171:Koldeweij, A.M. 3170: 3162:online text on 3145: 3141: 3128: 3111: 3108: 3091: 3084: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3045: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2981: 2978: 2969: 2966: 2957: 2954: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2881: 2878: 2869: 2866: 2857: 2854: 2827:Saint Amelberga 2802: 2800:Reliquary busts 2795: 2792: 2783: 2780: 2771: 2768: 2759: 2756: 2714:, covered by a 2696:precious stones 2656: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2616: 2613: 2604: 2601: 2592: 2589: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2531: 2522: 2519: 2510: 2507: 2481:Saint Servatius 2469: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2438: 2435: 2426: 2423: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2364: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2279:schöne Madonnen 2263: 2261:Star of the Sea 2251: 2244: 2241: 2232: 2229: 2220: 2217: 2208: 2205: 2180:pilgrim's staff 2178:, his cup, his 2164: 2155:Heiligdomsvaart 2111: 2104: 2101: 2092: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2068: 2065: 2043:Saint Lambert's 2038: 2031: 2028: 2019: 2016: 2007: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1967:Heiligdomsvaart 1936: 1929: 1926: 1917: 1914: 1905: 1902: 1893: 1890: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1780: 1777: 1745:Holy Sacraments 1720: 1713: 1710: 1701: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1636:confraternities 1632: 1596:spectator stand 1548: 1541: 1538: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1472:Saint Amelberga 1405: 1398: 1395: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1359: 1325:and a relic of 1207: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1155: 1152: 1088:Taizé Community 1066: 1038:Heiligdomsvaart 1030:Heiligdomsvaart 1022: 1015: 1008: 999: 994: 991: 982: 979: 970: 963: 954: 938:We are the time 899:'s shrine from 846:bishop of Liège 821: 737: 712:Heiligdomsvaart 675: 637:white pipe clay 565:pilgrim's staff 540:Vrijthof Square 476:Bonaventura of 446:heiligdomsvaart 426:Heiligtumsfahrt 418:heiligdomsvaart 416:The Dutch word 399: 260: 255: 243:Saint Servatius 138: 136: 130: 128: 115: 113: 107: 105: 42: 30: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4366:External links 4364: 4362: 4361: 4357:sintservaas.nl 4345: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4300:'Groeperingen' 4292: 4269: 4253: 4244: 4240:sintservaas.nl 4221: 4212: 4203: 4187: 4171: 4154: 4145: 4129: 4092: 4068: 4066:, pp. 408-409. 4055: 4033: 4021: 4012: 3995: 3974: 3959: 3943: 3919: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3802: 3793: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3688: 3666: 3657: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3508: 3491: 3487:resolver.kb.nl 3468: 3455: 3441: 3414: 3412:, pp. 422-425. 3388: 3375: 3367:pilgrim badges 3358: 3349: 3345:Geraardsbergen 3336: 3323: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3284: 3274: 3257: 3240: 3223: 3206: 3185: 3168: 3142:Haye, R. de La 3139: 3126: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3025:Saint Walpurga 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2948: 2911:pieces of the 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2848: 2831:Susteren Abbey 2813:loan from the 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2682:of Maastricht- 2655: 2652: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2501: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2417: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2331: 2265:The statue of 2262: 2259: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2199: 2172:pectoral cross 2163: 2160: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2059: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1986: 1943:marching bands 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1631: 1630:Carrier groups 1628: 1582:and along the 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1456: 1433: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1345: 1330: 1319:Saint Nicholas 1315: 1304:Mary Magdalene 1296: 1275:relics of the 1273: 1266:Judas Thaddeus 1206: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1116:Sint Oedenrode 1065: 1062: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1009: 997: 995: 992: 985: 983: 980: 973: 971: 964: 952: 934:Where are you? 930:Joannes Gijsen 881:Saint Gummarus 873:Saint Remaclus 820: 817: 798:Pierre Cuypers 789:Gothic Revival 736: 733: 708:Dutch Republic 674: 671: 667:conflagrations 652:blowing their 641:pilgrim badges 596:Pilgrim badges 434:Aachener Fahrt 398: 395: 376:Papal Tribunal 332:Constantinople 259: 