911:
40:
1023:
975:
991:
959:
927:
1007:
897:
943:
787:, the subelytral cavity, and the texture of the body surface. Much of the success of tenebrionid beetles in desert habitats is due to the development of impermeable cuticles. The fused sclerites of desert tenebrionids minimize water loss, but they result in flightlessness. The main barrier to the outward flow of water through insect integument is the lipid layer of the epicuticle. In many terrestrial arthropods, the temperature affects the permeability of the cuticle. There is a sudden increase in the rate of
62:
857:
841:
873:
759:
to survive and reproduce in the dunes, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in this respect is not clear. Environmental factors influencing these adaptations are extremes of temperature and humidity, excessive
1287:
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1956). Studies in diurnal rhythms; bioclimatic observation in
Tunisia and their significance in relation to the physiology of the fauna, especially woodlice, centipedes, scorpions and beetles.
876:
881:
879:
875:
874:
880:
878:
791:
at what is known as the transition temperature. This may coincide with a physical change, perhaps the disorientation of the lipid molecules in the epicuticle. In tenebrionid beetles, the
910:
803:
than at 97%. The size of the cavity is not important. Transpiration increases if the elytra are removed, emphasizing the importance of the epicuticle and subelytral cavity.
725:. As the temperature rises above 50 °C the adult population dies off. Immature stages remain below the surface until maturity. During the winter the adults emerge.
1579:
717:, and eggs. This behavior may be due to need for extra nutrients or simply to eliminate competitors. Following behavior and mating take place on the slip face of a
1528:
1060:
990:
877:
974:
1502:
1092:
1022:
926:
1006:
958:
896:
1179:
Ramussen, J.L., et al. (1991). The reproductive behavior of six species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).
39:
1222:
Ayal, Y. and O. Merkl. (1993). Spatial and temporal distribution of tenebrionid species (Coleoptera) in the Negev
Highlands, Israel.
942:
764:, low and irregular rainfall, long periods of drought, strong winds, unstable sand substrates, and sparse, specialized vegetation.
795:
open into a humid subelytral cavity rather than directly to the atmosphere, thus reducing water loss. Water retention by intact
1574:
1329:
Coloration and its
Thermal Consequences for Diurnal Desert Insects. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. 1975.
737:
species are conspicuous as they cross sand dunes. Locomotion in this difficult terrain is facilitated by numerous tarsal
1437:
917:
1481:
1314:
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1964). On the function of the sub-elytral cavity in desert
Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera).
1533:
1494:
160:
61:
721:. After mating, the female digs a shallow hole and deposits a single egg, which closely resembles a grain of
856:
358:
829:, emerging in early morning and late evening but remaining under the sand during the hot hours of the day.
670:
566:
406:
214:
1380:
1261:
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1968). Respiratory function and thermal acclimation in tropical invertebrates.
997:
1442:
294:
286:
262:
1541:
1029:
863:
840:
792:
710:
678:
662:
630:
510:
446:
350:
310:
270:
981:
933:
654:
558:
494:
454:
398:
366:
238:
198:
646:
598:
534:
518:
502:
342:
230:
190:
48:
1450:
965:
768:
638:
614:
606:
550:
486:
462:
438:
422:
390:
334:
318:
246:
222:
1051:
1013:
949:
622:
574:
542:
526:
430:
414:
382:
326:
302:
278:
254:
590:
478:
470:
374:
808:
56:
1546:
1151:
800:
780:
1569:
1365:
1141:
1131:
847:
582:
206:
1136:
1115:
176:
123:
1489:
1476:
1235:
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1979). Adaptive functions of the colours of desert animals.
761:
748:
1360:
Watt, J. C. (1974). A revised subfamily classification of
Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera).
1563:
1418:
788:
1339:
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. and C. C. Constantinou. (1980). Circadian rhythmicity in
702:
1369:
1515:
1412:
1205:
Rech, N. D. (1997). Comparison of the tumbling movement found in two species of
1248:
Adhearn, G.A. (1970). The control of water loss in desert tenebrionid beetles.
1116:"Evolutionary dynamics of satellite DNA family PIM357 in species of the genus
826:
744:
722:
698:
133:
1403:
705:
emerge in
January to begin mating, synchronously with floral bloom. Normally
1463:
817:
is probably the most important behavior modification for heat regulation in
143:
93:
73:
1155:
1168:
811:
on the surface of their elytra which scatter and reflect incident energy.
1429:
1397:
784:
1507:
1146:
796:
20:
1520:
1083:
821:, because it permits access to a broad range of ambient temperatures.
814:
752:
113:
103:
83:
1374:
1274:
Buxton, P. A. (1923). Heat, moisture, and animal's life in deserts.
1468:
776:
714:
738:
718:
1378:
1455:
1194:
Die schwarzkafer des Sinai (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
1114:
Pons, Joan; Petitpierre, Eduard; Juan, Carlos (2002).
1301:
Hadley, N. F. (1972). Desert species and adaptation.
1387:
709:are detrivores, but during mating season they may
1209:Fischer-Waldheim (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).
1343:L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Kuwait.
1061:National Center for Biotechnology Information
8:
701:, with one generation per year. Species in
1375:
1276:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
38:
27:
1145:
1135:
1093:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
775:to survive in the desert, including the
741:that allow for rapid tumbling behavior.
19:Not to be confused with the plant genus
1580:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
1043:
836:
1290:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1137:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004194
7:
1495:bb7365c1-12e5-4bc2-ab9c-cc74717a1378
14:
1196:. Moscow, Russia. Pensoft. 2002.
1021:
1005:
989:
973:
957:
941:
925:
918:Pimelia (Piesterotarsa) obsoleta
909:
895:
871:
855:
839:
60:
1316:Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
1250:Journal of Experimental Biology
1124:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1362:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
1:
1370:10.1080/03014223.1974.9517846
179:in the subfamily Pimeliinae.
1345:Journal of Arid Environments
1237:Journal of Arid Environments
1224:Journal of Arid Environments
1192:Lillig, M. and T. Pavlicek.
1120:(Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera)"
1596:
1181:Journal of Insect Behavior
18:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
359:Pimelia fernandezlopezi
1211:Coleopterists Bulletin
1542:Paleobiology Database
671:Pimelia verruculifera
567:Pimelia rotundipennis
407:Pimelia granulicollis
215:Pimelia angusticollis
1575:Tenebrionidae genera
1490:Fauna Europaea (new)
998:Pimelia senegalensis
755:environments allow
295:Pimelia canariensis
287:Pimelia brevicollis
263:Pimelia barmerensis
1341:Adesmia cancellata
1303:American Scientist
1030:Pimelia subglobosa
890:on dune near beach
888:Pimelia bipunctata
864:Pimelia bipunctata
771:adaptations allow
729:Desert adaptations
679:Pimelia villanovae
663:Pimelia ventricosa
631:Pimelia subglobosa
511:Pimelia orientalis
447:Pimelia interjecta
351:Pimelia fairmairei
311:Pimelia cephalotes
271:Pimelia bipunctata
1557:
1556:
1381:Taxon identifiers
982:Pimelia laevigata
934:Pimelia ascendens
882:
801:relative humidity
799:is greater at 0%
655:Pimelia variolosa
559:Pimelia rotundata
495:Pimelia monticola
455:Pimelia laevigata
399:Pimelia granulata
367:Pimelia fornicata
239:Pimelia ascendens
199:Pimelia akbesiana
168:
167:
164:
1587:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1376:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1327:Hamilton, W. J.