256: 254: 251: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 125: 124:Previous event 121: 120: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 40: 32: 31: 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4443: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277:'Rondleiding' 4273: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165:' on website 4164: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3822:90-6550-065-0 3819: 3815: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3604:R. de la Haye 3600: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3464:R. de la Haye 3459: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226:Kroos, Renate 3224: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3204:90-70356-55-4 3201: 3197: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158:90-70356-55-4 3155: 3151: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112:Ahsmann, Fred 3110: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998:Other statues 2997: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938:Theban Legion 2935: 2931: 2930:Saint Lidwina 2927: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2835:Saint Gerlach 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Saint Amandus 2816: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2731:morning dress 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2648:staurothèques 2645: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557:Saint Lambert 2550: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494:cultural icon 2491: 2487: 2486:Siege of 1579 2482: 2473: 2466: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:Confraternity 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2255:stadsdevoties 2248: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:flag throwers 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Church choirs 1933: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874:beatification 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737:New Testament 1734: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:morning dress 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:altar servers 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Jekerkwartier 1573: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Saint Cecilia 1465: 1464:Saint Barbara 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453:Saint Gerlach 1450: 1446: 1445:Saint Livinus 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321:, a relic of 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1270:Theban Legion 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1195: 1186: 1181: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Saint Gerlach 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1013: 996: 989: 984: 977: 972: 968: 951: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 928:under bishop 927: 922: 916: 914: 911:, Aachen and 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:Saint Lambert 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 834: 829: 825: 818: 816: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 765: 758: 753: 746: 741: 734: 732: 730: 726: 725: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 679: 672: 670: 668: 663: 659: 655: 651: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Low Countries 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559:; 2. the red 558: 554: 550: 541: 536: 529: 525: 524:dwarf gallery 520: 516: 514: 510: 509:dwarf gallery 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 465: 463: 459: 458:heyldomsvaert 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 412: 408: 403: 396: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324:First Crusade 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 289: 281: 276: 269: 264: 257: 252: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229:event in the 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 126: 122: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 38: 33: 29: 22: 19: 4356: 4348: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4310: 4295: 4287: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4247: 4239: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4087: 4071: 4063: 4058: 4048: 4036: 4015: 4007: 3998: 3990: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3946: 3938: 3935:online tekst 3930: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3865:, pp. 78-79. 3862: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3828:pure.knaw.nl 3827: 3813: 3805: 3796: 3791:, pp. 77-78. 