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1130:(8): 1329–1340.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1088:Fabricius, 1775"
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1048:
1025:
1009:
993:
977:
961:
945:
929:
913:
903:Pimelia punctata
899:
884:
883:
859:
848:Pimelia angulata
843:
647:Pimelia undulata
599:Pimelia scabrosa
583:Pimelia rugulosa
535:Pimelia punctata
519:Pimelia payraudi
503:Pimelia nazarena
442:Rosenhauer, 1856
343:Pimelia estevezi
231:Pimelia arenacea
207:Pimelia angulata
191:Pimelia aculeata
177:darkling beetles
159:
65:
64:
49:Pimelia obsoleta
42:
28:
16:Genus of beetles
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1383:
1357:
1355:Further reading
1352:
1351:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
985:
978:
969:
966:Pimelia confusa
962:
953:
946:
937:
930:
921:
914:
905:
900:
891:
885:
872:
867:
860:
851:
844:
835:
731:
692:
685:
639:Pimelia testudo
615:Pimelia simplex
607:Pimelia sericea
578:Fabricius, 1792
551:Pimelia repleta
522:Latreille, 1829
487:Pimelia modesta
463:Pimelia lutaria
439:Pimelia integra
423:Pimelia incerta
418:Fabricius, 1792
410:Wollaston, 1864
391:Pimelia grandis
335:Pimelia elevata
319:Pimelia costata
274:Fabricius, 1781
247:Pimelia baetica
242:Wollaston, 1864
223:Pimelia arabica
210:Fabricius, 1775
202:Fairmaire, 1884
185:
158:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1477:Fauna Europaea
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1424:
1409:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1332:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1161:
1106:
1075:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:Pimelia sparsa
1011:
1004:
1002:
995:
988:
986:
979:
972:
970:
963:
956:
954:
950:Pimelia baluja
947:
940:
938:
931:
924:
922:
915:
908:
906:
901:
894:
892:
886:
870:
868:
861:
854:
852:
845:
838:
834:
831:
797:elytral covers
779:layers of the
762:radiant energy
730:
727:
713:other adults,
691:
688:
684:
683:
675:
667:
666:Falderm., 1837
659:
651:
643:
635:
634:(Pallas, 1781)
627:
623:Pimelia sparsa
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
575:Pimelia rugosa
571:
563:
555:
547:
543:Pimelia radula
539:
531:
527:Pimelia perezi
523:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
431:Pimelia indica
427:
419:
415:Pimelia grossa
411:
403:
395:
387:
383:Pimelia graeca
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
327:Pimelia cribra
323:
315:
314:(Pallas, 1781)
307:
306:Krynicky, 1832
303:Pimelia capito
299:
291:
283:
279:Pimelia boyeri
275:
267:
259:
255:Pimelia bajula
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
186:
184:
181:
175:is a genus of
166:
165:
151:
147:
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141:
137:
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116:
111:
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52:
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43:
35:
34:
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3:
2:
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1535:
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1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
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1474:
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1414:
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1405:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
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1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1292:12(9) 305-29.
1291:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
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1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
984:
983:
976:
971:
968:
967:
960:
955:
952:
951:
944:
939:
936:
935:
928:
923:
920:
919:
912:
907:
904:
898:
893:
889:
869:
866:
865:
858:
853:
850:
849:
842:
837:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:transpiration
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:morphological
765:
763:
758:
754:
750:
749:arid climates
746:
742:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
687:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:Olivier, 1795
609:
608:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:Pimelia ruida
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:Reitter, 1915
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:Rosenh., 1856
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:Pimelia minos
476:
473:
472:
471:Pimelia maura
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
376:
375:Pimelia goryi
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:Machado, 1979
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
320:
316:
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312:
308:
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297:
296:
292:
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284:
281:
280:
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273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
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249:
248:
244:
241:
240:
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220:
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201:
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196:
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182:
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162:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:Tenebrionidae
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
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78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1388:
1361:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1213:51(1) 86-92.
1210:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1183:4(5) 567-82.
1180:
1175:
1164:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1091:
1085:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1059:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1012:
996:
980:
964:
948:
932:
916:
902:
887:
862:
846:
822:
818:
813:
804:
772:
766:
756:
743:
734:
732:
706:
703:North Africa
694:
693:
690:Reproduction
686:
677:
674:Soliér, 1836
669:
661:
658:Solier, 1836
653:
650:Solier, 1836
645:
642:Kraatz, 1885
637:
629:
626:Brullé, 1838
621:
618:Solier, 1836
613:
605:
602:Solier, 1836
597:
594:Solier, 1836
589:
586:Germar, 1824
581:
573:
570:Kraatz, 1865
565:
562:Solier, 1836
557:
549:
546:Solier, 1836
541:
538:Solier, 1836
533:
525:
517:
509:
506:Miller, 1861
501:
493:
490:Herbst, 1799
485:
477:
474:Solier, 1836
469:
466:Brullé, 1838
461:
458:Brullé, 1838
453:
450:Solier, 1836
445:
437:
429:
426:Solier, 1836
421:
413:
405:
402:Solier, 1836
397:
389:
386:Brullé, 1832
381:
378:Solier, 1836
373:
370:Herbst, 1799
365:
357:
354:Kraatz, 1865
349:
341:
333:
330:Solier, 1836
325:
317:
309:
301:
298:Brullé, 1838
293:
290:Solier, 1836
285:
282:Solier, 1836
277:
269:
266:Kulzer, 1956
261:
253:
250:Solier, 1836
245:
237:
234:Solier, 1836
229:
221:
218:Solier, 1836
213:
205:
197:
189:
171:
170:
169:
154:
153:
47:
31:
25:
1516:iNaturalist
1413:Wikispecies
1318:100 148-51.
1147:10261/99890
1099:11 December
1068:11 December
745:Adaptations
711:cannibalize
682:SĂ©nac, 1887
530:SĂ©nac, 1887
514:Senac, 1886
482:Lucas, 1853
434:SĂ©nac, 1882
346:OromĂ, 1990
338:SĂ©nac, 1887
322:Waltl, 1835
130:Subfamily:
1564:Categories
1305:60 338-47.
1278:96 123-31.
1252:53 573-95.
1226:27 347-61.
1038:References
781:epicuticle
723:white rice
699:univoltine
394:Klug, 1830
258:Klug, 1830
226:Klug, 1830
194:Klug, 1830
134:Pimeliinae
114:Coleoptera
94:Arthropoda
1347:3 319-24.
1239:2 95-104.
815:Burrowing
809:tubercles
793:spiracles
785:sclerites
719:sand dune
161:Fabricius
144:Pimeliini
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1427:BioLib:
1398:Wikidata
1265:218 685.
1156:12140245
783:, fused
767:Several
120:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1570:Pimelia
1508:1208967
1419:Pimelia
1404:Q632895
1389:Pimelia
1207:Adesmia
1118:Pimelia
1086:Pimelia
1054:Pimelia
833:Gallery
827:diurnal
823:Pimelia
819:Pimelia
805:Pimelia
773:Pimelia
757:Pimelia
735:Pimelia
707:Pimelia
695:Pimelia
183:Species
172:Pimelia
155:Pimelia
150:Genus:
140:Tribe:
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
32:Pimelia
21:Pimelea
1547:257375
1521:326475
1482:124900
1469:1PIMEG
1443:171154
1364:1(4).
1263:Nature
1169:Biolib
1154:
1063:(NCBI)
753:desert
715:larvae
163:, 1775
1534:45446
1456:84630
1430:55552
807:have
777:lipid
739:setae
733:Many
1529:NCBI
1503:GBIF
1464:EPPO
1438:BOLD
1152:PMID
1101:2023
1070:2023
825:are
751:and
697:are
1451:EoL
1366:doi
1142:hdl
1132:doi
747:to
1566::
1544::
1531::
1518::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1415::
1400::
1150:.
1140:.
1128:19
1126:.
1122:.
1090:.
1058:.
1368::
1158:.
1144::
1134::
1103:.
1084:"
1072:.
1056:"
1052:"
23:.
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