3788: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3681: 3669: 3660: 3650: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3558: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3471: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3434: 3417: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3383: 3378: 3361: 3352: 3339: 3326: 3313: 3290: 3280: 3263: 3260:Os, Henk van 3246: 3229: 3219:academia.edu 3218: 3212: 3195: 3174: 3164:academia.edu 3163: 3149: 3135: 3115: 3005:patron saint 3001: 2922: 2909: 2843: 2810:bell-ringers 2803: 2743: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2694:enamels and 2675: 2669: 2663: 2647: 2639: 2636: 2572: 2564:silversmiths 2554: 2478: 2410: 2398: 2384: 2324: 2318:and a black 2311: 2299: 2278: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2165: 2154: 2137:. Not every 2124: 2050: 2039: 1971: 1966: 1963:schutterijen 1962: 1953:, guilds of 1937: 1865: 1852:group), the 1844:theme), the 1839: 1824: 1741:Pope Francis 1724: 1721: 1718:Theme groups 1647: 1639: 1633: 1608: 1591: 1565: 1549: 1491: 1441:Saint Blaise 1416: 1414: 1347: 1338:staurothèque 1337: 1223: 1220: 1199: 1082: 1074: 1067: 1053: 1037: 1035: 1029: 945: 941: 937: 933: 917: 897:Saint Ursula 879:and that of 869:Josef Frings 861:World War II 856: 854: 838: 832: 822: 813:Pope Pius IX 806: 774: 769:Uilenspiegel 768: 744: 722: 716: 711: 684: 646: 601: 581:Saint Thomas 545: 527: 498: 466: 461: 457: 445: 433: 429: 425: 417: 415: 380: 368: 360:Vatican City 313: 285: 214: 210: 208: 190:Organised by 158:> 100,000 93:Years active 27: 18: 4355:on website 4309:on website 4286:on website 4238:on website 4197:on website 4181:on website 4139:on website 4086:on website 4006:on website 3989:on website 3969:on website 3953:on website 3937:on website 3911:J. van term 3649:on website 3643:Mischa Spel 3406:J. van Term 3371:Selje Abbey 3365:Maastricht 3009:Sint Pieter 2815:Rijksmuseum 2806:polychromed 1546:Processions 1460:Saint Agnes 1327:Saint Giles 1254:Bartholomew 1075:Bergportaal 1036:The modern 717:During the 658:Magistrates 633:Scandinavia 569:sarcophagus 530:, ca. 1460) 364:Virgin Mary 336:Constantine 309:purgatorial 305:indulgences 301:reliquaries 183:exhibitions 175:processions 101:Most recent 87:Netherlands 73:Location(s) 4405:Categories 3933:, p. 149 ( 3551:References 3523:, held in 3272:9068017322 3255:905730399X 3238:3422007725 3183:9023221192 2913:True Cross 2712:high altar 2395:White Nuns 2168:Servatiana 2162:Servatiana 1951:drum bands 1836:Philippine 1615:choir boys 1449:Saint Amor 1342:True Cross 1332:relics of 1323:Saint Roch 1300:Saint Mary 1244:relics of 1234:ambulatory 1215:Our Lady's 1140:confession 1128:Philippine 913:Burtscheid 887:; in 1976 585:Saint Luke 488:and doing 486:confession 454:papal bull 430:Römerfahrt 383:hospitiums 314:The other 280:Our Lady's 239:pilgrimage 235:Maastricht 155:Attendance 147:Next event 139:2011-07-10 131:2011-06-30 116:2018-06-02 108:2018-05-24 77:Maastricht 68:septennial 59:pilgrimage 4397:(YouTube) 4391:(YouTube) 4385:(YouTube) 4379:(YouTube) 3917:, p. 350. 3859:B. Dohmen 3531:in 1972. 3395:The play 2926:Dordrecht 2703:metalwork 2692:champlevé 2680:Servatius 2316:white tie 2283:Minorites 2143:reliquary 1878:Clara Fey 1846:Antillian 1841:Ave Maria 1729:reenacted 1658:white tie 1476:Clara Fey 1281:Servatius 1132:Antillian 905:Oldenzaal 724:Vera Icon 173:display, 65:Frequency 4303:Archived 4280:Archived 4263:(1979): 4232:Archived 3812:(2000): 3535:(1972): 3525:Brussels 3517:Noodkist 3289:(2011): 3279:(1983): 3262:(2000): 3245:(2005): 3228:(1985): 3194:(1990): 3173:(1985): 3148:(1990): 3134:(1872): 3130:Bock, F. 3114:(2017): 3089:See also 3033:Tongeren 2934:Schiedam 2744:Noodkist 2735:rosettes 2727:crossing 2707:Noodkist 2684:Tongeren 2676:Noodkist 2664:Noodkist 2640:Noodkist 2403:Vrijthof 2397:(Dutch: 2391:crucifix 2287:Our Lady 1972:Noodkist 1961:(Dutch: 1959:militias 1743:and the 1640:Noodkist 1624:Tongeren 1619:scouting 1588:Vrijthof 1560:Vrijthof 1289:Gondulph 1124:Armenian 1083:Noodkist 1054:Noodkist 877:Stavelot 844:and the 757:Treasury 729:Van Eyck 654:buisines 650:watchmen 617:Brittany 613:Normandy 549:sudarium 501:Vrijthof 494:chaplain 470:Gondulph 387:Vrijthof 340:triptych 233:city of 227:Catholic 179:concerts 163:Activity 3565:(587): 3529:Cologne 3504:schrijn 3500:Schrein 3482:De Tijd 3106:Sources 2940:) from 2740:perspex 2720:chancel 2561:Utrecht 2188:chalice 2184:crozier 1980:Eijsden 1483:Lambert 1425:fanfare 1285:Monulph 1230:chancel 1120:Hasselt 1112:Houthem 1046:portals 901:Cologne 662:militia 629:Hungary 621:England 573:chalice 557:crozier 490:penance 482:Jubilee 371:Chapter 292:Monulph 253:History 198:Website 137: ( 129: ( 114: ( 106: ( 83:Country 4047:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht

Index